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Basquin C, Gaudin N, Azimzadeh J. [Generating bilateral symmetry from asymmetrical components]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:213-215. [PMID: 33739264 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Basquin
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Noémie Gaudin
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Juliette Azimzadeh
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Vu HTK, Mansour S, Kücken M, Blasse C, Basquin C, Azimzadeh J, Myers EW, Brusch L, Rink JC. Dynamic Polarization of the Multiciliated Planarian Epidermis between Body Plan Landmarks. Dev Cell 2020; 51:526-542.e6. [PMID: 31743666 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polarity is a universal design principle of biological systems that manifests at all organizational scales, yet its coordination across scales remains poorly understood. Here, we make use of the extreme anatomical plasticity of planarian flatworms to probe the interplay between global body plan polarity and local cell polarity. Our quantitative analysis of ciliary rootlet orientation in the epidermis reveals a dynamic polarity field with head and tail as independent determinants of anteroposterior (A/P) polarization and the body margin as determinant of mediolateral (M/L) polarization. Mathematical modeling rationalizes the global polarity field and its response to experimental manipulations as superposition of separate A/P and M/L fields, and we identify the core PCP and Ft/Ds pathways as their molecular mediators. Overall, our study establishes a framework for the alignment of cellular polarity vectors relative to planarian body plan landmarks and establishes the core PCP and Ft/Ds pathways as evolutionarily conserved 2D-polarization module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thi-Kim Vu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarah Mansour
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Kücken
- Technische Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Informationsdienste und Hochleistungsrechnen (ZIH), Helmholtzstrasse 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Corinna Blasse
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cyril Basquin
- Institut Jacques Monod, Bâtiment Buffon, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Juliette Azimzadeh
- Institut Jacques Monod, Bâtiment Buffon, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Eugene Wimberly Myers
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lutz Brusch
- Technische Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Informationsdienste und Hochleistungsrechnen (ZIH), Helmholtzstrasse 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jochen Christian Rink
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Basquin C, Ershov D, Gaudin N, Vu HTK, Louis B, Papon JF, Orfila AM, Mansour S, Rink JC, Azimzadeh J. Emergence of a Bilaterally Symmetric Pattern from Chiral Components in the Planarian Epidermis. Dev Cell 2019; 51:516-525.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Bertot L, Grassart A, Lagache T, Nardi G, Basquin C, Olivo-Marin JC, Sauvonnet N. Quantitative and Statistical Study of the Dynamics of Clathrin-Dependent and -Independent Endocytosis Reveal a Differential Role of EndophilinA2. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1574-1588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Azimzadeh J, Basquin C. Basal bodies across eukaryotes series: basal bodies in the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Cilia 2016; 5:15. [PMID: 26998257 PMCID: PMC4799839 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-016-0037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea has recently emerged as a valuable model system to study basal bodies (BBs) and cilia. Planarians are free-living flatworms that use cilia beating at the surface of their ventral epidermis for gliding along substrates. The ventral epidermis is composed of multiciliated cells (MCCs) that are similar to the MCCs in the respiratory airways, the brain ventricles, and the oviducts in vertebrates. In the planarian epidermis, each cell assembles approximately eighty cilia that beat in a coordinate fashion across the tissue. The BBs that nucleate these cilia all assemble de novo during terminal differentiation of MCCs. The genome of the planarian S. mediterranea has been sequenced and efficient methods for targeting gene expression by RNA interference are available. Defects induced by perturbing the expression of BB proteins can be detected simply by analyzing the locomotion of planarians. BBs are present in large numbers and in predictable orientation, which greatly facilitates analyses by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The great ease in targeting gene expression and analyzing associated defects allowed to identify a set of proteins required for BB assembly and function in planarian MCCs. Future technological developments, including methods for transgenic expression in planarians and in related species, will achieve turning free-living flatworms into powerful model systems to study MCCs and the associated human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Azimzadeh
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592/Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Cyril Basquin
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592/Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Basquin C, Trichet M, Vihinen H, Malardé V, Lagache T, Ripoll L, Jokitalo E, Olivo-Marin JC, Gautreau A, Sauvonnet N. Membrane protrusion powers clathrin-independent endocytosis of interleukin-2 receptor. EMBO J 2015; 34:2147-61. [PMID: 26124312 PMCID: PMC4557667 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis controls many functions including nutrient uptake, cell division, migration and signal transduction. A clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytosis pathway is used by important physiological cargos, including interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R). However, this process lacks morphological and dynamic data. Our electron microscopy (EM) and tomography studies reveal that IL-2R-pits and vesicles are initiated at the base of protrusions. We identify the WAVE complex as a specific endocytic actor. The WAVE complex interacts with IL-2R, via a WAVE-interacting receptor sequence (WIRS) present in the receptor polypeptide, and allows for receptor clustering close to membrane protrusions. In addition, using total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy (TIRF) and automated analysis we demonstrate that two timely distinct bursts of actin polymerization are required during IL-2R uptake, promoted first by the WAVE complex and then by N-WASP. Finally, our data reveal that dynamin acts as a transition controller for the recruitment of Arp2/3 activators required for IL-2R endocytosis. Altogether, our work identifies the spatio-temporal specific role of factors initiating clathrin-independent endocytosis by a unique mechanism that does not depend on the deformation of a flat membrane, but rather on that of membrane protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Basquin
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Michaël Trichet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), FR3631, Electron Microscopy Facility, Paris, France
| | - Helena Vihinen
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valérie Malardé
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Lagache
- CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France Unité d'Analyse d'Images Biologiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Léa Ripoll
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Alexis Gautreau
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7654 Ecole Polytechnique Centre, National de la Recherche Scientifique, Palaiseau, France
| | - Nathalie Sauvonnet
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
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Abstract
In the past few years, the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea has emerged as a powerful model system to study the assembly and function of cilia. S. mediterranea is a free-living flatworm that uses the beating of cilia on its ventral epidermis for locomotion. The ventral epidermis is composed of a single layer of multiciliated cells highly similar to the multiciliated cells that line the airway, the brain ventricles, and the oviducts in humans. The genome of S. mediterranea has been sequenced and efficient methods for targeting gene expression by RNA interference (RNAi) are available. Locomotion defects induced by perturbing the expression of ciliary genes can be often detected by simple visual screening, and more subtle defects can be detected by measuring locomotion speed. Cilia are present in large numbers and are directly accessible, which facilitates analyses by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Here we describe a set of methods for maintaining planarians in the lab. These include gene knockout by RNAi, cilia visualization by immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and live imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Basquin
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592/Université Paris Diderot, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Marie Orfila
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592/Université Paris Diderot, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Juliette Azimzadeh
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592/Université Paris Diderot, Paris Cedex, France
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Basquin C, Sauvonnet N. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase at the crossroad between endocytosis and signaling of cytokine receptors. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e24243. [PMID: 23986799 PMCID: PMC3737753 DOI: 10.4161/cib.24243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is a lipid kinase playing key roles in many signaling pathways regulating cell survival and growth. Besides its important role in signal transduction, PI3K is also involved in actin and membrane reorganization such as protrusion, adhesion, phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. Receptor-mediated endocytosis is initiated by plasma membrane reorganization creating buds that then mature to small vesicles. Whereas most of endocytic mechanisms involve actin polymerization, PI3K requirement has not been clearly investigated. Our study identifies class I PI3K as a key player in clathrin-independent endocytosis of the interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) in contrast to the clathrin-dependent entry of transferrin (Tf). IL-2R is a cytokine receptor, inducing several signaling cascades such as PI3K, that are essential for the immune response. We have shown previously that IL-2R can be internalized with or without IL-2 and this process requires dynamin, actin and their regulators cortactin, N-WASP, Rac1 and the kinases Pak. Our recent work reveals that PI3K regulates Rac1 during IL-2R uptake in two ways: via its catalytic activity (p110) and via its regulatory factor (p85). Indeed, the catalytic activity of PI3K is required for both constitutive and IL-2 induced uptake of cytokine receptors, in lymphocytes as well as in epithelial cells. Interestingly, Vav2, a Rac1 GTPase exchange factor (GEF) induced upon PI3K activation, is specifically involved and recruited during IL-2R uptake. The second action of PI3K is via its regulatory subunit, p85, which binds activated Rac1 and IL-2R; this interaction being enhanced upon IL-2 treatment. Thus, PI3K regulates both the activation of Rac1 and its recruitment during IL-2R endocytosis. Finally, our results identify a link between cytokine receptors signaling and clathrin-independent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Basquin
- Institut Pasteur; Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires; Paris, France ; CNRS URA 2582; Dynamique des Interactions Cellulaires; Paris, France
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Basquin C, Malardé V, Mellor P, Anderson DH, Meas-Yedid V, Olivo-Marin JC, Dautry-Varsat A, Sauvonnet N. The signalling factor PI 3-kinase is a specific regulator of the clathrin-independent dynamin-dependent endocytosis of IL-2 receptors. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1099-108. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.110932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated endocytosis is an essential process used by eukaryotic cells to internalise many molecules. Several clathrin-independent endocytic routes exist but the molecular mechanism of each pathway remains to be uncovered. This study focuses on a clathrin-independent, dynamin-dependent pathway used by interleukin 2 receptors (IL-2R), essential players of the immune response. Rac1 and its targets the p21-activated kinases (Pak) are specific regulators of this pathway, acting on cortactin and actin polymerization. Here, our study reveals a dual and specific role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) in IL-2R endocytosis. Firstly, the inhibition of the catalytic activity of PI 3-kinase strongly affects IL-2R endocytosis, in contrast to transferrin (Tf) uptake, a marker of the clathrin-mediated pathway. Moreover, Vav2, a GTPase exchange factor (GEF) induced upon PI 3-kinase activation, is specifically involved in IL-2R entry. The second action of PI 3-kinase is via its regulatory subunit, p85α, which binds to and recruits Rac1 during IL-2R internalisation. Indeed, the overexpression of a p85α mutant missing the Rac1 binding motif, leads to the specific inhibition of IL-2R endocytosis. The inhibitory effect of this p85α mutant could be rescued by the overexpression of either Rac1 or the active form of Pak, indicating that p85α acts upstream of the Rac1-Pak cascade. Finally, biochemical and fluorescent microscopy techniques reveal an interaction between p85α, Rac1 and IL-2R that is enhanced by IL-2. In summary our results point out a key role of class I PI 3-kinase in IL-2R endocytosis that creates a link with IL-2 signalling.
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