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Quintieri L, Lilley S, Wilcox D, Findlay D, Jenkins D, Gallimore S, Haynes D. Decay heat in ISIS spallation target: simulations and measurements. JNR 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/jnr-220030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Spallation targets for neutron production with high energy protons are made of high density and high atomic number materials in order to maximise the yield of neutrons for all the instruments around. Operating a proton beam onto a spallation target produces residual radioactive nuclei either as direct product of the spallation process and as secondary low energy neutron absorption. A reliable estimation of the overall activation and decay heat, as a function of the cooling time and irradiation profile history, is fundamental for a valuable design of the radiation shielding and cooling system during the operation phase as well for envisaging the optimal storage solution at the end of life of the target. This work presents the comparison between the FLUKA predictions of the decay heat in the ISIS TS1 target operated between 2014 and 2019 and the decay heat estimations derived from the measurement of the temperature in each plate at different cooling times. The agreement between the FLUKA predictions and the experimentally assessed values shows and quantifies the goodness of the FLUKA model in predicting measurable physical quantities relevant for the engineering thermal design of the target/reflector and moderator (TRAM) assembly. In addition, it also provides an indirect evidence of the accuracy of the simulated spallation physics and neutron transport throughout the TRAM assembly. Finally this work attempts to highlight and propose a general empirical procedure that could be eventually applied and used to proficiently measure the decay heat at whatever cooling time in targets with similar ISIS design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Quintieri
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory STFC, OX11 0QX, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Lilley
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory STFC, OX11 0QX, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Wilcox
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory STFC, OX11 0QX, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - David Findlay
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory STFC, OX11 0QX, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - David Jenkins
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory STFC, OX11 0QX, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Gallimore
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory STFC, OX11 0QX, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - David Haynes
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory STFC, OX11 0QX, Didcot, United Kingdom
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2
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Fitzgerald S, Rossi G, Low AS, McAteer SP, O’Keefe B, Findlay D, Cameron GJ, Pollard P, Singleton PTR, Ponton G, Singer AC, Farkas K, Jones D, Graham DW, Quintela-Baluja M, Tait-Burkard C, Gally DL, Kao R, Corbishley A. Site Specific Relationships between COVID-19 Cases and SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Wastewater Treatment Plant Influent. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:15276-15286. [PMID: 34738785 PMCID: PMC8577191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) has become an important tool during the COVID-19 pandemic, however the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater treatment plant influent (WWTP) and cases in the community is not well-defined. We report here the development of a national WBE program across 28 WWTPs serving 50% of the population of Scotland, including large conurbations, as well as low-density rural and remote island communities. For each WWTP catchment area, we quantified spatial and temporal relationships between SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and COVID-19 cases. Daily WWTP SARS-CoV-2 influent viral RNA load, calculated using daily influent flow rates, had the strongest correlation (ρ > 0.9) with COVID-19 cases within a catchment. As the incidence of COVID-19 cases within a community increased, a linear relationship emerged between cases and influent viral RNA load. There were significant differences between WWTPs in their capacity to predict case numbers based on influent viral RNA load, with the limit of detection ranging from 25 cases for larger plants to a single case in smaller plants. SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA load can be used to predict the number of cases detected in the WWTP catchment area, with a clear statistically significant relationship observed above site-specific case thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen
F. Fitzgerald
- The
Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluigi Rossi
- The
Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Alison S. Low
- The
Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Sean P. McAteer
- The
Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Brian O’Keefe
- Scottish
Environment Protection Agency, Strathallan House, Stirling FK9 4TZ, United Kingdom
| | - David Findlay
- Scottish
Environment Protection Agency, Strathallan House, Stirling FK9 4TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme J. Cameron
- Scottish
Environment Protection Agency, Strathallan House, Stirling FK9 4TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Pollard
- Scottish
Environment Protection Agency, Strathallan House, Stirling FK9 4TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter T. R. Singleton
- Scottish
Environment Protection Agency, Strathallan House, Stirling FK9 4TZ, United Kingdom
| | - George Ponton
- Scottish
Water, Castle House, 6 Castle Drive, Dunfermline KY11 8GG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Singer
- UK
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Kata Farkas
- School
of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
- School of
Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, United
Kingdom
| | - Davey Jones
- School
of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Graham
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1
7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Quintela-Baluja
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1
7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Tait-Burkard
- The
Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Gally
- The
Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Rowland Kao
- The
Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Corbishley
- The
Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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Muratovic D, Findlay D, Hajimasri H, Stapledon C, Lee YR, Solomon B, Cao X, Atkins G, Kuliwaba J. Elevated levels of active Transforming Growth Factor β1 in the subchondral bone relate spatially to cartilage loss in human knee osteoarthritis. Bone Rep 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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4
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Zhu S, Zhu J, Zhen G, Hu Y, An S, Li Y, Zheng Q, Chen Z, Yang Y, Wan M, Skolasky RL, Cao Y, Wu T, Gao B, Yang M, Gao M, Kuliwaba J, Ni S, Wang L, Wu C, Findlay D, Eltzschig HK, Ouyang HW, Crane J, Zhou FQ, Guan Y, Dong X, Cao X. Subchondral bone osteoclasts induce sensory innervation and osteoarthritis pain. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1076-1093. [PMID: 30530994 DOI: 10.1172/jci121561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint pain is the defining symptom of osteoarthritis (OA) but its origin and mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated an unprecedented role of osteoclast-initiated subchondral bone remodeling in sensory innervation for OA pain. We show that osteoclasts secrete netrin-1 to induce sensory nerve axonal growth in subchondral bone. Reduction of osteoclast formation by knockout of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (Rankl) in osteocytes inhibited the growth of sensory nerves into subchondral bone, dorsal root ganglion neuron hyperexcitability, and behavioral measures of pain hypersensitivity in OA mice. Moreover, we demonstrated a possible role for netrin-1 secreted by osteoclasts during aberrant subchondral bone remodeling in inducing sensory innervation and OA pain through its receptor DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer). Importantly, knockout of Netrin1 in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP-positive) osteoclasts or knockdown of Dcc reduces OA pain behavior. In particular, inhibition of osteoclast activity by alendronate modifies aberrant subchondral bone remodeling and reduces innervation and pain behavior at the early stage of OA. These results suggest that intervention of the axonal guidance molecules (e.g., netrin-1) derived from aberrant subchondral bone remodeling may have therapeutic potential for OA pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouan Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianxi Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gehua Zhen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yihe Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Senbo An
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, and Dermatology, Center of Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhiyong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Leroy Skolasky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tianding Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mi Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Manman Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia Kuliwaba
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shuangfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chuanlong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Findlay
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Wei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,ZJU-UoE Joint Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Janet Crane
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Feng-Quan Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, and Dermatology, Center of Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Bhatti T, Lum K, Holland S, Sassman S, Findlay D, Outterson K. A Perspective on Incentives for Novel Inpatient Antibiotics: No One-Size-Fits-All. J Law Med Ethics 2018; 46:59-65. [PMID: 30146959 DOI: 10.1177/1073110518782916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The need for new "pull" incentives to stimulate antibiotic R&D is widely recognized. Due to the global diversity of health systems, combined with different challenges faced by antibiotics used in different types of healthcare settings, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. Instead, different "pull" incentives should be tailored to local contexts, priorities, and antibiotic types. Policymakers and industry should collaborate to identify appropriate solutions at the local, regional, and global levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taimur Bhatti
- Taimur Bhatti, M.Sc., is an International Payer Strategy Leader at Hoffmann-La Roche and holds a Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering from Duke University and a Master in Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Toronto (Canada). Ka Lum, Ph.D., M.B.A., was Head of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Infectious Diseases, Global Pricing & Market Access, at Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, based in South San Francisco, California, and received her Ph.D. in Chemistry from UC Berkeley and an M.B.A. from UC Berkeley. Silas Holland, M.P.H., M.A., is a Director of Global Public Policy at Merck and Co., Inc., in Kenilworth, New Jersey, and holds a Bachelor of Science in Biology from Duke University and postgraduate degrees in education (Loyola Marymount University) and public health (University of Pretoria, South Africa). Stephanie Sassman is a Lifecycle Leader in Immunology at Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, based in South San Francisco, California and holds a Bachelor of Business Administration from the University of Texas at Austin. David Findlay, M.B.A., was a Global Commercial Director for anti-infectives at GSK and has a B.Sc. in Experimental Psychology from Reading University and an M.B.A. specializing in international business strategy from the University of Bradford's Management Centre. Kevin Outterson, J.D., LL.M., is a Professor of Law at Boston University School of Law and Executive Director/Principal Investigator of CARB-X. He holds a J.D. from Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois and an LL.M. from the University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Ka Lum
- Taimur Bhatti, M.Sc., is an International Payer Strategy Leader at Hoffmann-La Roche and holds a Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering from Duke University and a Master in Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Toronto (Canada). Ka Lum, Ph.D., M.B.A., was Head of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Infectious Diseases, Global Pricing & Market Access, at Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, based in South San Francisco, California, and received her Ph.D. in Chemistry from UC Berkeley and an M.B.A. from UC Berkeley. Silas Holland, M.P.H., M.A., is a Director of Global Public Policy at Merck and Co., Inc., in Kenilworth, New Jersey, and holds a Bachelor of Science in Biology from Duke University and postgraduate degrees in education (Loyola Marymount University) and public health (University of Pretoria, South Africa). Stephanie Sassman is a Lifecycle Leader in Immunology at Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, based in South San Francisco, California and holds a Bachelor of Business Administration from the University of Texas at Austin. David Findlay, M.B.A., was a Global Commercial Director for anti-infectives at GSK and has a B.Sc. in Experimental Psychology from Reading University and an M.B.A. specializing in international business strategy from the University of Bradford's Management Centre. Kevin Outterson, J.D., LL.M., is a Professor of Law at Boston University School of Law and Executive Director/Principal Investigator of CARB-X. He holds a J.D. from Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois and an LL.M. from the University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Silas Holland
- Taimur Bhatti, M.Sc., is an International Payer Strategy Leader at Hoffmann-La Roche and holds a Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering from Duke University and a Master in Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Toronto (Canada). Ka Lum, Ph.D., M.B.A., was Head of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Infectious Diseases, Global Pricing & Market Access, at Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, based in South San Francisco, California, and received her Ph.D. in Chemistry from UC Berkeley and an M.B.A. from UC Berkeley. Silas Holland, M.P.H., M.A., is a Director of Global Public Policy at Merck and Co., Inc., in Kenilworth, New Jersey, and holds a Bachelor of Science in Biology from Duke University and postgraduate degrees in education (Loyola Marymount University) and public health (University of Pretoria, South Africa). Stephanie Sassman is a Lifecycle Leader in Immunology at Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, based in South San Francisco, California and holds a Bachelor of Business Administration from the University of Texas at Austin. David Findlay, M.B.A., was a Global Commercial Director for anti-infectives at GSK and has a B.Sc. in Experimental Psychology from Reading University and an M.B.A. specializing in international business strategy from the University of Bradford's Management Centre. Kevin Outterson, J.D., LL.M., is a Professor of Law at Boston University School of Law and Executive Director/Principal Investigator of CARB-X. He holds a J.D. from Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois and an LL.M. from the University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephanie Sassman
- Taimur Bhatti, M.Sc., is an International Payer Strategy Leader at Hoffmann-La Roche and holds a Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering from Duke University and a Master in Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Toronto (Canada). Ka Lum, Ph.D., M.B.A., was Head of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Infectious Diseases, Global Pricing & Market Access, at Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, based in South San Francisco, California, and received her Ph.D. in Chemistry from UC Berkeley and an M.B.A. from UC Berkeley. Silas Holland, M.P.H., M.A., is a Director of Global Public Policy at Merck and Co., Inc., in Kenilworth, New Jersey, and holds a Bachelor of Science in Biology from Duke University and postgraduate degrees in education (Loyola Marymount University) and public health (University of Pretoria, South Africa). Stephanie Sassman is a Lifecycle Leader in Immunology at Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, based in South San Francisco, California and holds a Bachelor of Business Administration from the University of Texas at Austin. David Findlay, M.B.A., was a Global Commercial Director for anti-infectives at GSK and has a B.Sc. in Experimental Psychology from Reading University and an M.B.A. specializing in international business strategy from the University of Bradford's Management Centre. Kevin Outterson, J.D., LL.M., is a Professor of Law at Boston University School of Law and Executive Director/Principal Investigator of CARB-X. He holds a J.D. from Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois and an LL.M. from the University of Cambridge, UK
| | - David Findlay
- Taimur Bhatti, M.Sc., is an International Payer Strategy Leader at Hoffmann-La Roche and holds a Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering from Duke University and a Master in Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Toronto (Canada). Ka Lum, Ph.D., M.B.A., was Head of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Infectious Diseases, Global Pricing & Market Access, at Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, based in South San Francisco, California, and received her Ph.D. in Chemistry from UC Berkeley and an M.B.A. from UC Berkeley. Silas Holland, M.P.H., M.A., is a Director of Global Public Policy at Merck and Co., Inc., in Kenilworth, New Jersey, and holds a Bachelor of Science in Biology from Duke University and postgraduate degrees in education (Loyola Marymount University) and public health (University of Pretoria, South Africa). Stephanie Sassman is a Lifecycle Leader in Immunology at Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, based in South San Francisco, California and holds a Bachelor of Business Administration from the University of Texas at Austin. David Findlay, M.B.A., was a Global Commercial Director for anti-infectives at GSK and has a B.Sc. in Experimental Psychology from Reading University and an M.B.A. specializing in international business strategy from the University of Bradford's Management Centre. Kevin Outterson, J.D., LL.M., is a Professor of Law at Boston University School of Law and Executive Director/Principal Investigator of CARB-X. He holds a J.D. from Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois and an LL.M. from the University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin Outterson
- Taimur Bhatti, M.Sc., is an International Payer Strategy Leader at Hoffmann-La Roche and holds a Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering from Duke University and a Master in Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Toronto (Canada). Ka Lum, Ph.D., M.B.A., was Head of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Infectious Diseases, Global Pricing & Market Access, at Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, based in South San Francisco, California, and received her Ph.D. in Chemistry from UC Berkeley and an M.B.A. from UC Berkeley. Silas Holland, M.P.H., M.A., is a Director of Global Public Policy at Merck and Co., Inc., in Kenilworth, New Jersey, and holds a Bachelor of Science in Biology from Duke University and postgraduate degrees in education (Loyola Marymount University) and public health (University of Pretoria, South Africa). Stephanie Sassman is a Lifecycle Leader in Immunology at Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, based in South San Francisco, California and holds a Bachelor of Business Administration from the University of Texas at Austin. David Findlay, M.B.A., was a Global Commercial Director for anti-infectives at GSK and has a B.Sc. in Experimental Psychology from Reading University and an M.B.A. specializing in international business strategy from the University of Bradford's Management Centre. Kevin Outterson, J.D., LL.M., is a Professor of Law at Boston University School of Law and Executive Director/Principal Investigator of CARB-X. He holds a J.D. from Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois and an LL.M. from the University of Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has published a global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research and development (R&D) of new antibiotics. Every pathogen on this list requires R&D activity, but some are more attractive for private sector investments, as evidenced by the current antibacterial pipeline. A "pipeline coordinator" is a governmental/non-profit organization that closely tracks the antibacterial pipeline and actively supports R&D across all priority pathogens employing new financing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Baraldi
- Enrico Baraldi, Ph.D., is Professor of Industrial Engineering and Management at Uppsala University. His research focuses on innovation studies, business strategy, industrial marketing and purchasing, and commercialization of science. Olof Lindahl, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of International Business at Uppsala University. His research focuses on multinational corporations, managing innovation, and strategy. Miloje Savic, Ph.D., is a senior adviser on public health and antimicrobial resistance at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. David Findlay, M.B.A., was a Global Commercial Director for anti-infectives at GSK and has a B.Sc. in Experimental Psychology from Reading University and an M.B.A. specializing in international business strategy from the University of Bradford's Management Centre. Christine Årdal, Ph.D., is a Senior Advisor at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, co-lead for the DRIVE-AB research project, and co-lead on the European Union's Joint Action on Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections. Her research focuses are within antibiotic and neglected disease policy, particularly in regards to innovation and access
| | - Olof Lindahl
- Enrico Baraldi, Ph.D., is Professor of Industrial Engineering and Management at Uppsala University. His research focuses on innovation studies, business strategy, industrial marketing and purchasing, and commercialization of science. Olof Lindahl, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of International Business at Uppsala University. His research focuses on multinational corporations, managing innovation, and strategy. Miloje Savic, Ph.D., is a senior adviser on public health and antimicrobial resistance at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. David Findlay, M.B.A., was a Global Commercial Director for anti-infectives at GSK and has a B.Sc. in Experimental Psychology from Reading University and an M.B.A. specializing in international business strategy from the University of Bradford's Management Centre. Christine Årdal, Ph.D., is a Senior Advisor at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, co-lead for the DRIVE-AB research project, and co-lead on the European Union's Joint Action on Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections. Her research focuses are within antibiotic and neglected disease policy, particularly in regards to innovation and access
| | - Miloje Savic
- Enrico Baraldi, Ph.D., is Professor of Industrial Engineering and Management at Uppsala University. His research focuses on innovation studies, business strategy, industrial marketing and purchasing, and commercialization of science. Olof Lindahl, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of International Business at Uppsala University. His research focuses on multinational corporations, managing innovation, and strategy. Miloje Savic, Ph.D., is a senior adviser on public health and antimicrobial resistance at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. David Findlay, M.B.A., was a Global Commercial Director for anti-infectives at GSK and has a B.Sc. in Experimental Psychology from Reading University and an M.B.A. specializing in international business strategy from the University of Bradford's Management Centre. Christine Årdal, Ph.D., is a Senior Advisor at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, co-lead for the DRIVE-AB research project, and co-lead on the European Union's Joint Action on Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections. Her research focuses are within antibiotic and neglected disease policy, particularly in regards to innovation and access
| | - David Findlay
- Enrico Baraldi, Ph.D., is Professor of Industrial Engineering and Management at Uppsala University. His research focuses on innovation studies, business strategy, industrial marketing and purchasing, and commercialization of science. Olof Lindahl, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of International Business at Uppsala University. His research focuses on multinational corporations, managing innovation, and strategy. Miloje Savic, Ph.D., is a senior adviser on public health and antimicrobial resistance at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. David Findlay, M.B.A., was a Global Commercial Director for anti-infectives at GSK and has a B.Sc. in Experimental Psychology from Reading University and an M.B.A. specializing in international business strategy from the University of Bradford's Management Centre. Christine Årdal, Ph.D., is a Senior Advisor at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, co-lead for the DRIVE-AB research project, and co-lead on the European Union's Joint Action on Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections. Her research focuses are within antibiotic and neglected disease policy, particularly in regards to innovation and access
| | - Christine Årdal
- Enrico Baraldi, Ph.D., is Professor of Industrial Engineering and Management at Uppsala University. His research focuses on innovation studies, business strategy, industrial marketing and purchasing, and commercialization of science. Olof Lindahl, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of International Business at Uppsala University. His research focuses on multinational corporations, managing innovation, and strategy. Miloje Savic, Ph.D., is a senior adviser on public health and antimicrobial resistance at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. David Findlay, M.B.A., was a Global Commercial Director for anti-infectives at GSK and has a B.Sc. in Experimental Psychology from Reading University and an M.B.A. specializing in international business strategy from the University of Bradford's Management Centre. Christine Årdal, Ph.D., is a Senior Advisor at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, co-lead for the DRIVE-AB research project, and co-lead on the European Union's Joint Action on Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections. Her research focuses are within antibiotic and neglected disease policy, particularly in regards to innovation and access
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7
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Knapp M, King D, Romeo R, Adams J, Baldwin A, Ballard C, Banerjee S, Barber R, Bentham P, Brown RG, Burns A, Dening T, Findlay D, Holmes C, Johnson T, Jones R, Katona C, Lindesay J, Macharouthu A, McKeith I, McShane R, O'Brien JT, Phillips PPJ, Sheehan B, Howard R. Cost-effectiveness of donepezil and memantine in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (the DOMINO-AD trial). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 32:1205-1216. [PMID: 27739182 PMCID: PMC5724694 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most investigations of pharmacotherapy for treating Alzheimer's disease focus on patients with mild-to-moderate symptoms, with little evidence to guide clinical decisions when symptoms become severe. We examined whether continuing donepezil, or commencing memantine, is cost-effective for community-dwelling, moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease patients. METHODS Cost-effectiveness analysis was based on a 52-week, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorial clinical trial. A total of 295 community-dwelling patients with moderate/severe Alzheimer's disease, already treated with donepezil, were randomised to: (i) continue donepezil; (ii) discontinue donepezil; (iii) discontinue donepezil and start memantine; or (iv) continue donepezil and start memantine. RESULTS Continuing donepezil for 52 weeks was more cost-effective than discontinuation, considering cognition, activities of daily living and health-related quality of life. Starting memantine was more cost-effective than donepezil discontinuation. Donepezil-memantine combined is not more cost-effective than donepezil alone. CONCLUSIONS Robust evidence is now available to inform clinical decisions and commissioning strategies so as to improve patients' lives whilst making efficient use of available resources. Clinical guidelines for treating moderate/severe Alzheimer's disease, such as those issued by NICE in England and Wales, should be revisited. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Knapp
- Personal Social Services Research UnitLondon School of Economics and Political ScienceLondonUK
| | - Derek King
- Personal Social Services Research UnitLondon School of Economics and Political ScienceLondonUK
| | - Renée Romeo
- King's Health EconomicsInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jessica Adams
- Department of BiostaticsInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ashley Baldwin
- Five Boroughs Partnership NHS Foundation TrustWarringtonUK
| | - Clive Ballard
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related DisordersKing's College, LondonLondonUK
| | - Sube Banerjee
- Brighton and Sussex Medical SchoolUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | | | - Peter Bentham
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Richard G Brown
- Department of PsychologyInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Alistair Burns
- Faculty of Medical and Human SciencesInstitute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Tom Dening
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied PsychologyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | | | - Clive Holmes
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Tony Johnson
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials UnitUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Robert Jones
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied PsychologyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | | | | | - Ajay Macharouthu
- Ayrshire and Arran NHSUniversity Hospital CrosshouseKilmarnockUK
| | - Ian McKeith
- Institute for AgeingUniversity of NewcastleNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Rupert McShane
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation TrustWarneford HospitalOxfordUK
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Bart Sheehan
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Robert Howard
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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8
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Årdal C, Baraldi E, Ciabuschi F, Outterson K, Rex JH, Piddock LJV, Findlay D. To the G20: incentivising antibacterial research and development. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2017; 17:799-801. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Daish C, Blanchard R, Gulati K, Losic D, Findlay D, Harvie DJE, Pivonka P. Estimation of anisotropic permeability in trabecular bone based on microCT imaging and pore-scale fluid dynamics simulations. Bone Rep 2016; 6:129-139. [PMID: 28462361 PMCID: PMC5408131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a comprehensive framework is proposed to estimate the anisotropic permeability matrix in trabecular bone specimens based on micro-computed tomography (microCT) imaging combined with pore-scale fluid dynamics simulations. Two essential steps in the proposed methodology are the selection of (i) a representative volume element (RVE) for calculation of trabecular bone permeability and (ii) a converged mesh for accurate calculation of pore fluid flow properties. Accurate estimates of trabecular bone porosities are obtained using a microCT image resolution of approximately 10 μm. We show that a trabecular bone RVE in the order of 2 × 2 × 2 mm3 is most suitable. Mesh convergence studies show that accurate fluid flow properties are obtained for a mesh size above 125,000 elements. Volume averaging of the pore-scale fluid flow properties allows calculation of the apparent permeability matrix of trabecular bone specimens. For the four specimens chosen, our numerical results show that the so obtained permeability coefficients are in excellent agreement with previously reported experimental data for both human and bovine trabecular bone samples. We also identified that bone samples taken from long bones generally exhibit a larger permeability in the longitudinal direction. The fact that all coefficients of the permeability matrix were different from zero indicates that bone samples are generally not harvested in the principal flow directions. The full permeability matrix was diagonalized by calculating the eigenvalues, while the eigenvectors showed how strongly the bone sample's orientations deviated from the principal flow directions. Porosity values of the four bone specimens range from 0.83 to 0.86, with a low standard deviation of ± 0.016, principal permeability values range from 0.22 to 1.45 ⋅ 10 -8 m2, with a high standard deviation of ± 0.33. Also, the anisotropic ratio ranged from 0.27 to 0.83, with high standard deviation. These results indicate that while the four specimens are quite similar in terms of average porosity, large variability exists with respect to permeability and specimen anisotropy. The utilized computational approach compares well with semi-analytical models based on homogenization theory. This methodology can be applied in bone tissue engineering applications for generating accurate pore morphologies of bone replacement materials and to consistently select similar bone specimens in bone bioreactor studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Daish
- Discipline of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, VIC 3000, Australia.,St Vincent's Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - R Blanchard
- St Vincent's Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia.,Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - K Gulati
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - D Losic
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - D Findlay
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - D J E Harvie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - P Pivonka
- St Vincent's Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia.,Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science, VIC 3021, Australia
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10
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Zysk A, DeNichilo MO, Panagopoulos V, Zinonos I, Liapis V, Hay S, Ingman W, Ponomarev V, Atkins G, Findlay D, Zannettino A, Evdokiou A. Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in combination with zoledronic acid inhibits cancer growth and limits osteolysis in a murine model of osteolytic breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2016; 386:141-150. [PMID: 27865798 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastases occur in over 75% of patients with advanced breast cancer and are responsible for high levels of morbidity and mortality. In this study, ex vivo expanded cytotoxic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells isolated from human peripheral blood were tested for their anti-cancer efficacy in combination with zoledronic acid (ZOL), using a mouse model of osteolytic breast cancer. In vitro, expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were cytotoxic against a panel of human breast cancer cell lines, and ZOL pre-treatment further sensitised breast cancer cells to killing by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells adoptively transferred into NOD/SCID mice localised to osteolytic breast cancer lesions in the bone, and multiple infusions of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells reduced tumour growth in the bone. ZOL pre-treatment potentiated the anti-cancer efficacy of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, with mice showing further reductions in tumour burden. Mice treated with the combination also had reduced tumour burden of secondary pulmonary metastases, and decreased bone degradation. Our data suggests that adoptive transfer of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell in combination with ZOL may prove an effective immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of breast cancer bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Zysk
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Cancer Research Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark O DeNichilo
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Cancer Research Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vasilios Panagopoulos
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Cancer Research Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Irene Zinonos
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Cancer Research Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vasilios Liapis
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Cancer Research Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shelley Hay
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Cancer Research Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wendy Ingman
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Biology Cancer Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vladimir Ponomarev
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre, New York, USA
| | - Gerald Atkins
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Findlay
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Zannettino
- School of Medical Sciences, Myeloma Research Laboratory Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andreas Evdokiou
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Cancer Research Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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11
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Gulati K, Johnson L, Karunagaran R, Findlay D, Losic D. In Situ Transformation of Chitosan Films into Microtubular Structures on the Surface of Nanoengineered Titanium Implants. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1261-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karan Gulati
- School of Chemical Engineering and §Discipline of Orthopaedics
and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lucas Johnson
- School of Chemical Engineering and §Discipline of Orthopaedics
and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ramesh Karunagaran
- School of Chemical Engineering and §Discipline of Orthopaedics
and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David Findlay
- School of Chemical Engineering and §Discipline of Orthopaedics
and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dusan Losic
- School of Chemical Engineering and §Discipline of Orthopaedics
and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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12
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Muratovic D, Cicuttini F, Wluka A, Findlay D, Wang Y, Otto S, Taylor D, Humphries J, Lee Y, Labrinidis A, Williams R, Kuliwaba J. Bone marrow lesions detected by specific combination of MRI sequences are associated with severity of osteochondral degeneration. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:54. [PMID: 26912313 PMCID: PMC4766616 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-0953-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow lesions (BMLs) are useful diagnostic and prognostic markers in knee osteoarthritis (OA), but what they represent at the tissue level remains unclear. The aim of this study was to provide comprehensive tissue characterization of BMLs detected using two specific MRI sequences. METHODS Tibial plateaus were obtained from 60 patients (29 females, 31 males), undergoing knee arthroplasty for OA. To identify BMLs, MRI was performed ex vivo using T1 and PDFS-weighted sequences. Multi-modal tissue level analyses of the osteochondral unit (OCU) were performed, including cartilage volume measurement, OARSI grading, micro-CT analysis of bone microstructure, routine histopathological assessment and quantitation of bone turnover indices. RESULTS BMLs were detected in 74 % of tibial plateaus, the remainder comprising a No BML group. Of all BMLs, 59 % were designated BML 1 (detected only by PDFS) and 41 % were designated BML 2 (detected by both PDFS + T1). The presence of a BML was related to degeneration of the OCU, particularly within BML 2. When compared to No BML, BML 2 showed reduced cartilage volume (p = 0.008), higher OARSI scores (p = 0.004), thicker subchondral plate (p = 0.002), increased trabecular bone volume and plate-like structure (p = 0.0004), increased osteoid volume (p = 0.002) and thickness (p = 0.003), more bone marrow oedema (p = 0.03), fibrosis (p = 0.002), necrosis (p = 0.01) and fibrovascular cysts (p = 0.04). For most measures, BML 1 was intermediate between No BML and BML 2. CONCLUSIONS BMLs detected by specific MRI sequences identify different degrees of degeneration in the OCU. This suggests that MRI characteristics of BMLs may enable identification of different BML phenotypes and help target novel approaches to treatment and prevention of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzenita Muratovic
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.
| | - Flavia Cicuttini
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Anita Wluka
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - David Findlay
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sophia Otto
- Anatomical Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - David Taylor
- Department of Radiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Julia Humphries
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.
| | - Yearin Lee
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.
| | - Agatha Labrinidis
- Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Ruth Williams
- Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Julia Kuliwaba
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.
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13
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Payne DJ, Miller LF, Findlay D, Anderson J, Marks L. Time for a change: addressing R&D and commercialization challenges for antibacterials. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:20140086. [PMID: 25918443 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibacterial therapeutic area has been described as the perfect storm. Resistance is increasing to the point that our hospitals encounter patients infected with untreatable pathogens, the overall industry pipeline is described as dry and most multinational pharmaceutical companies have withdrawn from the area. Major contributing factors to the declining antibacterial industry pipeline include scientific challenges, clinical/regulatory hurdles and low return on investment. This paper examines these challenges and proposes approaches to address them. There is a need for a broader scientific agenda to explore new approaches to discover and develop antibacterial agents. Additionally, ideas of how industry and academia could be better integrated will be presented. While promising progress in the regulatory environment has been made, more streamlined regulatory paths are still required and the solutions will lie in global harmonization and clearly defined guidance. Creating the right incentives for antibacterial research and development is critical and a new commercial model for antibacterial agents will be proposed. One key solution to help resolve both the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and lack of new drug development are rapid, cost-effective, accurate point of care diagnostics that will transform antibacterial prescribing and enable more cost-effective and efficient antibacterial clinical trials. The challenges of AMR are too great for any one group to resolve and success will require leadership and partnerships among academia, industry and governments globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Payne
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Linda Federici Miller
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - David Findlay
- Immuno-inflammation and Infectious Diseases Franchise, GlaxoSmithKline, 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 9GS, UK
| | - James Anderson
- Government Affairs, Public Policy and Patient Advocacy, Communications and Government Affairs, GlaxoSmithKline, 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 9GS, UK
| | - Lynn Marks
- Projects, Clinical Platforms and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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14
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Howard R, McShane R, Lindesay J, Ritchie C, Baldwin A, Barber R, Burns A, Dening T, Findlay D, Holmes C, Jones R, Jones R, McKeith I, Macharouthu A, O'Brien J, Sheehan B, Juszczak E, Katona C, Hills R, Knapp M, Ballard C, Brown RG, Banerjee S, Adams J, Johnson T, Bentham P, Phillips PPJ. Nursing home placement in the Donepezil and Memantine in Moderate to Severe Alzheimer's Disease (DOMINO-AD) trial: secondary and post-hoc analyses. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14:1171-81. [PMID: 26515660 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from observational studies have suggested a delay in nursing home placement with dementia drug treatment, but findings from a previous randomised trial of patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease showed no effect. We investigated the effects of continuation or discontinuation of donepezil and starting of memantine on subsequent nursing home placement in patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. METHODS In the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled Donepezil and Memantine in Moderate to Severe Alzheimer's Disease (DOMINO-AD) trial, community-living patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease (who had been prescribed donepezil continuously for at least 3 months at a dose of 10 mg for at least the previous 6 weeks and had a score of between 5 and 13 on the Standardised Mini-Mental State Examination) were recruited from 15 secondary care memory centres in England and Scotland and randomly allocated to continue donepezil 10 mg per day without memantine, discontinue donepezil without memantine, discontinue donepezil and start memantine 20 mg per day, or continue donepezil 10 mg per day and start memantine 20 mg per day, for 52 weeks. After 52 weeks, choice of treatment was left to participants and their physicians. Place of residence was recorded during the first 52 weeks of the trial and then every 26 weeks for a further 3 years. A secondary outcome of the trial, reported in this study, was nursing home placement: an irreversible move from independent accommodation to a residential caring facility. Analyses restricted to risk of placement in the first year of follow-up after the patients had completed the double-blind phase of the trial were post-hoc. The DOMINO-AD trial is registered with the ISRCTN Registry, number ISRCTN49545035. FINDINGS Between Feb 11, 2008, and March 5, 2010, 73 (25%) patients were randomly assigned to continue donepezil without memantine, 73 (25%) to discontinue donepezil without memantine, 76 (26%) to discontinue donepezil and start memantine, and 73 (25%) to continue donepezil and start memantine. 162 (55%) patients underwent nursing home placement within 4 years of randomisation, with similar numbers for all groups (36 [49%] in patients who continued donepezil without memantine, 42 [58%] who discontinued donepezil without memantine, 41 [54%] who discontinued donepezil and started memantine, and 43 [59%] who continued donepezil and started memantine). We noted significant (p=0·010) heterogeneity of treatment effect over time, with significantly more nursing home placements in the combined donepezil discontinuation groups during the first year (hazard ratio 2·09 [95% CI 1·29-3·39]) than in the combined donepezil continuation groups, and no difference during the next 3 years (0·89 [0·58-1·35]). We noted no effect of patients starting memantine compared with not starting memantine during the first year (0·92 [0·58-1·45]) or the next 3 years (1·23 [0·81-1·87]). INTERPRETATION Withdrawal of donepezil in patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease increased the risk of nursing home placement during 12 months of treatment, but made no difference during the following 3 years of follow-up. Decisions to stop or continue donepezil treatment should be informed by potential risks of withdrawal, even if the perceived benefits of continued treatment are not clear. FUNDING Medical Research Council and UK Alzheimer's Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Rupert McShane
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Craig Ritchie
- Centre for Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ashley Baldwin
- Five Boroughs Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Winwick, Warrington, UK
| | - Robert Barber
- Centre for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alistair Burns
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tom Dening
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Clive Holmes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Robert Jones
- Department of Pyschiatry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Roy Jones
- Research Institute for the Care of Older People, Bath, UK
| | - Ian McKeith
- Newcastle; University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ajay Macharouthu
- Ayrshire and Arran NHS, University Hospital Crosshouse, Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, UK
| | - John O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bart Sheehan
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Edmund Juszczak
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit Clinical Trials Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Robert Hills
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Clive Ballard
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sube Banerjee
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, UK
| | - Jessica Adams
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tony Johnson
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Bentham
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Patrick P J Phillips
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
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15
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Wluka AE, Teichtahl AJ, Maulana R, Liu BM, Wang Y, Giles GG, O'Sullivan R, Findlay D, Cicuttini FM. Bone marrow lesions can be subtyped into groups with different clinical outcomes using two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:270. [PMID: 26410822 PMCID: PMC4584130 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0780-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bone marrow lesions (BMLs) are features detected on MRI that are important in the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis. Since BMLs reflect heterogeneous pathologies this prospective cohort study examined whether BMLs detected using different MRI sequences are associated with distinct structural and clinical endpoints. Methods A total of 297 community-based adults without knee pain were examined to identify BMLs visualised using three-dimensional T1-weighted gradient-echo fat-suppressed (T1-weighted sequences) fat-suppressed and fat-saturated FSE T2-weighted MRI sequences (T2-weighted sequences) at baseline. Cartilage volume was measured at baseline and follow-up, while incident knee pain was assessed at follow-up, an average of 2.3 years later. Results At baseline, 46 BMLs were visualised in 39 participants. Of the 45 BMLs visualised on T2-weighted sequences, 34 (74 %) were also seen on T1-weighted sequences. One BML was seen on only T1-weighted sequences. Knees with BMLs visualised on both T1- and T2-weighted sequences had significantly higher medial tibial cartilage volume loss (45 mm3/annum, standard error of the mean (SEM) 14) than those with BMLs identified on only T2-weighted sequences (−13 mm3/annum SEM 19), after adjustment for age, gender and body mass index (p = 0.01). Incident knee pain was more likely in individuals with BMLs in the medial compartment visualised on both T1- and T2-weighted (eight participants, 53 %) compared to those with BMLs on only T2-weighted sequences (0 %) or no BMLs (76 participants, 31 %, p = 0.02). Conclusions BMLs present on both T1- and T2-weighted MRI sequences were associated with increased medial tibial cartilage loss and incident knee pain compared with those BMLs seen only on T2-weighted sequences. This suggests that combining different MRI sequences may provide more informative targets in the prevention and treatment of knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita E Wluka
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Teichtahl
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Rheza Maulana
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Bonnie M Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia and Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Richard O'Sullivan
- Healthcare Imaging Services, Epworth Hospital, 89 Bridge Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3121, Australia.
| | - David Findlay
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Flavia M Cicuttini
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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Roca I, Akova M, Baquero F, Carlet J, Cavaleri M, Coenen S, Cohen J, Findlay D, Gyssens I, Heuer OE, Kahlmeter G, Kruse H, Laxminarayan R, Liébana E, López-Cerero L, MacGowan A, Martins M, Rodríguez-Baño J, Rolain JM, Segovia C, Sigauque B, Tacconelli E, Wellington E, Vila J. The global threat of antimicrobial resistance: science for intervention. New Microbes New Infect 2015; 6:22-9. [PMID: 26029375 PMCID: PMC4446399 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 620] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade we have witnessed a dramatic increase in the proportion and absolute number of bacterial pathogens resistant to multiple antibacterial agents. Multidrug-resistant bacteria are currently considered as an emergent global disease and a major public health problem. The B-Debate meeting brought together renowned experts representing the main stakeholders (i.e. policy makers, public health authorities, regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical companies and the scientific community at large) to review the global threat of antibiotic resistance and come up with a coordinated set of strategies to fight antimicrobial resistance in a multifaceted approach. We summarize the views of the B-Debate participants regarding the current situation of antimicrobial resistance in animals and the food chain, within the community and the healthcare setting as well as the role of the environment and the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, providing expert recommendations to tackle the global threat of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Roca
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Akova
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey ; ESCMID Executive Committee, Basel, Switzerland
| | - F Baquero
- Department of Microbiology at the Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Division for Research in Microbial Biology and Evolution, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlet
- Fondation Hôpital St, Joseph, Paris, France and World Alliance Against Antibiotic Resistance (WAAAR), Creteil, France
| | - M Cavaleri
- European Medicines Agency (EMA), London, UK
| | - S Coenen
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Cohen
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - D Findlay
- Global Commercial Lead, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), London, UK
| | - I Gyssens
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - O E Heuer
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Kahlmeter
- Clinical Microbiology, Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden ; ESCMID Executive Committee, Basel, Switzerland ; EUCAST Steering Committee, Växjö, Sweden
| | - H Kruse
- WHO Regional Office for Europe, UN City, Marmorvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Laxminarayan
- Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy, Washington, DC, USA ; Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - E Liébana
- Scientific Unit on Biological Hazards, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy
| | - L López-Cerero
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - A MacGowan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK ; EUCAST Steering Committee, Växjö, Sweden
| | - M Martins
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, UCD Centre for Food and Safety, Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Rodríguez-Baño
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, and Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain ; ESCMID Executive Committee, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J-M Rolain
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Inserm, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, and APHM, CHU Timone, Pôle Infectieux, Marseille, France
| | - C Segovia
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Sigauque
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça and Instituto Nacional de Saúde/Ministério de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - E Tacconelli
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany ; ESCMID Executive Committee, Basel, Switzerland
| | - E Wellington
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - J Vila
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; ESCMID Executive Committee, Basel, Switzerland
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Gulati K, Kant K, Findlay D, Losic D. Periodically tailored titania nanotubes for enhanced drug loading and releasing performances. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:2553-2559. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01882f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Structural engineering of titania nanotubes (TNTs) with periodically shaped structures was successfully demonstrated as a strategy to improve drug loading and releasing performances of TNTs/Ti implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Gulati
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Krishna Kant
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - David Findlay
- Discipline of Orthopaedics & Trauma
- University of Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Dusan Losic
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
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Surrey E, Porton M, Davenne T, Findlay D, Letchford A, Thomason J, Roberts S, Marrow J, Seryi A, Connolly B, Owen H. Reducing risk and accelerating delivery of a neutron source for fusion materials research. Fusion Engineering and Design 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Howard R, McShane R, Lindesay J, Ritchie C, Baldwin A, Barber R, Burns A, Dening T, Findlay D, Holmes C, Hughes A, Jacoby R, Jones R, Jones R, McKeith I, Macharouthu A, O'Brien J, Passmore P, Sheehan B, Juszczak E, Katona C, Hills R, Knapp M, Ballard C, Brown R, Banerjee S, Onions C, Griffin M, Adams J, Gray R, Johnson T, Bentham P, Phillips P. Donepezil and memantine for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:893-903. [PMID: 22397651 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1106668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials have shown the benefits of cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. It is not known whether treatment benefits continue after the progression to moderate-to-severe disease. METHODS We assigned 295 community-dwelling patients who had been treated with donepezil for at least 3 months and who had moderate or severe Alzheimer's disease (a score of 5 to 13 on the Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination [SMMSE, on which scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function]) to continue donepezil, discontinue donepezil, discontinue donepezil and start memantine, or continue donepezil and start memantine. Patients received the study treatment for 52 weeks. The coprimary outcomes were scores on the SMMSE and on the Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale (BADLS, on which scores range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating greater impairment). The minimum clinically important differences were 1.4 points on the SMMSE and 3.5 points on the BADLS. RESULTS Patients assigned to continue donepezil, as compared with those assigned to discontinue donepezil, had a score on the SMMSE that was higher by an average of 1.9 points (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 2.5) and a score on the BADLS that was lower (indicating less impairment) by 3.0 points (95% CI, 1.8 to 4.3) (P<0.001 for both comparisons). Patients assigned to receive memantine, as compared with those assigned to receive memantine placebo, had a score on the SMMSE that was an average of 1.2 points higher (95% CI, 0.6 to 1.8; P<0.001) and a score on the BADLS that was 1.5 points lower (95% CI, 0.3 to 2.8; P=0.02). The efficacy of donepezil and of memantine did not differ significantly in the presence or absence of the other. There were no significant benefits of the combination of donepezil and memantine over donepezil alone. CONCLUSIONS In patients with moderate or severe Alzheimer's disease, continued treatment with donepezil was associated with cognitive benefits that exceeded the minimum clinically important difference and with significant functional benefits over the course of 12 months. (Funded by the U.K. Medical Research Council and the U.K. Alzheimer's Society; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN49545035.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Howard
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
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Howard R, Phillips P, Johnson T, O'Brien J, Sheehan B, Lindesay J, Bentham P, Burns A, Ballard C, Holmes C, McKeith I, Barber R, Dening T, Ritchie C, Jones R, Baldwin A, Passmore P, Findlay D, Hughes A, Macharouthu A, Banerjee S, Jones R, Knapp M, Brown RG, Jacoby R, Adams J, Griffin M, Gray R. Determining the minimum clinically important differences for outcomes in the DOMINO trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 26:812-7. [PMID: 20848576 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although less likely to be reported in clinical trials than expressions of the statistical significance of differences in outcomes, whether or not a treatment has delivered a specified minimum clinically important difference (MCID) is also relevant to patients and their caregivers and doctors. Many dementia treatment randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have not reported MCIDs and, where they have been done, observed differences have not reached these. METHODS As part of the development of the Statistical Analysis Plan for the DOMINO trial, investigators met to consider expert opinion- and distribution-based values for the MCID and triangulated these to provide appropriate values for three outcome measures, the Standardised Mini-mental State Examination (sMMSE), Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale (BADLS) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Only standard deviations (SD) were presented to investigators who remained blind to treatment allocation. RESULTS Adoption of values for MCIDs based upon 0.4 of the SD of the change in score from baseline on the sMMSE, BADLS and NPI in the first 127 participants to complete DOMINO yielded MCIDs of 1.4 points for sMMSE, 3.5 for BADLS and 8.0 for NPI. CONCLUSIONS Reference to MCIDs is important for the full interpretation of the results of dementia trials and those conducting such trials should be open about the way in which they have determined and chosen their values for the MCIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Howard
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, London, UK.
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Wise R, Blaser M, Carrs O, Cassell G, Fishman N, Guidos R, Levy S, Powers J, Norrby R, Tillotson G, Davies R, Projan S, Dawson M, Monnet D, Keogh-Brown M, Hand K, Garner S, Findlay D, Morel C, Wise R, Bax R, Burke F, Chopra I, Czaplewski L, Finch R, Livermore D, Piddock LJV, White T. The urgent need for new antibacterial agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1939-40. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Finch R, Blaser M, Carrs O, Cassell G, Fishman N, Guidos R, Levy S, Powers J, Norrby R, Tillotson G, Davies R, Projan S, Dawson M, Monnet D, Keogh-Brown M, Hand K, Garner S, Findlay D, Morel C, Wise R, Bax R, Burke F, Chopra I, Czaplewski L, Finch R, Livermore D, Piddock LJV, White T. Regulatory opportunities to encourage technology solutions to antibacterial drug resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1945-7. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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White AR, Blaser M, Carrs O, Cassell G, Fishman N, Guidos R, Levy S, Powers J, Norrby R, Tillotson G, Davies R, Projan S, Dawson M, Monnet D, Keogh-Brown M, Hand K, Garner S, Findlay D, Morel C, Wise R, Bax R, Burke F, Chopra I, Czaplewski L, Finch R, Livermore D, Piddock LJV, White T. Effective antibacterials: at what cost? The economics of antibacterial resistance and its control. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1948-53. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Livermore DM, Blaser M, Carrs O, Cassell G, Fishman N, Guidos R, Levy S, Powers J, Norrby R, Tillotson G, Davies R, Projan S, Dawson M, Monnet D, Keogh-Brown M, Hand K, Garner S, Findlay D, Morel C, Wise R, Bax R, Burke F, Chopra I, Czaplewski L, Finch R, Livermore D, Piddock LJV, White T. Discovery research: the scientific challenge of finding new antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1941-4. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Faircloth DC, Lawrie S, Letchford AP, Gabor C, Wise P, Whitehead M, Wood T, Westall M, Findlay D, Perkins M, Savage PJ, Lee DA, Pozimski JK. The front end test stand high performance H- ion source at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:02A721. [PMID: 20192390 DOI: 10.1063/1.3271169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the front end test stand (FETS) project is to demonstrate that chopped low energy beams of high quality can be produced. FETS consists of a 60 mA Penning Surface Plasma Ion Source, a three solenoid low energy beam transport, a 3 MeV radio frequency quadrupole, a chopper, and a comprehensive suite of diagnostics. This paper details the design and initial performance of the ion source and the laser profile measurement system. Beam current, profile, and emittance measurements are shown for different operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Faircloth
- STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX14 0QX, United Kingdom.
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Jones R, Sheehan B, Phillips P, Juszczak E, Adams J, Baldwin A, Ballard C, Banerjee S, Barber B, Bentham P, Brown R, Burns A, Dening T, Findlay D, Gray R, Griffin M, Holmes C, Hughes A, Jacoby R, Johnson T, Jones R, Knapp M, Lindesay J, McKeith I, McShane R, Macharouthu A, O'Brien J, Onions C, Passmore P, Raftery J, Ritchie C, Howard R. DOMINO-AD protocol: donepezil and memantine in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease - a multicentre RCT. Trials 2009; 10:57. [PMID: 19630974 PMCID: PMC2723100 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-10-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the commonest cause of dementia. Cholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil, are the drug class with the best evidence of efficacy, licensed for mild to moderate AD, while the glutamate antagonist memantine has been widely prescribed, often in the later stages of AD. Memantine is licensed for moderate to severe dementia in AD but is not recommended by the England and Wales National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. However, there is little evidence to guide clinicians as to what to prescribe as AD advances; in particular, what to do as the condition progresses from moderate to severe. Options include continuing cholinesterase inhibitors irrespective of decline, adding memantine to cholinesterase inhibitors, or prescribing memantine instead of cholinesterase inhibitors. The aim of this trial is to establish the most effective drug option for people with AD who are progressing from moderate to severe dementia despite treatment with donepezil. Method DOMINO-AD is a pragmatic, 15 centre, double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial. Patients with AD, currently living at home, receiving donepezil 10 mg daily, and with Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (SMMSE) scores between 5 and 13 are being recruited. Each is randomized to one of four treatment options: continuation of donepezil with memantine placebo added; switch to memantine with donepezil placebo added; donepezil and memantine together; or donepezil placebo with memantine placebo. 800 participants are being recruited and treatment continues for one year. Primary outcome measures are cognition (SMMSE) and activities of daily living (Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale). Secondary outcomes are non-cognitive dementia symptoms (Neuropsychiatric Inventory), health related quality of life (EQ-5D and DEMQOL-proxy), carer burden (General Health Questionnaire-12), cost effectiveness (using Client Service Receipt Inventory) and institutionalization. These outcomes are assessed at baseline, 6, 18, 30 and 52 weeks. All participants will be subsequently followed for 3 years by telephone interview to record institutionalization. Discussion There is considerable debate about the clinical and cost effectiveness of anti-dementia drugs. DOMINO-AD seeks to provide clear evidence on the best treatment strategies for those managing patients at a particularly important clinical transition point. Trial registration Current controlled trials ISRCTN49545035
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Jones
- Section of Old Age Psychiatry, The University of Nottingham, A Floor, South Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- U M Fahy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Leicester Royal Infirmary NHS Trust, UK
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Findlay D, Chehade M, Tsangari H, Neale S, Hay S, Hopwood B, Pannach S, O'Loughlin P, Fazzalari N. Circulating RANKL is inversely related to RANKL mRNA levels in bone in osteoarthritic males. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R2. [PMID: 18182105 PMCID: PMC2374448 DOI: 10.1186/ar2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The relationship of circulating levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) with the expression of these molecules in bone has not been established. The objective of this study was to measure, in humans, the serum levels of RANKL and OPG, and the corresponding levels in bone of mRNA encoding these proteins. Methods Fasting blood samples were obtained on the day of surgery from patients presenting for hip replacement surgery for primary osteoarthritis (OA). Intraoperatively, samples of intertrochanteric trabecular bone were collected for analysis of OPG and RANKL mRNA, using real time RT-PCR. Samples were obtained from 40 patients (15 men with age range 50 to 79 years, and 25 women with age range 47 to 87 years). Serum total RANKL and free OPG levels were measured using ELISA. Results Serum OPG levels increased over the age range of this cohort. In the men RANKL mRNA levels were positively related to age, whereas serum RANKL levels were negatively related to age. Again, in the men serum RANKL levels were inversely related (r = -0.70, P = 0.007) to RANKL mRNA levels. Also in the male group, RANKL mRNA levels were associated with a number of indices of bone structure (bone volume fraction relative to bone tissue volume, specific surface of bone relative to bone tissue volume, and trabecular thickness), bone remodelling (eroded surface and osteoid surface), and biochemical markers of bone turnover (serum alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, and urinary deoxypyridinoline). Conclusion This is the first report to show a relationship between serum RANKL and the expression of RANKL mRNA in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Findlay
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.
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Fussell RJ, Hetmanski MT, Colyer A, Caldow M, Smith F, Findlay D. Assessment of the stability of pesticides during the cryogenic processing of fruits and vegetables. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:1247-56. [PMID: 17852403 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701317319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An evaluation of the stability of pesticides in fruit and vegetables during cryogenic sample processing (comminution of samples in the presence of dry ice) is reported. Pesticides were spiked onto the undamaged surface of individual units of fruit before freezing and comminution. The mean recoveries of pesticides spiked before and after comminution of the sample were compared to determine the relative stability of the individual pesticides during cryogenic sample processing. A stable internal deposition standard (IDS) was used to correct for physical losses and volumetric errors. Mean recovery results together with associated standard errors were obtained using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) analysis. A total of 134 pesticides in four commodities (apples, grapes, lettuce and oranges) were evaluated. The results demonstrated that 120 pesticides were stable (i.e. the mean difference in recovery of pesticides spiked pre- and post-processing was <20%) during cryogenic sample processing. Fourteen pesticides showed some instability or loss (i.e. the mean difference in recovery of pesticides spiked pre- and post-processing was >20%) during cryogenic sample processing: biphenyl, cadusafos, captan, chlorothalonil, dichlorvos, disulfoton, ethoxyquin, etridiazole, heptenophos, malaoxon, phorate, tebuconazole, tecnazene and trifluralin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Fussell
- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Central Science Laboratory, York YO41 1LZ, UK.
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Taylor A, Dunne M, Bennington S, Ansell S, Gardner I, Norreys P, Broome T, Findlay D, Nelmes R. A Route to the Brightest Possible Neutron Source? Science 2007; 315:1092-5. [PMID: 17322053 DOI: 10.1126/science.1127185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We review the potential to develop sources for neutron scattering science and propose that a merger with the rapidly developing field of inertial fusion energy could provide a major step-change in performance. In stark contrast to developments in synchrotron and laser science, the past 40 years have seen only a factor of 10 increase in neutron source brightness. With the advent of thermonuclear ignition in the laboratory, coupled to innovative approaches in how this may be achieved, we calculate that a neutron source three orders of magnitude more powerful than any existing facility can be envisaged on a 20- to 30-year time scale. Such a leap in source power would transform neutron scattering science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Taylor
- Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK.
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Findlay D, Mathias AP, Rabin BR. The active site and mechanism of action of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. 5. The charge types at the active centre. Biochem J 2006; 85:139-44. [PMID: 16748964 PMCID: PMC1243921 DOI: 10.1042/bj0850139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Findlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University College London, Gower Street, London, W.C. 1
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Findlay D, Herries DG, Mathias AP, Rabin BR, Ross CA. The active site and mechanism of action of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. 7. The catalytic mechanism. Biochem J 2006; 85:152-3. [PMID: 16748966 PMCID: PMC1243923 DOI: 10.1042/bj0850152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Findlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University College London, Gower Street, London, W.C. 1
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Findlay D, Mathias AP, Rabin BR. The active site and mechanism of action of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. 4. The activity in inert organic solvents and alcohols. Biochem J 2006; 85:134-9. [PMID: 16748963 PMCID: PMC1243920 DOI: 10.1042/bj0850134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Findlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University College London, Gower Street, London, W.C. 1
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35
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with dementia can demonstrate noisy behaviours such as screaming, repetitive speech, moaning and singing. Such behaviours can be grouped under the title of "Inappropriate Vocalisation" which is used in this article to describe any noise making which impacts detrimentally upon patients, families or those in a caring role. Inappropriate vocalisation is notoriously difficult to treat and clinicians may have to rely on a "trial and error" approach when attempting to limit the distress it causes. OBJECTIVES This paper applies a hierarchical approach to Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) in attempting to tackle inappropriate vocalisation systematically. Nine steps are ranked within three stages, with evidence for each intervention being considered sequentially in terms of the likelihood for success as the authors attempt to review the relevant literature. METHODS The authors performed a search of the medline database using the key words "screaming," "shouting," "persistent vocalisation" and "inappropriate vocalisation" combined with the key word "dementia". Further searches of the references of medline generated articles revealed a second group of articles of use in this review. RESULTS The search generated 53 reviews, research papers, case studies or letters, 36 of which are referenced in this article and the remaining references drawn from reading by the authors around the subject and related problems. CONCLUSION Interventions for inappropriate vocalisation in dementia are not limited to medication. Environmental factors and behavioural approaches are considered ahead of pharmacotherapy as the concepts of Underlying Illness, Hidden Meaning and Empirical Treatments are used to structure consideration of important, and sometimes overlooked, issues including pain, depression and overall level of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Barton
- Old Age Psychiatry, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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36
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O'Neill S, MacLennan A, Bass S, Diamond T, Ebeling P, Findlay D, Flicker L, Markwell A, Nowson C, Pocock N, Sambrook P, Singh MF. Guidelines for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis for GPs. Aust Fam Physician 2004; 33:910-9. [PMID: 15584331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the last series of guidelines on the management of osteoporosis from Osteoporosis Australia was published in Australian Family Physician (October 2002), there have been further advances in our understanding of the treatment involved in both the prevention of bone loss and the management of established osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE This article provides updated guidelines for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis to assist general practitioners identify those women at risk, and reviews current treatment strategies. DISCUSSION Osteoporosis and its associated problems are major health concerns in Australia, especially with an aging population. While important principles of management are still considered to be maximising peak bone mass and preventing postmenopausal bone loss, new clinical trial data about drugs such as the bisphosphonates, raloxifene and oestrogen have recently become available and the relative role of various agents is gradually becoming clearer. The use of long term hormone therapy has mixed risks and benefits that requires individual patient counselling.
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MESH Headings
- Absorptiometry, Photon
- Aged
- Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzothiadiazines
- Biomarkers/blood
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/complications
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/diagnosis
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/therapy
- Calcium/therapeutic use
- Diphosphonates/therapeutic use
- Diuretics
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Estrogen Replacement Therapy/methods
- Family Practice/methods
- Family Practice/standards
- Female
- Fractures, Bone/etiology
- Fractures, Bone/prevention & control
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Organometallic Compounds/therapeutic use
- Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/blood
- Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/complications
- Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/diagnosis
- Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/therapy
- Parathyroid Hormone/therapeutic use
- Risk Factors
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/therapeutic use
- Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Thiophenes/therapeutic use
- Vitamin D/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila O'Neill
- Betty Byrne Henderson Women's Health Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland.
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37
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Arnott SE, Keller B, Dillon PJ, Yan N, Paterson M, Findlay D. Using temporal coherence to determine the response to climate change in Boreal Shield lakes. Environ Monit Assess 2003; 88:365-388. [PMID: 14570423 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025537628078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to have important impacts on aquatic ecosystems. On the Boreal Shield, mean annual air temperatures are expected to increase 2 to 4 degrees C over the next 50 years. An important challenge is to predict how changes in climate and climate variability will impact natural systems so that sustainable management policies can be implemented. To predict responses to complex ecosystem changes associated with climate change, we used long-term biotic databases to evaluate how important elements of the biota in Boreal Shield lakes have responded to past fluctuations in climate. Our long-term records span a two decade period where there have been unusually cold years and unusually warm years. We used coherence analyses to test for regionally operating controls on climate, water temperature, pH, and plankton richness and abundance in three regions across Ontario: the Experimental Lakes Area, Sudbury, and Dorset. Inter-annual variation in air temperature was similar among regions, but there was a weak relationship among regions for precipitation. While air temperature was closely related to lake surface temperatures in each of the regions, there were weak relationships between lake surface temperature and richness or abundance of the plankton. However, inter-annual changes in lake chemistry (i.e., pH) were correlated with some biotic variables. In some lakes in Sudbury and Dorset, pH was dependent on extreme events. For example, El Nino related droughts resulted in acidification pulses in some lakes that influenced phytoplankton and zooplankton richness. These results suggest that there can be strong heterogeneity in lake ecosystem responses within and across regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley E Arnott
- Department of Biology Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
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38
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Abstract
Computed tomography can assist in the detection of periprosthetic osteolysis, but it has not been used to measure the actual volume of bone defects adjacent to hip replacement components because of the scanning artifact caused by metal. The aim of the current study was to develop a spiral computed tomography technique that provides precise and reliable volumetric measurement of bone defects adjacent to uncemented metal-backed acetabular components. Computed tomography scans were taken of small and large defects of known volume created in the ilium in a bovine hemipelvis and a pelvis from a cadaver. Scans were analyzed by two independent observers. The computed tomography operating conditions were determined that enabled volumetric measurements and that were accurate to within 96% for small and large defects and precise to greater than 98% for small and large defects. This computed tomography technique has the capability to measure accurately and precisely the volume of bone defects in the ilium adjacent to metal-backed acetabular components. This technique has clear advantages over plain radiographs. It will allow investigation of the natural history of osteolytic lesions, enhance preoperative planning, and improve monitoring of the outcomes of treatments of osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roumen Stamenkov
- Department of Orthopaedics, Royal Adelaide Hospital and the University of Adelaide, South Australia
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39
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O'Neill S, Sambrook P, Diamond T, Ebeling P, Ferris L, Flicker L, Findlay D, Singh MF, Lord S, MacLennan A, Markwell A, Nowson C, Pocock N, Williamson M. Guidelines for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis for general practitioners. Aust Fam Physician 2002; 31:921-8. [PMID: 12404830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis Australia has been committed to the education of general practitioners and the community with a series of updated guidelines on the management of osteoporosis. Since the last series was published in Australian Family Physician (August 2000), there have been further advances in our understanding of the treatments involved in both prevention of bone loss and the management of established osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE This article represents updated guidelines for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis to assist GPs identify those women at risk and to review current treatment strategies. DISCUSSION Osteoporosis and its associated problems are major health concerns in Australia, especially with an aging population. While important principles of management are still considered to be maximising peak bone mass and preventing postmenopausal bone loss, new clinical trial data about drugs such as the bisphosphonates, raloxifene and oestrogen have recently become available and the relative role of various agents is gradually becoming clearer. The use of long term hormone replacement therapy has mixed risks and benefits that requires individual patient counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila O'Neill
- Betty Byrne Henderson Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Queensland.
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40
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Findlay D. Issues in wound management. Aust Fam Physician 1999; 28:1231-9. [PMID: 10650596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past 30 years there has been increased interest and research into wound management and the physiology of wound healing. OBJECTIVE To address some of the myths associated with wound healing, and consider common questions or comments made by patients, nurses and doctors. DISCUSSION The most effective approach to wound management involves a thorough history and examination to identify factors that are affecting healing and instituting a management plan to control or eliminate these factors. The type of wound dressing that is appropriate can be determined by the colour, depth and amount of exudate present.
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41
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Findlay D. Wound management. A 72 year old man with pressure areas on his sacrum. Aust Fam Physician 1997; 26:291-3, 295. [PMID: 9078665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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42
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Findlay D. Wound management. Sixty five year old man with right leg ulcer. Aust Fam Physician 1996; 25:1857-9. [PMID: 9009006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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43
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Findlay D. Chronic left leg ulcer. Aust Fam Physician 1996; 25:1749-51. [PMID: 8952111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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44
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Findlay D. Practical management of pressure ulcers. Am Fam Physician 1996; 54:1519-28, 1533-6. [PMID: 8857777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of wound dressings that are based on the principles of moist wound healing has recently changed the management of pressure ulcers. These products may improve healing rates but also offer improved comfort to the patient, reduced dressing time and improved cosmesis. However, healing is unlikely to be achieved unless the factors that contribute to ulcer formation are addressed. Principles of management include the elimination or reduction of pressure and other contributing factors, treatment of infection, appropriate wound management, involvement and education of the patient and caregivers, and maintenance of healed tissue. It is estimated that 95 percent of all pressure ulcers are preventable. Prevention rather than mere treatment of established ulcers remains a top priority in the effort to reduce the incidence of this common, complex and difficult problem. Use of assessment tools that quantify the primary risk factors for the development of pressure ulcers is helpful in predicting and preventing compromise of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Findlay
- Caulfield General Medical Centre, Victoria, Australia
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45
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Findlay D. Wound management. Seventy-two year old woman with ulcer on right leg. Aust Fam Physician 1996; 25:1601-5. [PMID: 8936743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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46
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Findlay D. Wound management. Sixty-eight year old woman with ulcers on her foot. Aust Fam Physician 1996; 25:1449-51. [PMID: 8840568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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47
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Findlay D, Dean S. Wound management. Management of skin grafts. Aust Fam Physician 1996; 25:1289, 1291. [PMID: 8771889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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48
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Findlay D, Dean S. Treatment of wound breakdown. Aust Fam Physician 1996; 25:1113-5. [PMID: 8768280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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49
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Findlay D. Acute traumatic wounds. Aust Fam Physician 1996; 25:915-7. [PMID: 8687316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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50
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Findlay D. Non-specific wounds. Aust Fam Physician 1996; 25:739, 741, 743. [PMID: 8935551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade there have been significant changes in both the theory of wound management and the techniques and dressings available. All this can cause confusion in terms of selecting the best approach. This new series will use a case orientated method to work through the various options from a clinical perspective.
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