Formation of the unusual semivolatile diterpene rhizathalene by the Arabidopsis class I terpene synthase TPS08 in the root stele is involved in defense against belowground herbivory

Secondary metabolites are major constituents of plant defense against herbivore attack. Relatively little is known about the cell type-specific formation and antiherbivore activities of secondary compounds in roots despite the substantial impact of root herbivory on plant performance and fitness. Here, we describe the constitutive formation of semivolatile diterpenes called rhizathalenes by the class I terpene synthase (TPS) 08 in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. The primary enzymatic product of TPS08, rhizathalene A, which is produced from the substrate all-trans geranylgeranyl diphosphate, represents a so far unidentified class of tricyclic diterpene carbon skeletons with an unusual tricyclic spiro-hydrindane structure. Protein targeting and administration of stable isotope precursors indicate that rhizathalenes are biosynthesized in root leucoplasts. TPS08 expression is largely localized to the root stele, suggesting a centric and gradual release of its diterpene products into the peripheral root cell layers. We demonstrate that roots of Arabidopsis tps08 mutant plants, grown aeroponically and in potting substrate, are more susceptible to herbivory by the opportunistic root herbivore fungus gnat (Bradysia spp) and suffer substantial removal of peripheral tissue at larval feeding sites. Our work provides evidence for the in vivo role of semivolatile diterpene metabolites as local antifeedants in belowground direct defense against root-feeding insects.

A feeding stimulant for Manduca sexta from Solanum surattenses

The acceptance of Solanum surattenses as a host plant for the larvae of Manduca sexta was explained by the presence of feeding stimulants in foliage. Bioassay-guided fractionation of plant extracts resulted in the isolation of a highly active compound (1), which was identified as a furostan derivative {26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-furosta-5-ene-3-beta-yl-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1''-2')-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1'''-3'')-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside}. This compound has the same steroidal core substructure as that in a stimulant (indioside D) previously identified from potato foliage. However, the sugar substituents attached to the core are different.