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Hakim AJ, Victory KR, Chevinsky JR, Hast MA, Weikum D, Kazazian L, Mirza S, Bhatkoti R, Schmitz MM, Lynch M, Marston BJ. Mitigation policies, community mobility, and COVID-19 case counts in Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Public Health 2021; 194:238-244. [PMID: 33965795 PMCID: PMC7879096 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to characterize the timing and trends of select mitigation policies, changes in community mobility, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemiology in Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. STUDY DESIGN Prospective abstraction of publicly available mitigation policies obtained from media reports and government websites. METHODS Data analyzed include seven kinds of mitigation policies (mass gathering restrictions, international travel restrictions, passenger screening, traveler isolation/quarantine, school closures, business closures, and domestic movement restrictions) implemented between January 1 and April 26, 2020, changes in selected measures of community mobility assessed by Google Community Mobility Reports data, and COVID-19 epidemiology in Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. RESULTS During the study period, community mobility decreased in Australia, Japan, and Singapore; there was little change in Hong Kong. The largest declines in mobility were seen in places that enforced mitigation policies. Across settings, transit-associated mobility declined the most and workplace-associated mobility the least. Singapore experienced an increase in cases despite the presence of stay-at-home orders, as migrant workers living in dormitories faced challenges to safely quarantine. CONCLUSIONS Public policies may have different impacts on mobility and transmission of severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 transmission. When enacting mitigation policies, decision makers should consider the possible impact of enforcement measures, the influence on transmission of factors other than movement restrictions, and the differential impact of mitigation policies on subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J R Chevinsky
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M A Hast
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - S Mirza
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, USA
| | | | | | - M Lynch
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, USA
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Badman SG, Willie B, Narokobi R, Gabuzzi J, Pekon S, Amos-Kuma A, Hakim AJ, Weikum D, Gare J, Silim S, Guy RJ, Donovan B, Cunningham P, Kaldor JM, Vallely AJ, Whiley D, Kelly-Hanku A. A diagnostic evaluation of a molecular assay used for testing and treating anorectal chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections at the point-of-care in Papua New Guinea. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 25:623-627. [PMID: 30107282 PMCID: PMC11005091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Papua New Guinea has among the highest prevalences of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) globally with no services able to accurately test for anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections. Here we prospectively evaluated the diagnostic performance of a molecular CT/NG assay used at the point-of-care (POC) with the aim of enhancing anorectal STI screening and same-day treatment. METHODS Men who have sex with men, transgender women and female sex workers taking part in Papua New Guinea's first large-scale biobehavioural study were enrolled and asked to provide a self-collected anorectal swab for POC GeneXpert CT/NG testing. Same-day treatment was offered if positive. A convenience sample of 396 unique and randomly selected samples were transported to Australia for comparison using the Cobas 4800 CT/NG test (Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA). RESULTS A total of 326 samples provided valid results by Cobas whereas 70 samples provided invalid results suggesting inhibition. The positive, negative and overall percentage agreements of GeneXpert CT/NG for the detection of C. trachomatis were 96.7% (95% CI 92.3%-98.9%), 95.5% (95% CI 91.3%-98.0%) and 96.0% (95% CI 93.3%-97.8%), and for N. gonorrhoeae were 93.0% (95% CI 86.1%-97.1%), 100.0% (95% CI 98.3%-100.0%) and 97.8% (95% CI 95.6%-99.1%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The overall rate of agreement between the GeneXpert and Cobas CT/NG assays was high with 96.0% for C. trachomatis and 97.8% for N. gonorrhoeae. Results from this study data suggest that the GeneXpert CT/NG assay is suitable for testing self-collected anorectal specimens at the POC and that same-day treatment was feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Badman
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - B Willie
- Sexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - R Narokobi
- Sexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - J Gabuzzi
- Sexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - S Pekon
- Sexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - A Amos-Kuma
- Sexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - A J Hakim
- The Division of Global HIV/TB, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D Weikum
- The Division of Global HIV/TB, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Gare
- Sexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - S Silim
- Sexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - R J Guy
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - B Donovan
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P Cunningham
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J M Kaldor
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A J Vallely
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - D Whiley
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A Kelly-Hanku
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
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