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Téllez Corral MA, Herrera Daza E, Cuervo Jimenez HK, Bravo Becerra MDM, Villamil JC, Hidalgo Martinez P, Roa Molina NS, Otero L, Cortés ME, Parra Giraldo CM. Cryptic Oral Microbiota: What Is Its Role as Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Related Periodontal Pathogens? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:1740. [PMID: 36767109 PMCID: PMC9913967 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis has been commonly linked to periodontopathogens categorized in Socransky's microbial complexes; however, there is a lack of knowledge regarding "other microorganisms" or "cryptic microorganisms", which are rarely thought of as significant oral pathogens and have been neither previously categorized nor connected to illnesses in the oral cavity. This study hypothesized that these cryptic microorganisms could contribute to the modulation of oral microbiota present in health or disease (periodontitis and/or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients). For this purpose, the presence and correlation among these cultivable cryptic oral microorganisms were identified, and their possible role in both conditions was determined. Data from oral samples of individuals with or without periodontitis and with or without OSA were obtained from a previous study. Demographic data, clinical oral characteristics, and genera and species of cultivable cryptic oral microorganisms identified by MALDI-TOF were recorded. The data from 75 participants were analyzed to determine the relative frequencies of cultivable cryptic microorganisms' genera and species, and microbial clusters and correlations tests were performed. According to periodontal condition, dental-biofilm-induced gingivitis in reduced periodontium and stage III periodontitis were found to have the highest diversity of cryptic microorganism species. Based on the experimental condition, these findings showed that there are genera related to disease conditions and others related to healthy conditions, with species that could be related to different chronic diseases being highlighted as periodontitis and OSA comorbidities. The cryptic microorganisms within the oral microbiota of patients with periodontitis and OSA are present as potential pathogens, promoting the development of dysbiotic microbiota and the occurrence of chronic diseases, which have been previously proposed to be common risk factors for periodontitis and OSA. Understanding the function of possible pathogens in the oral microbiota will require more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra A. Téllez Corral
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
- Unidad de Investigación en Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
- Faculty of Dentistry and Innovation Technology Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Eddy Herrera Daza
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Hayde K. Cuervo Jimenez
- Unidad de Investigación en Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - María del Mar Bravo Becerra
- Unidad de Investigación en Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Jean Carlos Villamil
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Patricia Hidalgo Martinez
- Sleep Clinic, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio and Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Nelly S. Roa Molina
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Liliana Otero
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - María E. Cortés
- Faculty of Dentistry and Innovation Technology Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Claudia M. Parra Giraldo
- Unidad de Investigación en Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasilogía, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Ceballos Garzon A, Amado D, Robert E, Parra Giraldo CM, Le Pape P. Impact of calmodulin inhibition by fluphenazine on susceptibility, biofilm formation and pathogenicity of caspofungin-resistant Candida glabrata. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:1187-1193. [PMID: 32011702 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, Candida glabrata has emerged as a frequent cause of life-threatening fungal infection. In C. glabrata, echinocandin resistance is associated with mutations in FKS1/FKS2 (β-1,3-glucan synthase). The calmodulin/calcineurin pathway is implicated in response to antifungal stress and calcineurin gene disruption specifically reverses Fks2-mediated resistance of clinical isolates. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the impact of calmodulin inhibition by fluphenazine in two caspofungin-resistant C. glabrata isolates. METHODS C. glabrata isolates were identified by ITS1/ITS4 (where ITS stands for internal transcribed spacer) sequencing and the echinocandin target FKS1/FKS2 genes were sequenced. Susceptibility testing of caspofungin in the presence of fluphenazine was performed by a modified CLSI microbroth dilution method. The effect of the fluphenazine/caspofungin combination on heat stress (37°C or 40°C), oxidative stress (0.2 and 0.4 mM menadione) and biofilm formation (polyurethane catheter) was analysed. A Galleria mellonella model using blastospores (1 × 109 cfu/mL) was developed to evaluate the impact of this combination on larval survival. RESULTS F659del was found in the FKS2 gene of both resistant strains. In these clinical isolates, fluphenazine increased susceptibility to caspofungin and reduced their thermotolerance. Furthermore, the fluphenazine/caspofungin combination significantly impaired biofilm formation in an in vitro polyurethane catheter model. All these features participated in the increasing survival of infected G. mellonella after combination treatment in comparison with caspofungin alone. CONCLUSIONS In a repurposing strategy, our findings confirm that calmodulin could provide a relevant target in life-threatening fungal infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Ceballos Garzon
- Unidad de Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.,Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, University of Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universities, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nantes, France
| | - Daniela Amado
- Unidad de Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Estelle Robert
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, University of Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universities, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nantes, France
| | - Claudia M Parra Giraldo
- Unidad de Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Patrice Le Pape
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, University of Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universities, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nantes, France
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Zuluaga A, Arango Bustamante K, Caceres DH, Sánchez Quitian ZA, Velásquez V, Gómez BL, Parra Giraldo CM, Maldonado N, Cano LE, de Bedout C, Rivera RE. Concordance analysis between different methodologies used for identification of oral isolates of Candida species. cm 2018; 49:193-200. [PMID: 30410193 PMCID: PMC6220485 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v49i3.3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: The yeasts species determination is fundamental not only for an accurate diagnosis but also for establishing a suitable patient treatment. We performed a concordance study of five methodologies for the species identification of oral isolates of Candida in Colombia. Methods: Sixty-seven Candida isolates were tested by; API® 20C-AUX, Vitek®2 Compact, Vitek®MS, Microflex® and a molecular test (panfungal PCR and sequencing). The commercial cost and processing time of the samples was done by graphical analysis. Results: Panfungal PCR differentiated 12 species of Candida, Vitek®MS and Microflex® methods identified 9 species, and API® 20C-AUX and Vitek®2 Compact methods identified 8 species each. Weighted Kappa (wK) showed a high agreement between Panfungal PCR, Vitek®MS, Microflex® and API® 20C-AUX (wK 0.62-0.93). The wK that involved the Vitek®2 Compact method presented moderate or good concordances compared with the other methods (wK 0.56-0.73). Methodologies based on MALDI TOF MS required 4 minutes to generate results and the Microflex® method had the lowest selling price. Conclusion: The methods evaluated showed high concordance in their results, being higher for the molecular methods and the methodologies based on MALDI TOF. The latter are faster and cheaper, presenting as promising alternatives for the routine identification of yeast species of the genus Candida.
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