Fast Expansion of the Asian-Pacific Genotype of the Chikungunya Virus in Indonesia

Chikungunya is repeatedly affecting Indonesia through successive outbreaks. The Asian genotype has been present in Asia since the late 1950s while the ECSA-IOL (East/Central/South Africa - Indian Ocean Lineage) genotype invaded Asia in 2005. In order to determine the extension of the circulation of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Indonesia, mosquitoes were collected in 28 different sites from 12 Indonesian provinces in 2016-2017. The E1 subunit of the CHIKV envelope gene was sequenced while mosquitoes were genotyped using the mitochondrial cox1 (cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1) gene to determine whether a specific population was involved in the vectoring of CHIKV. A total of 37 CHIKV samples were found in 28 Aedes aegypti, 8 Aedes albopictus and 1 Aedes butleri out of 15,362 samples collected and tested. These viruses, like all Indonesian CHIKV since 2000, belonged to a genotype we propose to call the Asian-Pacific genotype. It also comprises the Yap isolates and viruses having emerged in Polynesia, the Caribbean and South America. They differ from the CHIKV of the Asian genotype found earlier in Indonesia indicating a replacement. These results raise the question of the mechanisms behind this fast and massive replacement.

Informasi Terkini Anopheles barbirostris dan Potensi Penularan Malaria pada Beberapa Provinsi di Indonesia

Abstract Anopheles barbirostris (An. barbirostris) is a malaria vector in several provinces in Indonesia. Bionomics An. barbirostris vary from region to region. The difference between bionomic and mosquito behavior affects the potential of An. barbirostris as a vector of malaria. The latest information about An. barbirostris is needed to determine the potential for malaria transmission in several provinces in Indonesia. The aim of the research was to get the latest information on An. barbirostris and the potential for malaria transmission in several provinces in Indonesia. Mosquitoes catching was carried out in several provinces in Indonesia using the human landing collection method, catching around livestocks, animal bited traps, light traps and morning resting. Larvae surveys were conducted in a place that had the potential for breeding ground place for An. barbirostris. Analysis of the presence of Plasmodium in An. barbirostris was performed using PCR. The examination results showed that An. barbirostris positive Plasmodium in South Sulawesi and Central Kalimantan. An. barbirostris’s behavior tended to be found to suck blood outside the home and some had been known to suck blood from people indoors. Fluctuation and density of An.barbirostris in April and June varied in the Provinces of West Papua, Central Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, Bali, Spesial Region of Yogyakarta (DIY), DKI Jakarta, Riau, Jambi, and Riau Islands. In general, An. barbirostris were known to suck the blood of people and animals with different percentages in each province. The breeding ground for An. barbirostris were found in rice fields, ponds, ditchesm and rivers. The potential for malaria transmission to be transmitted by An. barbirostris can occur in the provinces of South Sulawesi and Central Kalimantan. Abstrak Anopheles barbirostris (An. barbirostris) merupakan salah satu vektor malaria di beberapa provinsi di Indonesia. Bionomik An. barbirostris berbeda-beda di setiap wilayah. Perbedaan bionomik dan perilaku nyamuk berpengaruh terhadap potensi An. barbirostris sebagai vektor malaria. Informasi terkini tentang An. barbirostris sangat diperlukan untuk mengetahui potensi penularan malaria di beberapa provinsi di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendapatkan informasi terkini An. barbirostris dan potensi penularan malaria di beberapa provinsi di Indonesia. Penangkapan nyamuk dilakukan di beberapa provinsi di Indonesia menggunakan metode human landing collection, penangkapan di sekitar ternak, animal bited trap, light trap, dan resting morning. Survei jentik dilakukan di tempat yang berpotensi sebagai tempat perkembangbiakan An. barbirostris. Analisis keberadaan Plasmodium pada An. barbirostris dilakukan dengan menggunakan PCR. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan bahwa An. barbirostris positif Plasmodium di Sulawesi Selatan dan Kalimantan Tengah. Perilaku An. barbirostris cenderung ditemukan menghisap darah di luar rumah dan sebagian diketahui menghisap darah orang di dalam rumah. Fluktuasi dan kepadatan An. barbirostris koleksi bulan April dan Juni berbeda-beda di Provinsi Papua Barat, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Utara, Sulawesi Selatan, Bali, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY), DKI Jakarta, Riau, Jambi, dan Kepulauan Riau. Secara umum An. barbirostris diketahui menghisap darah orang dan hewan dengan persentase yang berbeda-beda di setiap provinsi. Tempat perkembangbiakan An.barbirostris ditemukan di sawah, kolam, parit dan sungai. Potensi penularan malaria yang ditularkan An. barbirostris dapat terjadi di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Kalimantan Tengah.

Uji Efikasi Nanoinsektisida Komposisi Perak Tembakau (Nicotiana tabacum) terhadap Aedes aegypti

Abstract Vector control that used insecticides need to be substituted, because it has a negative impact for the environment and have been resistance for some areas, so it was necessary to find alternative insecticides. One of the natural insecticides was tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The chemical content of tobacco leaves included alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids. Nicotine was an alkaloid group compound in tobacco, thatwas a nerve poison that reacts quickly and can act as a contact poison in insects, to add the effectiveness it’s necessary change to nano particle with silver. Besides, this test used two solvents with different contains of mineral to compare the effectiveness. This study aimed to test effication of nanoinsecticide from formulation tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and silver particle for vector control of larvae Ae.aegypti. It was held at the Center for Research and Development of Disease Vector and Reservoir (B2P2VRP) with an experimental method. The results of the study showed 1,153 ppm LC50, 1,719 ppm LC90 and 1,925 ppm LC90 on solvent distilled water. LC50 of 1,641 ppm, LC90 of 10,741 ppm and LC90 of 18,295 ppm in solvent aquademineralization. Measurements of tobacco nanoinsecticides are known to be 89,2 – 112,0 run in aquadest and 89,2 -112,0 μm in aquademineralization solvents 79,0 – 143,7μm. Abstrak Pengendalian vektor menggunakan insektisida kimiawi perlu disubstisusi karena berdampak buruk pada lingkungan dan menyebabkan resistensi di beberapa daerah, sehingga perlu untuk mendapatkan insektisida alternatif yang ramah lingkungan. Salah satu tanaman insektisida alam, adalah tembakau (Nicotiana tabacum). Kandungan kimia tembakau meliputi alkaloid, saponin, dan flavanoid. Nikotin termasuk senyawa alkaloid dalam tembakau merupakan racun syaraf dengan reaksi cepat serta dapat berfungsi sebagai racun kontak serangga. Namun, untuk menambah daya bunuhnya sebagai larvasida maka ukuran partikel alkaloid perlu dipecah contohnya dengan penambahan perak. Pemilihan perak sebagai pembentuk molekul nano, sedangkan pelarut yang digunakan yaitu akuades dan akuademineralisasi. Kedua pelarut yang digunakan merupakan pelarut standar yang mempunyai daya kelarutan tinggi dengan perbedaan kandungan mineral. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk uji efikasi nanoinsektisida tembakau (Nicotiana tabacum) yang diformulasikan dengan perak sebagai sarana pengendalian Aedes aegypti stadium pradewasa. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit (B2P2VRP) dengan metode eksperimental murni. Hasil penelitian didapatkan LC50 1,153 ppm, LC90 1,719 ppm pada pelarut akuademineraliasi dan LC90 1,925 ppm pada pelarut akuades. LC50 1,641 ppm, LC90 10,741 ppm dan LC90 18,295 ppm pada pelarut akuademineralisasi. Pengukuran partikel nanoinsektisida daun tembakau diketahui berukuran 89,2 - 112,0 nm pada pelarut akuades dan 89,2 -112,0 nm pada pelarut akuademineralisasi 79,0 - 143,7nm.

First evidence of the presence of genotype-1 of Japanese encephalitis virus in Culex gelidus in Indonesia

Background

Japanese encephalitis has become a public health threat in Indonesia. Three genotypes have been recorded in Indonesia, i.e. genotype II (GII), genotype III (GIII) and genotype IV (GIV). Genotype I (GI) and genotype V (GV) have never been reported in Indonesia.

Results

A Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) belonging to the genotype I-a (GI-a) has been isolated for the first time from a Culex gelidus mosquito in the Province of Jambi, Indonesia. This virus is related to a 1983 isolate from Thailand whereas the infected Cx. gelidus mosquito belonged to a Chinese haplotype.

Conclusions

Surveillance of JEV and mosquito dissemination is recommended.