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Mirkov I, Tucovic D, Kulas J, Malesevic A, Kataranovski D, Kataranovski M, Popov Aleksandrov A. Physiological strategies in wild rodents: immune defenses of commensal rats. Integr Zool 2024; 19:350-370. [PMID: 37814602 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The importance of issues associated with urban/commensal rats and mice (property damage, management costs, and health risks) press upon research on these animals. While the demography of commensal rodents is mostly studied, the need for understanding factors influencing their natural morbidity/mortality is also stressed. In this respect, more attention is expected to be paid to immunity, the physiological mechanism of defense against host survival threats (pathogens, parasites, diseases). Commensal rats and mice carry numerous pathogens that evoke diverse immune responses. The state of immunity in commensal house mice is studied in great detail, owing to the use of laboratory strains in biomedical research. Because commensal rats are, compared to mice, carriers of more zoonotic agents, rats' immunity is studied mainly in that context. Some of these zoonotic agents cause chronic, asymptomatic infections, which justified studies of immunological mechanisms of pathogen tolerance versus clearance regulation in rats. Occurrence of some infections in specific tissues/organs pressed upon analysis of local/regional immune responses and/or immunopathology. A survey of immunological activity/responses in commensal rats is given in this review, with mention of existing data in commensal mice. It should throw some light on the factors relevant to their morbidity and lifespan, supplementing the knowledge of commensal rodent ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anastasija Malesevic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Popov Aleksandrov A, Tucovic D, Kulas J, Popovic D, Kataranovski D, Kataranovski M, Mirkov I. Toxicology of chemical biocides: Anticoagulant rodenticides - Beyond hemostasis disturbance. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 277:109841. [PMID: 38237840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The use of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) is one of the most commonly employed management methods for pest rodents. ARs compete with vitamin K (VK) required for the synthesis of blood clotting factors in the liver, resulting in inhibition of blood coagulation and often animal death due to hemorrhage. Besides rodents (target species), ARs may affect non-target animal species and humans. Out of hemostasis disturbance, the effects of ARs may be related to the inhibition of proteins that require VK for their synthesis but are not involved in the coagulation process, to their direct cytotoxicity, and their pro-oxidant/proinflammatory activity. A survey of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these sublethal/asymptomatic AR effects is given in this review. Data from field, clinical, and experimental studies are presented. Knowledge of these mechanisms might improve hazard characterization and identification of potential ecotoxicological risks associated with ARs, contributing to a safer use of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dusanka Popovic
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dragan Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
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Popovic D, Kulas J, Tucovic D, Popov Aleksandrov A, Glamoclija J, Sokovic Bajic S, Tolinacki M, Golic N, Mirkov I. Lung microbiota changes during pulmonary Aspergillus fumigatus infection in rats. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105186. [PMID: 37479024 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the realization that the lungs are not sterile but are normally inhabited by various bacterial species, studies have been conducted to define healthy lung microbiota and to investigate whether it changes during lung diseases, infections, and inflammation. Using next-generation sequencing, we investigated bacterial microbiota from whole lungs in two rat strains (previously shown to differ in gut microbiota composition) in a healthy state and during pulmonary infection caused by the opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. No differences in alpha diversity indices and microbial composition between DA and AO rats before infection were noted. Fungal infection caused dysbiosis in both rat strains, characterized by increased alpha diversity indices and unchanged beta diversity. The relative abundance of genera and species was increased in DA but decreased in AO rats during infection. Changes in lung microbiota coincided with inflammation (in both rat strains) and oxidative stress (in DA rats). Disparate response of lung microbiota in DA and AO rats to pulmonary fungal infection might render these two rat strains differentially susceptible to a subsequent inflammatory insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusanka Popovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Glamoclija
- Mycology Laboratory, Department Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Sokovic Bajic
- Group for Probiotics and Microbiota-host Interaction, Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 444a Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Tolinacki
- Group for Probiotics and Microbiota-host Interaction, Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 444a Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Golic
- Group for Probiotics and Microbiota-host Interaction, Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 444a Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Popovic D, Kulas J, Tucovic D, Popov Aleksandrov A, Malesevic A, Glamoclija J, Brdaric E, Sokovic Bajic S, Golic N, Mirkov I, Tolinacki M. Gut microbial dysbiosis occurring during pulmonary fungal infection in rats is linked to inflammation and depends on healthy microbiota composition. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0199023. [PMID: 37623316 PMCID: PMC10581041 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01990-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While the effect of gut microbiota and/or inflammation on a distant body site, including the lungs (gut-lung axis), has been well characterized, data about the influence of lung microbiota and lung inflammation on gut homeostasis (lung-gut axis) are scarce. Using a well-characterized model of pulmonary infection with the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, we investigated alterations in the lung and gut microbiota by next-generation sequencing of the V3-V4 regions of total bacterial DNA. Pulmonary inflammation due to the fungus A. fumigatus caused bacterial dysbiosis in both lungs and gut, but with different characteristics. While increased alpha diversity and unchanged bacterial composition were noted in the lungs, dysbiosis in the gut was characterized by decreased alpha diversity indices and modified bacterial composition. The altered homeostasis in the lungs allows the immigration of new bacterial species of which 41.8% were found in the feces, indicating that some degree of bacterial migration from the gut to the lungs occurs. On the contrary, the dysbiosis occurring in the gut during pulmonary infection was a consequence of the local activity of the immune system. In addition, the alteration of gut microbiota in response to pulmonary infection depends on the bacterial composition before infection, as no changes in gut bacterial microbiota were detected in a rat strain with diverse gut bacteria. The data presented support the existence of the lung-gut axis and provide additional insight into this mechanism. IMPORTANCE Data regarding the impact of lung inflammation and lung microbiota on GIT are scarce, and the mechanisms of this interaction are still unknown. Using a well-characterized model of pulmonary infection caused by the opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, we observed bacterial dysbiosis in both the lungs and gut that supports the existence of the lung-gut axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusanka Popovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic” – National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic” – National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic” – National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic” – National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anastasija Malesevic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic” – National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Glamoclija
- Mycology Laboratory, Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic” – National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emilija Brdaric
- Group for Probiotics and Microbiota-Host Interaction, Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Sokovic Bajic
- Group for Probiotics and Microbiota-Host Interaction, Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Golic
- Group for Probiotics and Microbiota-Host Interaction, Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic” – National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Tolinacki
- Group for Probiotics and Microbiota-Host Interaction, Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Tucovic D, Kulas J, Mirkov I, Popovic D, Zolotarevski L, Despotovic M, Kataranovski M, Aleksandra PA. Oral Cadmium Intake Enhances Contact Allergen-induced Skin Reaction in Rats. Biomed Environ Sci 2022; 35:1038-1050. [PMID: 36443256 DOI: 10.3967/bes2022.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of oral cadmium (Cd) intake to influence contact skin allergies was examined, since it is known that Cd is a heavy metal that affects many tissues, including the skin, in which it disturbs homeostasis, thus resulting in inflammation and injury. METHODS Male rats were evoked with experimental contact hypersensitivity reaction (CHS) to hapten dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), after prolonged (30 day) oral exposure to an environmentally relevant Cd dose (5 ppm). The ear cell population was analyzed with flow cytometry. Cytokine production by ear skin cells and the activity of skin-draining lymph node (DLN) cells were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Orally acquired Cd (5 ppm) increased CHS intensity only in Dark Agouti (DA) rats by affecting inflammatory responses in both the sensitization (an increase of IFN-γ and IL-17 cytokine production) and challenge (an increase of CD8 + and CD4 + cell number and TNF, IFN-γ and IL-17 cytokine production) phases. An increased CHS reaction was seen in Albino Oxford (AO) rats only at a high Cd dose (50 ppm), during the challenge phase (an increase of CD8 + and CD4 + cell number and TNF, IFN-γ and IL-17 cytokine production). CONCLUSION These novel data indicate that oral Cd intensifies the skin response to sensitizing chemicals such as DNCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dusanka Popovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Zolotarevski
- Medical College of Applied Sciences, 254 Cara Dusana, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marta Despotovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia;Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11 Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Popov Aleksandrov Aleksandra
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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Kulas J, Tucovic D, Zeljkovic M, Popovic D, Popov Aleksandrov A, Kataranovski M, Mirkov I. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor is Involved in the Proinflammatory Cytokine Response to Cadmium. Biomed Environ Sci 2021; 34:192-202. [PMID: 33766215 DOI: 10.3967/bes2021.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate involvement of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the immunomodulatory effects of cadmium (Cd). METHODS The effect of Cd on AhR activation ( CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA expression) was examined in lung leukocytes of Cd-exposed rats (5 and 50 mg/L, 30 d orally) and by in vitro leukocyte exposure. The involvement of AhR signaling in the effects of Cd on the interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) lung leukocyte response was investigated in vitro using the receptor antagonist CH-223191. RESULTS Cd increased CYP1B1 ( in vivo and in vitro) and CYP1A1 ( in vitro) mRNA, indicating AhR involvement in the action of Cd. In response to Cd, lung leukocytes increased IL-6 and decreased TNF at the gene expression and protein levels, but decreased IL-1β production due to reduced NLRP3. The AhR antagonist CH-223191 abrogated the observed effects of Cd on the cytokine response. The absence of AhR reactivity and cytokine response to Cd of leukocytes from the lungs of a rat strain that is less sensitive to Cd toxicity coincided with a high AhR repressor mRNA level. CONCLUSION AhR signaling is involved in the lung leukocyte proinflammatory cytokine response to Cd. The relevance of the AhR to the cytokine response to Cd provides new insight into the mechanisms of Cd immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković'- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković'- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Milica Zeljkovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković'- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dusanka Popovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković'- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković'- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković'- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković'- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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Mirkov I, Popov Aleksandrov A, Ninkov M, Tucovic D, Kulas J, Zeljkovic M, Popovic D, Kataranovski M. Immunotoxicology of cadmium: Cells of the immune system as targets and effectors of cadmium toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:112026. [PMID: 33508420 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) has been listed as one of the most toxic substances affecting numerous tissues/organs, including the immune system. Due to variations in studies examining Cd effects on the immune system (exposure regime, experimental systems, immune endpoint measured), data on Cd immunotoxicity in humans and experimental animals are inconsistent. However, it is clear that Cd can affect cells of the immune system and can modulate some immune responses. Due to the complex nature of the immune system and its activities which are determined by multiple interactions, the underlying mechanisms involved in the immunotoxicity of this metal are still vague. Here, the current knowledge regarding the interaction of Cd with cells of the immune system, which may affect immune responses as well as potential mechanisms of consequent biological effects of such activities, is reviewed. Tissue injury caused by Cd-induced effects on innate cell activities depicts components of the immune system as mediators/effectors of Cd tissue toxicity. Cd-induced immune alterations, which may compromise host defense against pathogenic microorganisms and homeostatic reparative activities, stress this metal as an important health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Marina Ninkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia; Université Côte D'Azur, Institute of Biology Valrose, Nice (iBV), INSERM U1091, 06107, Nice, France
| | - Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Milica Zeljkovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Dusanka Popovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
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Popov Aleksandrov A, Mirkov I, Tucovic D, Kulas J, Ninkov M, Kataranovski M. Cadmium and immunologically-mediated homeostasis of anatomical barrier tissues. Toxicol Lett 2020; 337:38-45. [PMID: 33246043 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that when absorbed into the body causes nephrotoxicity and effects in other tissues.Anatomical barrier tissues are tissues that prevent the entry of pathogens and include skin, mucus membranes and the immune system. The adverse effects of Cd-induced immune cell's activity are the most extensively studied in the kidneys and the liver. There are though fewer data relating the effect of this metal on the other tissues, particularly in those in which cells of the immune system form local circuits of tissue defense, maintaining immune-mediated homeostasis. In this work, data on the direct and indirect effects of Cd on anatomical barrier tissue of inner and outer body surfaces (the lungs, gut, reproductive organs, and skin) were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research" Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research" Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research" Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research" Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Marina Ninkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research" Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research" Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
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Kulas J, Tucovic D, Zeljkovic M, Popovic D, Popov Aleksandrov A, Ukropina M, Cakic Milosevic M, Glamoclija J, Kataranovski M, Mirkov I. Proinflammatory effects of environmental cadmium boost resistance to opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus: Implications for sustained low-level pulmonary inflammation? Toxicology 2020; 447:152634. [PMID: 33197509 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic environmental heavy metals to which the general population is exposed mainly via the oral route. Owing to its immunomodulatory potential, orally acquired Cd affects antimicrobial immune defense in several organs, including the lungs. While there are data concerning Cd and viral and bacterial pulmonary infections, effects on fungal infections are not studied yet. In the present study, the effect of the Cd (5 mg/L for 30 days, in drinking water, the average daily Cd intake 0.641 ± 0.089 mg/kg) on the immune response of rats to pulmonary A. fumigatus infection was examined. Data obtained showed that orally acquired cadmium does not affect the elimination of the fungus in immunocompetent rats owing to the preservation of some aspects of innate immune responses (lung leukocyte infiltration and NBT reduction) and an increase in other (increased numbers of mucus-producing goblet cells, MPO release). Cd does not affect an IFN-γ response in lung leukocytes during the infection (despite suppression of cytokine production in cells of lung-draining lymph nodes), while it stimulates IL-17 and suppresses IL-10 response to the fungus. As a result, the elimination of the fungus occurs in a milieu with the prevailing proinflammatory response in Cd-exposed animals that preserved fungal elimination from the lungs, though with more intense injury to the lung tissue. Therefore, the proinflammatory microenvironment in the lungs created by Cd that sustains inflammatory/immune response to the fungus to which humans are exposed for a lifetime, raises a concern of orally acquired Cd as a risk factor for the development of chronic low-grade pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research" Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research" Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Milica Zeljkovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research" Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Dusanka Popovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research" Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research" Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Mirela Ukropina
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Maja Cakic Milosevic
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Glamoclija
- Mycology Laboratory, Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research" Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research" Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research" Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
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Mirkovic N, Kulas J, Miloradovic Z, Miljkovic M, Tucovic D, Miocinovic J, Jovcic B, Mirkov I, Kojic M. Lactolisterin BU-producer Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BGBU1-4: Bio-control of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylocococcus aureus in fresh soft cheese and effect on immunological response of rats. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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11
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Tucovic D, Mirkov I, Kulas J, Zeljkovic M, Popovic D, Zolotarevski L, Djurdjic S, Mutic J, Kataranovski M, Popov Aleksandrov A. Dermatotoxicity of oral cadmium is strain-dependent and related to differences in skin stress response and inflammatory/immune activity. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 75:103326. [PMID: 31924569 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adverse effects of non-occupational exposure to cadmium (Cd) are increasingly acknowledged. Since our previous study has showed that orally acquired Cd affects skin, the contribution of genetic background to dermatotoxicity of oral cadmium was examined in two rat strains, Albino Oxford (AO) and Dark Agouti (DA), which differed in response to chemicals. While similar accumulation of Cd in the skin of both strains was noted, the skin response to the metal differed. DA rat individuals mounted antioxidant enzyme defense in the skin already at lower Cd dose, in contrast to AO rats which reacted to higher metal dose solely (and less pronounced), implying higher susceptibility of DA strain to Cd dermatotoxicity. Epidermal cells from both strains developed stress response, but higher intensity of antioxidant response in AO rats implied this strain`s better ability to defend against Cd insult. Cd induced epidermal cells' proinflammatory cytokine response only in DA rats. Increased IL-10 seems responsible for the lack of response in AO rats. Differences in the pattern of skin/epidermal cell responsiveness to cadmium give a new insight into repercussion of genetic variability to dermatotoxicity of orally acquired cadmium, bearing relevance for variations in the link between dietary cadmium and inflammation-based skin pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Zeljkovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dusanka Popovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Zolotarevski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sladjana Djurdjic
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 12-16 Studentski Trg, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Mutic
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 12-16 Studentski Trg, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Kulas J, Ninkov M, Tucovic D, Popov Aleksandrov A, Ukropina M, Cakic Milosevic M, Mutic J, Kataranovski M, Mikrov I. Subchronic Oral Cadmium Exposure Exerts both Stimulatory and Suppressive Effects on Pulmonary Inflammation/Immune Reactivity in Rats. Biomed Environ Sci 2019; 32:508-519. [PMID: 31331435 DOI: 10.3967/bes2019.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of oral cadmium (Cd) ingestion on the pulmonary immune response. METHODS Determination of Cd content in lungs and histopathological evaluation of the tissue was performed in rats following 30-day oral Cd administration (5 and 50 mg/L). Antioxidant enzyme defense (superoxide dismutase and catalase), cell infiltration, and production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (IFN)-γ, as well as the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), and various cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17] were investigated. RESULTS Cd caused tissue damage and cell infiltration in the lungs, and this damage was more pronounced at higher doses. Cd deposition resulted in lung inflammation characterized by a dose-dependent IL-1β increase in lung homogenates, increased TNF levels at both doses, and IL-6 stimulation at low doses with inhibition observed at higher doses. Cd exerted differential effects on lung leukocytes isolated by enzyme digestion, and these effects were characterized by a lack of change in the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, an inhibition of IL-1β and TNF, and stimulation of MPO and IFN-γ. The higher capacity of Cd-exposed lung cells to respond to the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis was demonstrated in vitro. CONCLUSION The potential of ingested Cd to exert both proinflammatory and immunosuppressive effects on pulmonary tissue inflammation and immune reactivity highlights the complex immunomodulatory actions of this metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Sinisa Stankovic', University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Marina Ninkov
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Sinisa Stankovic', University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Sinisa Stankovic', University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Sinisa Stankovic', University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Mirela Ukropina
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Maja Cakic Milosevic
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Mutic
- Innovation center of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 12-16 Studentski trg, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Sinisa Stankovic', University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia; Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mikrov
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Sinisa Stankovic', University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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Tucovic D, Popov Aleksandrov A, Mirkov I, Ninkov M, Kulas J, Zolotarevski L, Vukojevic V, Mutic J, Tatalovic N, Kataranovski M. Oral cadmium exposure affects skin immune reactivity in rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 164:12-20. [PMID: 30092388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin can acquire cadmium (Cd) by oral route, but there is paucity of data concerning cutaneous effects of this metal. Cd acquired by oral route can affect skin wound healing, but the effect of Cd on other activities involved in skin homeostasis, including skin immunity, are not explored. Using the rat model of 30-day oral administration of Cd (5 ppm and 50 ppm) in drinking water, basic aspects of immune-relevant activity of epidermal cells were examined. Dose-dependent Cd deposition in the the skin was observed (0.035 ± 0.02 µg/g and 0.127 ± 0.04 µg/g at 5 ppm and 50 ppm, respectively, compared to 0.012 ± 0.009 µg/g at 0 ppm of Cd). This resulted in skin inflammation (oxidative stress at both Cd doses and dose-dependent structural changes in the skin and the presence/activation of innate immunity cells). At low Cd dose inflammatory response (nitric oxide and IL-1β) was observed. Other inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF) response occurred at 50 ppm, which was increased further following skin sensitization with contact allergen dinitro-chlorobenzene (DNCB). Epidermal cells exposed to both Cd doses enhanced concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated lymphocyte production of IL-17. This study showed for the first time the effect of the metal which gained access to the skin via gut on immune reactivity of epidermal cells. Presented data might be relevant for the link between dietary Cd and the risk of skin pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Ninkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Zolotarevski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Vukojevic
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 12-16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Mutic
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 12-16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Tatalovic
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Kulas J, Mirkov I, Tucovic D, Zolotarevski L, Glamoclija J, Veljovic K, Tolinacki M, Golic N, Kataranovski M. Pulmonary Aspergillus fumigatus infection in rats affects gastrointestinal homeostasis. Immunobiology 2018; 224:116-123. [PMID: 30348457 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbiota inhabiting mucosal tissues is involved in maintenance of their immune homeostasis. Growing body of evidence indicate that dysbiosis in gut influence immune responses at distal sites including lungs. There are also reports concerning gut involvement with pulmonary injury/inflammation in settings of respiratory viral and bacterial infections. The impact of infections with other microorganisms on gut homeostasis is not explored. In this study, the rat model of sublethal pulmonary infection with Aspergillus fumigatus was used to investigate the effect of fungal respiratory infection on gut immune-mediated homeostasis. Signs of intestinal damage, intestinal and gut-draining lymphoid tissue cytokine responses and gut bacterial microbiota diversity were examined. Intestinal injury, inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as increased levels of intestinal interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) (as opposed to unchanged levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10) during the two-week period depict intestinal inflammation in rats with pulmonary A. fumigatus infection. It could not be ascribed to the fungus as it was not detected in the intestine of infected rats. Increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by major gut-draining mesenteric lymph nodes point to these lymphoid organs as places of generation of cytokine-producing cells. No changes in spleen or systemic cytokine responses was observed, showing lack of the effects of pulmonary A. fumigatus infection outside mucosal immune system. Drop of intestinal bacterial microbiota diversity (disappearance of several bacterial bands) was noted early in infection with normalization starting from day seven. From day three, appearance of new bacterial bands (unique to infected individuals, not present in controls) was seen, and some of them are pathogens. Alterations in intestinal bacterial community might have affected intestinal immune tolerance contributing to inflammation. Disruption of gut homeostasis during pulmonary infection might render gastrointestinal tract more susceptible to variety of physiological and pathological stimuli. Data which showed for the first time gut involvement with pulmonary infection with A. fumigatus provide the baseline for future studies of the impact of fungal lung infections to gut homeostasis, particularly in individuals susceptible to these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Zolotarevski
- Medical College of Applied Sciences, Cara Dusana 254, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Glamoclija
- Mycology Laboratory, Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Veljovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Tolinacki
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Golic
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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