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Synthetic and pharmacological developments in the hybrid s-triazine moiety: A review. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:106971. [PMID: 38016395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes the most recent advancements in the synthetic and pharmacological approaches along with the structure activity relationship towards the s-triazine and its derivatives. Much attention has been given to s-triazine core due to its facile synthesis, interesting pharmacology, high reactivity, and binding characteristics towards various enzymes. An array of biological applications has been demonstrated by s-triazines including antimalarial, anti-HIV, anti-viral, antimicrobial, anti-tuberculosis to name a few. In the present investigation s-triazine based molecular structures have been assembled in respect to their synthesis and medicinal properties. Further, the competence of s-triazine has been correlated and compared with the other heterocyclic moieties to substantiates-triazine a privileged scaffold. From the literature it is revealed that nucleophilic substitution at 2, 4, and 6 positions is significant for various biological applications. This article would help in assisting the chemists in designing novel molecular entities with high medicinal value.
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2
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Design, Synthesis, Antibacterial Evaluation and Docking Studies of Triazole and Tetrazole Linked 1,4‐benzodiazepine Nucleus via Click Approach. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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3
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Synthesis, characterization, and DFT study of the s-triazine analogues of medicinal interest incorporated with five- and six-membered bioactive heterocyclic scaffolds. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.134922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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4
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Synthesis and Theoretical Studies of Biologically Active Thieno Nucleus Incorporated Tri and Tetracyclic Nitrogen Containing Heterocyclics Scaffolds via Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reaction. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200540. [PMID: 36310125 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A new series of thieno nucleus embellished trinuclear (19, 20) and tetranuclear (21-24) nitrogen heteroaryl have been synthesized by the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction using bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 CNMR and Mass spectral properties. In vitro antibacterial studies of the synthesized compound were conducted using broth microdilution assay employing Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) was determined. The result showed that compound 20 possess best antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with IC50 values of 60 μg mL-1 and 90 μg mL-1 . Further to determine the mode of antibacterial action, compounds 20 and 21 were examined for in vitro bacterial dehydrogenase inhibitory assay. To understand the binding affinity of the synthesized compounds, the docking study was performed in the bacterial dehydrogenase enzyme by AutoDock Vina software and structure was confirmed by Discovery Studio Visualizer. All the synthesized compounds were docked in a good manner within the active sites of the bacterial dehydrogenase enzyme and exhibited good binding energies.
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5
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Metal-catalyzed synthesis of triazine derivatives. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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A comprehensive update on the structure and synthesis of potential drug targets for combating the coronavirus pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2100382. [PMID: 35040187 PMCID: PMC9011541 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic COVID-19 created by its severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant, known for producing a very severe acute respiratory syndrome, has created an unprecedented situation by its continual assault around the world. The crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 variant has been a global challenge, calling to mitigate this unprecedented pandemic that has engulfed the whole world. Since the outbreak and spread of COVID-19, many researchers globally have been grappling to find new clinically trialed active drugs with anti-COVID-19 activity, from antimalarial drugs to JAK inhibitors, antiviral drugs, immune suppressants, and so forth. This article presents a brief discussion on the activity and synthesis of some active molecules such as favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, pirfenidone, remdesivir, lopinavir, camostat, chloroquine, baricitinib, molnupiravir, and so forth, which are under trial.
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7
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Greener approach toward synthesis of biologically active
s
‐Triazine
(
TCT
) derivatives: A recent update. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Abstract
1, 3, 5-Triazine (s-Triazine) is a versatile nucleus to design and develop potent bioactive
molecules for drug discovery, particularly in cancer therapy. The aim of this review is to present the
most recent trends in the field of synthetic strategies made for functionalized triazine derivatives active
against cell proliferation. This review article covers the synthesis of aryl methylamino, morpholino,
triamino substituted triazines, antimitotic agents coupled triazines and many more. Many 1,3,5-
triazine derivatives, both hetero-fused and uncondensed, have shown remarkable antitumor activities.
We have highlighted various derivatives with 1, 3, 5-triazine core targeting different kinases with an
aim to help researchers for developing new 1, 3, 5-triazine derived compounds for antitumor activity.
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9
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Bacterial cell leakage potential of newly synthesized quinazoline derivatives of 1,5‐benzodiazepines analogue. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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A facile one pot synthesis of novel pyrimidine derivatives of 1,5-benzodiazepines via domino reaction and their antibacterial evaluation. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 163:105648. [PMID: 31195033 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new series of pyrimidine (8, 14, 18 and 23) embellished analogues of 1,5-benzodiazepines were synthesized by the one-pot domino approach using the catalyst DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane). For each compound synthesized, anti-microbial efficacy was determined using broth microdilution assay and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Furthermore, FESEM (Field emission scanning electron microscope) studies were also carried out to observe the effect of the structure of test compounds on the morphology of both Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) cell walls. The leakage of nucleotides and their integral components from compromised bacterial cells was assessed by plotting the optical density (OD) with respect to time of exposure at 320 nm. Anti-bacterial studies revealed that compound 23 was most active against targeted bacterial species. Results of the antibacterial study indicated that all the test compounds possess significant antibacterial potential against targeted bacterial strains. Amongst all, in the FE-SEM study, compound 23 caused marked alteration in bacterial cell morphology and resulted in maximum leakage of cell nucleotides in bacterial strains as compared to controls. Further efforts are required to establish their efficacy as antibacterial agents in clinical management.
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11
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An improved identification and control of 3 × 3 multi-input multi-output system using relay and subspace method. Chem Ind 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2018.1486237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Organocatalyzed Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Novel Quinolino Annulated Analogues of Azepinones. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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14
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Synthesis and molecular docking of pyrimidine incorporated novel analogue of 1,5-benzodiazepine as antibacterial agent. J CHEM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-018-1430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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An Expedient Method for the Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazolo-fused 1,5-Benzodiazepine, 1,5-Benzoxazepine, and 1,5-Benzothiazepine Scaffolds: A Novel Seven-membered Ring System of Biological Interest. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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17
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Exceedingly facile one-pot protocols to the synthesis of pyrimido annulated analogues of carbazolo condensed azepinones and their evaluation for analgesic activity. B CHEM SOC ETHIOPIA 2017. [DOI: 10.4314/bcse.v31i1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Novel Synthesis of Imidazo-based and Benzimidazo-based privileged Templates on s
-Triazine Nucleus through a Phenoxyl Spacer. J Heterocycl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Role of the transition metal complexes of 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (BINAP) in asymmetric catalysis. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2016.1267226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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One-pot oxidation of aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons using the Au (III) and Pd (II) catalyst under microwave irradiation. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Design, synthesis and characterization of [1,3,4]thiadiazolo- and [1,2,4]oxadiazolo- substituted 2,4-dicyclopropylamino-6-phenoxy-s-triazines. ARKIVOC 2016. [DOI: 10.3998/ark.5550190.p009.678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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22
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Synthetic and Biological Aspects of Thiadiazoles and their Condensed Derivatives: An Overview. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 16:2884-2920. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026616666160506144859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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24
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Application of Pfitzinger Reaction to the Facile One-Pot Access of the Novel (5,6-b)-Quinolino-8-carboxylic-acid-Annulated Analogs of (2,3-d)-Azepino-benzimidazol-2,6-diones of Medicinal Interest. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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A Facile Synthesis of Face “D” Quinolino Annulated Benzazepinone Analogues with Its Quinoline Framework Appended To Oxadiazole, Triazole and Pyrazole Heterocycles. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Expedient Protocols for the Installation of 1,5-benzodiazepine-based Privileged Templates on 2-position of α, β-enone Incorporated Derivatives of the 1,4-benzodiazepine Nucleus Linked Through a Phenoxyl Spacer. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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28
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29
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Chemical delivery systems and soft drugs: Retrometabolic approaches of drug design. Saudi Pharm J 2014; 22:290-302. [PMID: 25161372 PMCID: PMC4142369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion of metabolic considerations in the drug design process leads to significant development in the field of chemical drug targeting and the design of safer drugs during past few years which is a part of an approach now designated as Retro metabolic drug design (RMDD). This approach represents systematic methodologies that integrate structure-activity and structure-metabolism relationships and are aimed to design safe, locally active compounds with an improved therapeutic index. It embraces two distinct methods, chemical delivery systems and a soft drug approach. Present review recapitulates an impression of RMDD giving reflections on the chemical delivery system and the soft drug approach and provides a variety of examples to embody its concepts. Successful application of such design principles has already been applied to a number of marketed drugs like esmolol; loteprednol etc., and many other candidates like beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, alkylating agents, antimicrobials etc., are also under investigation.
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31
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Synthesis of Oxadiazolo-, Pyrimido-, Imidazolo-, and Benzimidazolo-Containing Derivatives of 1,4-Benzodiazepin-5-(4′-methylpiperazinyl)-carboxamide Through Phenylamino Spacer. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.815215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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33
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34
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35
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Synthetic Strategies Applicable in the Synthesis of Privileged Scaffold: 1,4-Benzodiazepine. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.772202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Expedient Protocols for the Installation of 1,5-Benzoazepino-Based Privileged Templates on the 2-Position of 1,4-Benzodiazepine Through a Phenoxyl Spacer. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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37
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Fatal missed case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis co-infected with parvovirus B19 and Epstein-Barr virus in an infant: Test hyperferritinaemia early. Indian J Med Microbiol 2014; 32:181-3. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.129819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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38
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39
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Application of Dimethylaminomethylene Ketone in Heterocycles Synthesis: Synthesis of 2-(Isoxazolo, Pyrazolo, and Pyrimido) Substituted Analogs of 1,4-Benzodiazepin-5-carboxamides Linked through an Oxyphenyl Bridge. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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40
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41
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42
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Application of Privileged Molecular Framework of 7-Fluoro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one-5-methylcarboxylate to the Synthesis of Its 1- and 5-Disubstituted Analogs of Medicinal Interest. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Microwave assisted facile one pot synthesis of novel 5-carboxamido substituted analogues of 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one of medicinal interest. B CHEM SOC ETHIOPIA 2013. [DOI: 10.4314/bcse.v27i2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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44
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An insight into hexamethylenetetramine: a versatile reagent in organic synthesis. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-013-0260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Solid-Phase Synthesis of Sulfur Containing Heterocycles. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2012.760563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Noteworthy Mechanistic Precedence in the Exclusive Formation of One Regioisomer in the Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoximes of 4-Piperidones Annulated to Pyrazolo-indole Nucleus by Organocatalyst Derived from TCT and DMF. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2011.589558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Synthesis of 2-(Triazolyl, Oxadiazolyl, and Pyrazolyl) Substituted 1,5-Benzothiazepin-S,S-Dioxide Derivatives of Potential Medicinal Interest. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2011.649500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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48
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An expedient synthesis of face ‘b’ pyrido-annulated analogs of 1,5-benzothiazepines of medicinal interest. J Sulphur Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2011.653666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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49
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50
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