The Effect of Gambier Catechin Isolate on Cervical Cancer Cell Death (HeLa Cell Lines)

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women worldwide. Human Papilloma Virus infection on the surface of the cervix is the most common cause which can cause abnormal growth of cervical cells. AIM: This research was conducted in vitro which aims to determine whether catechin compounds can inhibit the growth and regulation of cervical cancer cells (HeLa cell line). METHODS: This is experimental research using the colourimetric assay method and qualitative observation of cervical cancer cell morphology (HeLa cell line) under a fluorescence microscope. The administration of catechin compounds was tested at different concentrations to HeLa cells, namely 1000 g/ml, 500 g/ml, 250 g/ml, 125 g/ml, 62.5 g/ml, 31.25 g/ml. RESULTS: The smallest cell viability was obtained from a concentration of 1000 g/ml which was 5.98% while the largest cell viability was found at a concentration of 31.25 g/ml, which was 40.01%. The resulting IC50 value was 22.91 g/ml. Gambier catechin compounds have very high antioxidants because they contain an IC50 value < 50 g/ml. The effect of gambier catechin compounds on HeLa cell death can be found by increasing the percentage of dead cells. The difference in the fluorescence images of HeLa cells in the experimental group was assessed based on the percentage of the number of cells that died or underwent apoptosis, which was marked by a red or orange fluorescent image. At the concentration of IC25, 31.87% of dead cells were found, the concentration of IC50 was 51.09% of dead cells, and the concentration of IC75 was 82.51% of dead cells. The test results showed that there was a significant difference in the average percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis in all study groups with p <0.05. CONCLUSION: Based on research, it can be concluded that catechin compounds could inhibit the growth and regulation of cervical cancer cells (HeLa cell line). Later, it has the potential to be developed as an anticancer candidate for cervical cancer. Keyword: Cervical cancer, Catechin, Apoptosis, HeLa cell line, Cell death.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Sirsak (Annona muricata lin) Terhadap Viabilitas Cell Line Kanker Payudara T47D Secara In Vitro

Kanker payudara merupakan kanker terbanyak di Indonesia dengan angka mortalitas yang tinggi. Kandungan acetogenin, alkaloid, tannin, dan flavonoid pada daun sirsak dipercaya dapat menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak daun sirsak terhadap viabilitas cell line kanker payudara T47D secara in vitro. Metode: Ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan metode MTT menggunakan cell line T47D yang dibagi menjadi 8 kelompok perlakuan konsentrasi ekstrak daun sirsak dan tiga variasi masa inkubasi serta pengulangan sebanyak empat kali. Pemeriksaan dibaca menggunakan xMark microplate reader dan selanjutnya ditentukan konsentrasi ekstrak yang dapat menghambat 50% viabilitas sel. Hasil: Ada penurunan viabilitas sel seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi yang diberikan pada ketiga masa inkubasi. Konsentrasi ekstrak yang dapat menghambat 50% viabilitas sel pada masa inkubasi 24 jam 569,8μg/ml, 48 jam 431,6 μg/ml, dan 72 jam 94,26 μg/ml. Simpulan: Ekstrak daun sirsak berpengaruh terhadap viabilitas cell line kanker payudara T47D dan dapat menghambat 50% viabilitas sel pada konsentrasi 94,26 μg/ml pada masa inkubasi 72 jam yang berpotensi sebagai antikanker.

Vitamin E ameliorates testicular histological features and androgen binding protein levels in testicle of rats induced by allethrin

Objective:

This study aims to determine the ameliorative effect of vitamin E (vit E) on histological features and androgen binding protein (ABP) levels in rats induced by allethrin.

Materials and Methods:

Thirty sexually mature male Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 300 gm, and aging 3 months were taken for this study and were divided into three groups: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), and treatment (T) groups. The PC and T groups were induced by allethrin 12 h per day for 31 days; however, only the T group was given vit E orally at 1 ml/gm body weight (BW) each day for 14 days. The paraffin block method was used to measure tubules’ diameter, thickness of the seminiferous epithelial layer, and Sertoli cell number. The ABP levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results:

The results showed that vit E gave significant effect (p < 0.05) on tubular diameter at NC 123.67 ± 12.77, PC 147.16 ± 10.64, and T 130.08 ± 10.00; tubular epithelial thickness at NC 33.55 ± 3.21, PC 30.02 ± 1.53, and T 32.96 ± 2.81; Sertoli cells number at NC 55.48 ± 5.9, PC 43.84 ± 3.77, and T 53.44 ± 4.26; and ABP levels at NC 72.35 ± 39.06, PC 38, 48 ± 18.78, and T 86.10 ± 35.77, respectively.

Conclusion:

This study concludes that vit E has an ameliorative effect against the toxic effects of allethrin at testicular histological features and ABP levels.

The Comparison of RhoC and PI3K Gene Expression on the Breast Cancer Tissue and Benign Tumour Tissue

BACKGROUND:

The expression of a gene is a process that conveys information of genes to synthesise gene product is functional. Alterations of the molecular biology in breast cancer are very complex because of many factors play a role in the tumorigenesis. RhoC is a prometastases gene. The PI3K gene is crucial in the regulation of multiple cellular functions, including cell growth, proliferation, metabolism and angiogenesis.

AIM:

This study aims to compare of RhoC and PI3K gene expression on the breast cancer tissue and benign tumour tissue.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Expression of the RhoC and PI3K genes was carried out with qPCR. The absolute quantification method was using breast cancer tissue. As a comparison, benign tumours (FATs) tissue was carried out. The standard curves were obtained from cloning target genes, which were inserted into the gGEMT-easy vector from E. coli. The gene expression data was carried out by t-test to see the mean difference between the expression of breast cancer tissue and benign tumours (FATs) with a value of p ≤ 0.005 in RhoC and PI3K gene expression. And the relationship between expressions was done by Pearson correlation test.

RESULTS:

The results showed that it was found that PI3K gene expression on breast cancer tissue was higher than the number in a benign tumour (fibroadenoma mammae) as an endogenous control. And also, the expression of RhoC is much lower on breast cancer tissue compared with a benign tumour.

CONCLUSION:

This study concluded that expression of RhoC affects the expression of PI3K so that the thing this is what causes the proliferation and began to provide support aggressive cancer cells in the breast.

Evaluation of MiR-21 and MiR-10b Expression of Human Breast Cancer in West Sumatera

BACKGROUND

Abnormal expression of several microRNAs (miRNAs) has been demonstrated in many types of cancer tumor tissue. The miR-10b and miR-21 are an oncogenic miRNAs which play role in proliferation and invasion of Breast Cancer (BC) tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the miR-21 and miR-10b expression in BC in West Sumatran women, Indonesia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 40 samples, consisting of 30 samples of breast cancer tissues (BC) and 10 samples of fibroadenoma tissues (FATs) as control and non-cancerous were analyzed. The miR-21 and miR-10b expression of each sample were investigated by using realtime PCR, followed by universal Reverse Transcription (RT) then real-time PCR amplification with specific primers. Hsa-miR-16-5p LNA PCR primer was used as an endogenous control.

RESULTS

The results showed that the expression level of miR-21 was more than 4 times higher in BC than in FATs. The expression level of miR-10b was lower in BC than FATs, by a factor of 3.34 fold. Both these differences were statistically different (p = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

In this study it was concluded that for this sample of West Sumatran Women miR-21 expression in BC was higher than in FATs, whereas miR-10b was lower in BC than in FATs.

CHARACTERISTIC OF APOPTOSIS AND EXPRESSION OF GENES-RELATED APOPTOSIS (c-myc, c-erb AND c-fos ONCOGENE) IN HeLa CELL LINES AFTER EXPOSURE BY NEEM (Azadirachta indica A.Juss)

 ABSTRACT Azadirachta indica A. Juss is a medicinal plant commonly known as neem. The effect of neem leaves extract on cervical cancer cells, however, has never been studied. Due to the lack of information, this study was conducted to determine the effect of neem leaves extract on cervical cancer (HeLa) cell growth. In vitro cytotoxicity effect of ethanolic neem extract indicated the presence of cytotoxicity activity of the extract against HeLa cells with IC50 of  30.0 μg/mL. The morphological changes under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) on HeLa cells were cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing. There were also cells with condensed nucleus and few cells have fragmented nucleus, and finally formed apoptotic body. Control cells showed a clear cytoplasm and centrally placed nucleus and no cells exhibited any apoptotic features. Appearance of apoptotic cells under scanning electron microscope (SEM) are indentations, blebs and hole on cell surface and disintegration of cell. The controls remained morphologically normal. Apoptotic features of the cells are widely seen with longer incubation time while 24 hours incubation time, it is scarcely seen. The RT-PCR product showed that the c-erb gene expression was expressed in both treated and untreated HeLa cells. Contrary, the the c-myc and c-fos oncogenes on  HeLa cells which exposed to A. indica  EtOH extract were significantly decreased.  Thus, the results from this study strongly suggest that the ethanolic extract of A. indica may contain bioactive compound(s) that caused cervical cancer cells, HeLa cell death by apoptosis mechanism and lead to succession of discovering new alternative treatment for cervical cancer.  Keywords : cytotoxic, apoptosis genes, oncogenes, neem

Efek Suplemen Bawang Putih terhadap Kadar Kolesterol dan Trigliserida pada Tikus Wistar yang Diberi Diet Tinggi Minyak Sawit

AbstrakMinyak kelapa sawit banyak mengandung asam lemak jenuh yang diduga dapat menyebabkan kolesterol dan trigliserida meningkat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efek suplemen bawang putih terhadap kadar kolesterol dan trigliserida tikus galur wistar yang diberi diet tinggi minyak sawit. Ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan randomized post test control group design. Subjek penelitian adalah 15 ekor tikus Wistar jantan yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu kelompok diet standar ad libitum, kelompok diet tinggi minyak sawit dan kelompok perlakuan (diet tinggi minyak sawit+suplemen bawang putih). Masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari lima ekor tikus. Pemberian minyak sawit dengan kadar 3 ml/15 gram pakan standar diberikan kepada kelompok diet tinggi minyak sawit dan kelompok perlakuan selama empat minggu. Pemberian suplemen bawang putih (dosis 3,6 mg/200 mgBB tikus) diberikan kepada kelompok perlakuan selama empat minggu. Kadar kolesterol pada kelompok diet tinggi minyak sawit adalah 109 ± 2,76 mg/dl dan pada kelompok perlakuan adalah 107 ± 3,09 mg/dl. Kadar trigliserida pada kelompok diet tinggi minyak sawit adalah 84 ± 4,27 mg/dl, pada kelompok perlakuan adalah 83 ± 6,02 mg/dl. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna kadar kolesterol dan trigliserida antara kelompok diet tinggi minyak sawit dengan kelompok perlakuan. Pada kelompok diet standar ad libitum dengan kelompok diet tinggi minyak sawit maupun antara kelompok diet standar ad libitum dengan kelompok perlakuan terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada kadar kolesterol dan trigliserida.Kata kunci: minyak sawit, suplemen bawang putih, kolesterol, trigliseridaAbstractPalm oil contains a lot of saturated fatty acids and it is supposed to cause increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of garlic supplements on cholesterol levels and triglyceride at wistar strain rats which were fed in high diet palm oil. This study is a randomized experimental study with post-test control group design. The subjects were 15 male wistar rats were divided into three groups, standard ad libitum diet group, high diet palm oil group and the treatment group (high diet palm oil+ garlic supplement). Each group consists of five rats. Provision of palm oil with high levels of standard 3 ml/15 grams of feeding given to the high diet palm oil group and the treatment group during the four weeks. Garlic supplement (dose 3.6 mg/200 mgweight rat) was given to the treatment group for four weeks. Cholesterol levels in the high diet palm oil group was 109 ± 2,76 mg/dl in the treatment group was 107 ± 3,09 mg/dl. The levels of triglycerides in the high diet palm oil group was 84 ± 4,27 mg/dl and in the treatment group was 83 ± 6,02 mg/dl. There was no significant difference the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides between the high diet palm oil group with the treatment group. Between the standard ad libitum diet group with the high diet palm oil group and between the standard ad libitum diet group with the treatment group show there were significant differences in the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.Keywords: palm oil, garlic supplement, cholesterol, triglyceride

Perbandingan Efektivitas Daya Hambat Kotrimoksazol Generik dan Paten terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia coli sebagai Penyebab Infeksi Saluran Kemih secara In Vitro

AbstrakInfeksi saluran kemih merupakan salah satu infeksi yang sering ditemukan setelah infeksi saluran napas. Penyebab terbanyak infeksi saluran kemih adalah Escherichia coli. Kotrimoksazol merupakan kombinasi dari dua obat yaitu trimetoprim dan sulfametoksazol serta salah satu contoh antibiotik yang merupakan first-line therapy untuk infeksi saluran kemih. Kotrimoksazol terbagi menjadi dua jenis obat yaitu obat generik dan paten. Akan tetapi, belakangan ini penggunaan obat generik mulai menurun di masyarakat dan masyarakat cenderung meragukan kualitasnya. Padahal masyarakat yang akan diuntungkan jika mengetahui mutu obat generik tidak kalah dengan obat paten. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan efektivitas daya hambat kotrimoksazol generik dan paten terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli sebagai penyebab infeksi saluran kemih secara in vitro. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik eksperimental dengan desain cross-sectional study. Penelitian ini menggunakan 19 sampel isolat bakteri dari pasien infeksi saluran kemih yang disebabkan oleh Escherichia coli di RSUP Dr. M. Djamil yang ditentukan rumus minimal adequate sample size menggunakan metode difusi cakram dan dilihat perbandingan antara zona bebas kuman yang dibentuk oleh obat generik dan paten tersebut. Data yang diperoleh akan diolah secara statistik dengan uji hipotesis t-independent test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada 17 sampel tidak didapatkan zona bebas kuman baik pada kotrimoksazol generik atau paten. Sedangkan pada 2 sampel lainnya didapatkan zona bebas kuman pada kedua obat kotrimoksazol generik dan paten. Setelah dilakukan analisis statistik menggunakan SPSS dengan uji t-independent test didapatkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara sensitivitas bakteri Escherichia coli penyebab infeksi saluran kemih terhadap kotrimoksazol generik dan paten. Sedangkan resistensi yang terjadi pada 17 sampel lain diduga disebabkan penggunaan antibiotika yang meluas dan tidak tepat baik di rumah sakit maupun di kalangan masyarakat.Kata kunci: Escherichia coli, infeksi saluran kemih, sensitivitas, antibiotika, generik, patenAbstractUrinary tract infection is one of the infections that are often found after a respiratory tract infection. The major cause of urinary tract infections is Escherichia coli. Co-trimoxazole is a combination of two drugs trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Co-trimoxazole is one of the examples of a first - line therapy antibiotic for urinary tract infections. As with other drugs, co-trimoxazole is divided into two types of drugs which are generic and patent drugs. However, recently the use of generic drug in the community began to decrease and people tend to doubt its quality. Whereas it is the community that will be benefited if they found out that the quality of generic drug is not inferior to the patent drug. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of generic and patents co-trimoxazole inhibition on the growth of the bacteria Escherichia coli as a cause of urinary tract infection in in vitro.This study is an analytical experimental with cross-sectional study design. This study used 19 isolated-bacterial from infected-urinary tract patients which were caused by Escherichia coli in Dr. M. Djamil Hospital. These samples specified by minimal adequate sample size and using disc diffusion method. Then they were observed the comparison between germ-free zone established by the generic and the patent drugs. Data obtained will be treated statistically with t-independent hypothesis test.The resultsshowed that 17 samples didn’t have germ-free zone both in generic and patent co-trimoxazole. While two sample others which have germ-free zone were obtained both in generic or patent co-trimoxazole. According to SPSS statistical analysis with t- independent test showed that there was no significant difference between the sensitivity of Escherichia coli as a cause of urinary tract infections to generic and patent co-trimoxazole. Whereas resistance occurred in 17 other samples were suspected to be caused widespread and irrational use of antibiotics both in hospitals and in the community.Keywords: Escherichia coli, urinary tract infections, sensitivity, antibiotic, generic, patent

In Vitro Cytotoxic Study and Detection of Apoptosis on Breast Cancer Cell lines MDA-MB 231 after Exposed to Azadirachta Indica A. Juss (neem) Extract

AbstrakSuatu senyawa obat dapat menjadi kemoterapi kanker adalah dengan cara menskrining terlebih dahulu tumbuhan obat yang berpotensi sebagai obat antikanker. Salah satunya adalah tanaman obat daun nimba (Azadirachta indica L.Juss) yang terbukti secara significant menyebabkan apoptosis pada beberapa jenis sel line kanker. Dalam penelitian ini, ekstrak ethanol dari A. indica dipelajari untuk melihat efeknya pada pertumbuhan sel kanker payudara manusia jenis MDA-MB-231 dengan menggunakan tes untuk proliferasi yaitu MTT assai dan untuk mengetahui perubahan morphologi dari apoptosis selnya dengan menggunakan TUNEL assay Ekstrak daun nimba (A. indica) dapat menurunkan keberadaan jumlah sel kanker dengan cara menghambat perkembangan daripada sel tersebut dan menginduksi proses apoptosis pada sel kanker tersebut. Hasil pemeriksaan MTT assai didapatkan nilai IC50 nya adalah 55 ug / mL. Kematian MDA-MB231 sel yang disebabkan oleh ekstrak daun nimba (A.indica) ditemukan melalui mekanisme apoptosis yang secara morfologinya menunjukan ciri ciri dari kematian secara apoptosis seperti kondensasi dari nucleus, membrane nukleus yang melebur dan akhirnya terjadinya fragmentasi dari DNA. Analisis struktur dalaman sel juga mengungkapkan karakteristik apoptosis yaitu marginasi dari kromosom yang disertai dengan fragmentasi DNA dan selanjutnya akan terbentuk badan apoptotik pada sel kanker yang diinkubasi dengan ekstrak tersebut. Pada penelitian ini juga dijumpai peningkatan jumlah sel apoptosis dari hari 1 sampai hari 3 inkubasi oleh ekstrak nimba. Ekstrak ethanol A.indica mungkin mengandung senyawa bioaktif(s) yang menyebabkan kanker payudara MDA-MNB 231 mengalami kematian sel secara apoptosis. Penelitian lebih lanjut masih diperlukan untuk mengetahui mekanisme tumbuhan ini membunuh sel kanker MDA-MB 231.Kata kunci: Studi In vitro, Azadirachta indica, apoptosis, TUNEL assayAbstractA screening is conducted on plants that have potential as anticancer is a promising way for discovering novel chemotherapeutic compound. A medicinal plant neem leaf (Azadirachta indica L.Juss) intake has been shown to induce significant levels of apoptosis in various cancer cells. In this present study, ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica was studied for its effects on growth in MDA-MB 231 human breast cancer cells using assays for proliferation (MTT assay) and mechanisme of cell apoptosis using TUNEL assay. Neem leaf extract decreased cell viability, inhibited cell proliferation, and induced cell apoptosis. Result of MTT assay was 55 μg/mL of neem remarkably reduced cell viability of MDA-MB 231 cells. MDA-MB231 cell death elicited by the extract was found to be apoptotic in nature based the indication of nucleus condensation, shrinkage of nucleus membrane and also DNA fragmentation which are a hallmark of apoptosis. In addition, ultrastructural analysis also revealed apoptotic characteristics which are the presence of chromatin margination and apoptotic bodies in the extract-treated cells. There was an increase in the number of apoptotic cells from day 1 to day 3 post incubation with neem extract. Thus, the results from this study strongly suggest that the ethanol extract of A.indica may contain bioactive compound(s) that caused breast carcinoma, MDA-MNB 231 cell death by apoptosis. It’s needed to do advance research to know more deeply the mechanism this plant on breast cancer cell line MDA-MB.Keywords:In vitro study, Azadirachta indica, apoptosis, TUNEL assay