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Meyer B, Chiaravalli J, Gellenoncourt S, Brownridge P, Bryne DP, Daly LA, Grauslys A, Walter M, Agou F, Chakrabarti LA, Craik CS, Eyers CE, Eyers PA, Gambin Y, Jones AR, Sierecki E, Verdin E, Vignuzzi M, Emmott E. Characterising proteolysis during SARS-CoV-2 infection identifies viral cleavage sites and cellular targets with therapeutic potential. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5553. [PMID: 34548480 PMCID: PMC8455558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent behind the COVID-19 pandemic, responsible for over 170 million infections, and over 3.7 million deaths worldwide. Efforts to test, treat and vaccinate against this pathogen all benefit from an improved understanding of the basic biology of SARS-CoV-2. Both viral and cellular proteases play a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 replication. Here, we study proteolytic cleavage of viral and cellular proteins in two cell line models of SARS-CoV-2 replication using mass spectrometry to identify protein neo-N-termini generated through protease activity. We identify previously unknown cleavage sites in multiple viral proteins, including major antigens S and N: the main targets for vaccine and antibody testing efforts. We discover significant increases in cellular cleavage events consistent with cleavage by SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and identify 14 potential high-confidence substrates of the main and papain-like proteases. We show that siRNA depletion of these cellular proteins inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication, and that drugs targeting two of these proteins: the tyrosine kinase SRC and Ser/Thr kinase MYLK, show a dose-dependent reduction in SARS-CoV-2 titres. Overall, our study provides a powerful resource to understand proteolysis in the context of viral infection, and to inform the development of targeted strategies to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Meyer
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS, UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, CEDEX 15, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Chiaravalli
- Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Departments of Cell Biology & Infection and of Structural Biology & Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CEDEX 15, Paris, France
| | - Stacy Gellenoncourt
- CIVIC Group, Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur and CNRS, UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Philip Brownridge
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Dominic P Bryne
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Leonard A Daly
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Arturas Grauslys
- Computational Biology Facility, LIV-SRF, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Marius Walter
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Fabrice Agou
- Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Departments of Cell Biology & Infection and of Structural Biology & Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CEDEX 15, Paris, France
| | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- CIVIC Group, Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur and CNRS, UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claire E Eyers
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Yann Gambin
- EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences, and School of Medical Sciences, Botany Road, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew R Jones
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Emma Sierecki
- EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences, and School of Medical Sciences, Botany Road, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS, UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, CEDEX 15, Paris, France
| | - Edward Emmott
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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Combes G, Barysz H, Garand C, Gama Braga L, Alharbi I, Thebault P, Murakami L, Bryne DP, Stankovic S, Eyers PA, Bolanos-Garcia VM, Earnshaw WC, Maciejowski J, Jallepalli PV, Elowe S. Mps1 Phosphorylates Its N-Terminal Extension to Relieve Autoinhibition and Activate the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint. Curr Biol 2018; 28:872-883.e5. [PMID: 29502948 PMCID: PMC5863767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) is a conserved apical kinase in the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that ensures accurate segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. Mps1 undergoes extensive auto- and transphosphorylation, but the regulatory and functional consequences of these modifications remain unclear. Recent findings highlight the importance of intermolecular interactions between the N-terminal extension (NTE) of Mps1 and the Hec1 subunit of the NDC80 complex, which control Mps1 localization at kinetochores and activation of the SAC. Whether the NTE regulates other mitotic functions of Mps1 remains unknown. Here, we report that phosphorylation within the NTE contributes to Mps1 activation through relief of catalytic autoinhibition that is mediated by the NTE itself. Moreover, we find that this regulatory NTE function is independent of its role in Mps1 kinetochore recruitment. We demonstrate that the NTE autoinhibitory mechanism impinges most strongly on Mps1-dependent SAC functions and propose that Mps1 activation likely occurs sequentially through dimerization of a “prone-to-autophosphorylate” Mps1 conformer followed by autophosphorylation of the NTE prior to maximal kinase activation segment trans-autophosphorylation. Our observations underline the importance of autoregulated Mps1 activity in generation and maintenance of a robust SAC in human cells. Mps1 autophosphorylation at the NTE promotes activity independent of localization NTE phosphorylation relieves an NTE-dependent autoinhibition Mps1 autophosphorylation at its NTE is essential for the SAC, but not congression
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Combes
- Programme in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Bureau 4633, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada; Axe of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Helena Barysz
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Chantal Garand
- Axe of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Luciano Gama Braga
- Programme in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Bureau 4633, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada; Axe of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Alharbi
- Programme in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Bureau 4633, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada; Axe of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Philippe Thebault
- Axe of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Luc Murakami
- Axe of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Dominic P Bryne
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Stasa Stankovic
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences - Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Victor M Bolanos-Garcia
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences - Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - William C Earnshaw
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - John Maciejowski
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Prasad V Jallepalli
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sabine Elowe
- Programme in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Bureau 4633, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada; Axe of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Barone G, Staples CJ, Ganesh A, Patterson KW, Bryne DP, Myers KN, Patil AA, Eyers CE, Maslen S, Skehel JM, Eyers PA, Collis SJ. Human CDK18 promotes replication stress signaling and genome stability. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:8772-8785. [PMID: 27382066 PMCID: PMC5062979 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) coordinate cell cycle checkpoints with DNA repair mechanisms that together maintain genome stability. However, the myriad mechanisms that can give rise to genome instability are still to be fully elucidated. Here, we identify CDK18 (PCTAIRE 3) as a novel regulator of genome stability, and show that depletion of CDK18 causes an increase in endogenous DNA damage and chromosomal abnormalities. CDK18-depleted cells accumulate in early S-phase, exhibiting retarded replication fork kinetics and reduced ATR kinase signaling in response to replication stress. Mechanistically, CDK18 interacts with RAD9, RAD17 and TOPBP1, and CDK18-deficiency results in a decrease in both RAD17 and RAD9 chromatin retention in response to replication stress. Importantly, we demonstrate that these phenotypes are rescued by exogenous CDK18 in a kinase-dependent manner. Collectively, these data reveal a rate-limiting role for CDK18 in replication stress signalling and establish it as a novel regulator of genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Barone
- Genome Stability Group, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Christopher J Staples
- Genome Stability Group, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Anil Ganesh
- Genome Stability Group, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Karl W Patterson
- DNA Replication and Repair Group, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Dominic P Bryne
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katie N Myers
- Genome Stability Group, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Abhijit A Patil
- Genome Stability Group, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Claire E Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah Maslen
- Mass Spectrometry Group, The MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Cell Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - J Mark Skehel
- Mass Spectrometry Group, The MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Cell Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Spencer J Collis
- Genome Stability Group, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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