1
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Nie DY, Tabor JR, Li J, Kutera M, St-Germain J, Hanley RP, Wolf E, Paulakonis E, Kenney TMG, Duan S, Shrestha S, Owens DDG, Pon A, Szewczyk M, Lamberto AJ, Menes M, Li F, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Brown NG, Barsotti AM, Stamford AW, Collins JL, Wilson DJ, Raught B, Licht JD, James LI, Arrowsmith CH. Recruitment of FBXO22 for Targeted Degradation of NSD2. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.01.564830. [PMID: 37961297 PMCID: PMC10635037 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.01.564830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) is an emerging therapeutic strategy that would benefit from new chemical entities with which to recruit a wider variety of ubiquitin E3 ligases to target proteins for proteasomal degradation. Here, we describe a TPD strategy involving the recruitment of FBXO22 to induce degradation of the histone methyltransferase and oncogene NSD2. UNC8732 facilitates FBXO22-mediated degradation of NSD2 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells harboring the NSD2 gain of function mutation p.E1099K, resulting in growth suppression, apoptosis, and reversal of drug resistance. The primary amine of UNC8732 is metabolized to an aldehyde species, which engages C326 of FBXO22 in a covalent and reversible manner to recruit the SCF FBXO22 Cullin complex. We further demonstrate that a previously reported alkyl amine-containing degrader targeting XIAP is similarly dependent on SCF FBXO22 . Overall, we present a highly potent NSD2 degrader for the exploration of NSD2 disease phenotypes and a novel FBXO22-dependent TPD strategy.
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2
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Hanley RP, Nie DY, Tabor JR, Li F, Sobh A, Xu C, Barker NK, Dilworth D, Hajian T, Gibson E, Szewczyk MM, Brown PJ, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Herring LE, Wang GG, Licht JD, Vedadi M, Arrowsmith CH, James LI. Discovery of a Potent and Selective Targeted NSD2 Degrader for the Reduction of H3K36me2. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8176-8188. [PMID: 36976643 PMCID: PMC10116495 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor-binding SET domain-containing 2 (NSD2) plays important roles in gene regulation, largely through its ability to dimethylate lysine 36 of histone 3 (H3K36me2). Despite aberrant activity of NSD2 reported in numerous cancers, efforts to selectively inhibit the catalytic activity of this protein with small molecules have been unsuccessful to date. Here, we report the development of UNC8153, a novel NSD2-targeted degrader that potently and selectively reduces the cellular levels of both NSD2 protein and the H3K36me2 chromatin mark. UNC8153 contains a simple warhead that confers proteasome-dependent degradation of NSD2 through a novel mechanism. Importantly, UNC8153-mediated reduction of H3K36me2 through the degradation of NSD2 results in the downregulation of pathological phenotypes in multiple myeloma cells including mild antiproliferative effects in MM1.S cells containing an activating point mutation and antiadhesive effects in KMS11 cells harboring the t(4;14) translocation that upregulates NSD2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan P Hanley
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David Y Nie
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - John R Tabor
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Amin Sobh
- University of Florida Health Cancer Center, The University of Florida Cancer and Genetics Research Complex, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Chenxi Xu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Natalie K Barker
- UNC Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David Dilworth
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Taraneh Hajian
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Elisa Gibson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Magdalena M Szewczyk
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Peter J Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Laura E Herring
- UNC Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gang Greg Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- University of Florida Health Cancer Center, The University of Florida Cancer and Genetics Research Complex, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Lindsey I James
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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3
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Wu Q, Nie DY, Ba-Alawi W, Ji Y, Zhang Z, Cruickshank J, Haight J, Ciamponi FE, Chen J, Duan S, Shen Y, Liu J, Marhon SA, Mehdipour P, Szewczyk MM, Dogan-Artun N, Chen W, Zhang LX, Deblois G, Prinos P, Massirer KB, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Jin J, De Carvalho DD, Haibe-Kains B, Wang X, Cescon DW, Lupien M, Arrowsmith CH. PRMT inhibition induces a viral mimicry response in triple-negative breast cancer. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:821-830. [PMID: 35578032 PMCID: PMC9337992 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype with the worst prognosis and few effective therapies. Here we identified MS023, an inhibitor of type I protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), which has antitumor growth activity in TNBC. Pathway analysis of TNBC cell lines indicates that the activation of interferon responses before and after MS023 treatment is a functional biomarker and determinant of response, and these observations extend to a panel of human-derived organoids. Inhibition of type I PRMT triggers an interferon response through the antiviral defense pathway with the induction of double-stranded RNA, which is derived, at least in part, from inverted repeat Alu elements. Together, our results represent a shift in understanding the antitumor mechanism of type I PRMT inhibitors and provide a rationale and biomarker approach for the clinical development of type I PRMT inhibitors. ![]()
Type I PRMT inhibition elicits potent antitumor activity associated with increased interferon response and intron-retained dsRNA accumulation, suggesting its potential combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - David Y Nie
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wail Ba-Alawi
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - YiShuai Ji
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - ZiWen Zhang
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jennifer Cruickshank
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jillian Haight
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felipe E Ciamponi
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), Medicinal Chemistry Center (CQMED), Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC-UNICAMP), University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jocelyn Chen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shili Duan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yudao Shen
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sajid A Marhon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parinaz Mehdipour
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Nergiz Dogan-Artun
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - WenJun Chen
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lan Xin Zhang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Genevieve Deblois
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Panagiotis Prinos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katlin B Massirer
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), Medicinal Chemistry Center (CQMED), Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC-UNICAMP), University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel D De Carvalho
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Haibe-Kains
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - XiaoJia Wang
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - David W Cescon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lupien
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Abstract
Small molecule chemical probes are valuable tools for interrogating protein biological functions and relevance as a therapeutic target. Rigorous validation of chemical probe parameters such as cellular potency and selectivity is critical to unequivocally linking biological and phenotypic data resulting from treatment with a chemical probe to the function of a specific target protein. A variety of modern technologies are available to evaluate cellular potency and selectivity, target engagement, and functional response biomarkers of chemical probe compounds. Here, we review these technologies and the rationales behind using them for the characterization and validation of chemical probes. In addition, large-scale phenotypic characterization of chemical probes through chemical genetic screening is increasingly leading to a wealth of information on the cellular pharmacology and disease involvement of potential therapeutic targets. Extensive compound validation approaches and integration of phenotypic information will lay foundations for further use of chemical probes in biological discovery. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biochemistry, Volume 91 is June 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Vu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Magdalena M Szewczyk
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - David Y Nie
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Dilworth D, Hanley RP, Ferreira de Freitas R, Allali-Hassani A, Zhou M, Mehta N, Marunde MR, Ackloo S, Carvalho Machado RA, Khalili Yazdi A, Owens DDG, Vu V, Nie DY, Alqazzaz M, Marcon E, Li F, Chau I, Bolotokova A, Qin S, Lei M, Liu Y, Szewczyk MM, Dong A, Kazemzadeh S, Abramyan T, Popova IK, Hall NW, Meiners MJ, Cheek MA, Gibson E, Kireev D, Greenblatt JF, Keogh MC, Min J, Brown PJ, Vedadi M, Arrowsmith CH, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, James LI, Schapira M. A chemical probe targeting the PWWP domain alters NSD2 nucleolar localization. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:56-63. [PMID: 34782742 PMCID: PMC9189931 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor-binding SET domain-containing 2 (NSD2) is the primary enzyme responsible for the dimethylation of lysine 36 of histone 3 (H3K36), a mark associated with active gene transcription and intergenic DNA methylation. In addition to a methyltransferase domain, NSD2 harbors two proline-tryptophan-tryptophan-proline (PWWP) domains and five plant homeodomains (PHDs) believed to serve as chromatin reading modules. Here, we report a chemical probe targeting the N-terminal PWWP (PWWP1) domain of NSD2. UNC6934 occupies the canonical H3K36me2-binding pocket of PWWP1, antagonizes PWWP1 interaction with nucleosomal H3K36me2 and selectively engages endogenous NSD2 in cells. UNC6934 induces accumulation of endogenous NSD2 in the nucleolus, phenocopying the localization defects of NSD2 protein isoforms lacking PWWP1 that result from translocations prevalent in multiple myeloma (MM). Mutations of other NSD2 chromatin reader domains also increase NSD2 nucleolar localization and enhance the effect of UNC6934. This chemical probe and the accompanying negative control UNC7145 will be useful tools in defining NSD2 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dilworth
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- BlueRock Therapeutics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ronan P Hanley
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- C4 Therapeutics, Watertown, MA, USA
| | - Renato Ferreira de Freitas
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Arcturus 3, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Abdellah Allali-Hassani
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Incyte, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Mengqi Zhou
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Naimee Mehta
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Suzanne Ackloo
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Dominic D G Owens
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Vu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Y Nie
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mona Alqazzaz
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edyta Marcon
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irene Chau
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Albina Bolotokova
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Su Qin
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Life Science Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Aiping Dong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sina Kazemzadeh
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tigran Abramyan
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Atomwise, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Elisa Gibson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dmitri Kireev
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Jinrong Min
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peter J Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lindsey I James
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Matthieu Schapira
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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