Research Note: Role of darkling beetles (Alphitobius diaperinus) and litter in spreading and maintaining Salmonella Enteritidis and Campylobacter jejuni in chicken flocks

Salmonella and Campylobacter are common foodborne pathogens in chickens, but their persistence mechanisms within flocks are not fully understood. In this study, 4 groups of SPF Leghorn chickens (n = 50) were orally inoculated with 108Salmonella Enteritidis and 108Campylobacter jejuni, housed in BSL-2 rooms inside containers with autoclaved bedding and beetles (n = 200). Phase I (wk 1-3): the infected chickens remained in the containers and were then euthanized while beetles and litter remained in the container (group A), beetles were removed and litter remained in the container (group B), beetles remained and litter was removed (group C), and beetles and litter were removed (group D). Phase II (wk 5-7): autoclaved bedding was added to containers in groups C and D, and new SPF chickens (n = 50) were introduced and kept. Phase III (wk 8-20): all chickens were euthanized, and the litter and/or beetles remained in the containers for 17 wk. The prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis and Campylobacter was significantly higher when detected by PCR compared to culture. In phase II, when infected chickens were removed and new chickens were introduced, 1 fecal sample in group B and 3 litter samples in groups B and C were found positive for Salmonella Enteritidis, and Campylobacter was still detected in groups A, B, and C litter samples, but not in beetles. In phase III, when all chickens were removed, Salmonella Enteritidis was identified in beetle samples from group A and the litter samples of all tested groups A, B, and C, and C. jejuni was positive in litter samples from groups A and B but not in the beetle. Sixty-nine days after removing infected chickens, culturable Salmonella was still found in beetles. Salmonella and Campylobacter were detectable in litter up to 127 d after removing infected chickens. This study highlights the transmission of Salmonella and Campylobacter via beetles and litter to new flocks in successive rearing cycles. Intensive control programs should target insect exclusion and implement strict poultry litter management or litter changes between flocks.

High-resolution melting curve FRET-PCR rapidly identifies SARS-CoV-2 mutations

Reverse transcription fluorescence resonance energy transfer-polymerase chain reaction (FRET-PCRs) were designed against the two most common mutations in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) (A23403G in the spike protein; C14408T in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase). Based on high-resolution melting curve analysis, the reverse transcription (RT) FRET-PCRs identified the mutations in american type culture collection control viruses, and feline and human clinical samples. All major makes of PCR machines can perform melting curve analysis and thus further specifically designed FRET-PCRs could enable active surveillance for mutations and variants in countries where genome sequencing is not readily available.