Whether inflammatory disorders matter for long-term prognosis after myocardial infarction?

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Introduction

In the acute period of myocardial infarction (MI) inflammatory disorders of blood are registered, but data of prognostic significance of these disorders is multiple-valued.

Purpose

Research of manifestation of the inflammatory response in patients who suffered MI, and estimation of its prognostic significance.

Materials and methods

772 patients with myocardial infarction were examined. Prospective follow-up from 1 to 7 years was performed.

Results

The death rate during all years of follow-up was 14,2 % of all included in the study. 61% of patients died suddenly, but 26% of them died as a consequence of the progression of chronic cardiac insufficiency. In patients died suddenly lower level of lymphocytes in the first 24 hours: 1,30 ± 0,47 * 109/l vs 1,80 ± 0,73*109/l, (p = 0,03) was registered. In patients who died due to heart failure progression, authentically registered higher leukocytosis in the first 24 hours, in comparison to survived ones, reached 13,83 ± 6,00*109/l (vs 11,9 ± 3,12*109/l; p = 0,005), but to 5th day in the compared groups leukocytes levels had practically the same values (7,36 ± 1,89*109/l vs 7,47 ± 1,99*109/l; accordingly p = 0,8). In the compared groups the number of lymphocytes, expressing CD 95 did not differ authentically, but in died abruptly patients this index was rather lower.

 There were not authentic differences detected among groups of dead and survived patients, in terms of interleukins 1β,2, and 6, whereas TNF-α was almost twice as high in patients who died due to CHF progression. Studying inflammatory markers were not included in the number of independent indexes, connected with the risk of death when conducting multivariate regressive Cox-analysis.

Conclusion

In our opinion, inflammatory factors were displaced from the prognostic model for assessing the risk of death, both sudden and due to heart progression, by more powerful structural-functional predictors.

Novel experimental setup for megahertz X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell at the High Energy Density (HED) instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL)

The high-precision X-ray diffraction setup for work with diamond anvil cells (DACs) in interaction chamber 2 (IC2) of the High Energy Density instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser is described. This includes beamline optics, sample positioning and detector systems located in the multipurpose vacuum chamber. Concepts for pump-probe X-ray diffraction experiments in the DAC are described and their implementation demonstrated during the First User Community Assisted Commissioning experiment. X-ray heating and diffraction of Bi under pressure, obtained using 20 fs X-ray pulses at 17.8 keV and 2.2 MHz repetition, is illustrated through splitting of diffraction peaks, and interpreted employing finite element modeling of the sample chamber in the DAC.

Revealing the Complex Nature of Bonding in the Binary High-Pressure Compound FeO_{2}

Extreme pressures and temperatures are known to drastically affect the chemistry of iron oxides, resulting in numerous compounds forming homologous series nFeOmFe_{2}O_{3} and the appearance of FeO_{2}. Here, based on the results of in situ single-crystal x-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and density-functional theory+dynamical mean-field theory calculations, we demonstrate that iron in high-pressure cubic FeO_{2} and isostructural FeO_{2}H_{0.5} is ferric (Fe^{3+}), and oxygen has a formal valence less than 2. Reduction of oxygen valence from 2, common for oxides, down to 1.5 can be explained by a formation of a localized hole at oxygen sites.

Metastable silica high pressure polymorphs as structural proxies of deep Earth silicate melts

Modelling of processes involving deep Earth liquids requires information on their structures and compression mechanisms. However, knowledge of the local structures of silicates and silica (SiO2) melts at deep mantle conditions and of their densification mechanisms is still limited. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of metastable high-pressure silica phases, coesite-IV and coesite-V, using in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction and ab initio simulations. Their crystal structures are drastically different from any previously considered models, but explain well features of pair-distribution functions of highly densified silica glass and molten basalt at high pressure. Built of four, five-, and six-coordinated silicon, coesite-IV and coesite-V contain SiO6 octahedra, which, at odds with 3rd Pauling's rule, are connected through common faces. Our results suggest that possible silicate liquids in Earth's lower mantle may have complex structures making them more compressible than previously supposed.

Fe-N system at high pressure reveals a compound featuring polymeric nitrogen chains

Poly-nitrogen compounds have been considered as potential high energy density materials for a long time due to the large number of energetic N-N or N=N bonds. In most cases high nitrogen content and stability at ambient conditions are mutually exclusive, thereby making the synthesis of such materials challenging. One way to stabilize such compounds is the application of high pressure. Here, through a direct reaction between Fe and N2 in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell, we synthesize three ironnitrogen compounds Fe3N2, FeN2 and FeN4. Their crystal structures are revealed by single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Fe3N2, synthesized at 50 GPa, is isostructural to chromium carbide Cr3C2. FeN2 has a marcasite structure type and features covalently bonded dinitrogen units in its crystal structure. FeN4, synthesized at 106 GPa, features polymeric nitrogen chains of [N42-]n units. Based on results of structural studies and theoretical analysis, [N42-]n units in this compound reveal catena-poly[tetraz-1-ene-1,4-diyl] anions.

Breakdown of Magnetic Order in the Pressurized Kitaev Iridate β-Li_{2}IrO_{3}

Temperature-pressure phase diagram of the Kitaev hyperhoneycomb iridate β-Li_{2}IrO_{3} is explored using magnetization, thermal expansion, magnetostriction, and muon spin rotation measurements, as well as single-crystal x-ray diffraction under pressure and ab initio calculations. The Néel temperature of β-Li_{2}IrO_{3} increases with the slope of 0.9  K/GPa upon initial compression, but the reduction in the polarization field H_{c} reflects a growing instability of the incommensurate order. At 1.4 GPa, the ordered state breaks down upon a first-order transition, giving way to a new ground state marked by the coexistence of dynamically correlated and frozen spins. This partial freezing in the absence of any conspicuous structural defects may indicate the classical nature of the resulting pressure-induced spin liquid, an observation paralleled to the increase in the nearest-neighbor off-diagonal exchange Γ under pressure.

High-pressure single-crystal synchrotron diffraction study of MnGe and related compounds

Single crystal synchrotron diffraction for pressures up to 50 GPa has revealed an essential difference in structural properties and compressibility of MnGe compared with Mn1-x Co x Ge and Mn1-x Fe x Ge solid solutions. A negative thermal expansion has been observed for MnGe at low-temperatures and high-pressures. The single crystal refinement has shown a discontinuous change of the atomic coordinates and Mn-Ge interatomic distances of MnGe in contrast to Mn0.1Co0.9Ge. These peculiarities of MnGe are likely to be associated with high-spin-low-spin transition. The relation between anisotropy of the coordination of Mn-atom and its magnetic moment is discussed.

Thermal expansion of monogermanides of 3d-metals

Temperature dependent powder and single-crystal synchrotron diffraction, specific heat, magnetic susceptibility and small-angle neutron scattering experiments have revealed an anomalous response of MnGe. The anomaly becomes smeared out with decreasing Mn content in Mn1-x Co x Ge and Mn1-x Fe x Ge solid solutions. Mn spin state instability is discussed as a possible candidate for the observed effects.

Structural complexity of simple Fe2O3 at high pressures and temperatures

Although chemically very simple, Fe2O3 is known to undergo a series of enigmatic structural, electronic and magnetic transformations at high pressures and high temperatures. So far, these transformations have neither been correctly described nor understood because of the lack of structural data. Here we report a systematic investigation of the behaviour of Fe2O3 at pressures over 100 GPa and temperatures above 2,500 K employing single crystal X-ray diffraction and synchrotron Mössbauer source spectroscopy. Crystal chemical analysis of structures presented here and known Fe(II, III) oxides shows their fundamental relationships and that they can be described by the homologous series nFeO·mFe2O3. Decomposition of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 observed at pressures above 60 GPa and temperatures of 2,000 K leads to crystallization of unusual Fe5O7 and Fe25O32 phases with release of oxygen. Our findings suggest that mixed-valence iron oxides may play a significant role in oxygen cycling between earth reservoirs.

Portable double-sided laser-heating system for Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction experiments at synchrotron facilities with diamond anvil cells

The diamond anvil cell (DAC) technique coupled with laser heating is a major method for studying materials statically at multimegabar pressures and at high temperatures. Recent progress in experimental techniques, especially in high-pressure single crystal X-ray diffraction, requires portable laser heating systems which are able to heat and move the DAC during data collection. We have developed a double-sided laser heating system for DACs which can be mounted within a rather small (~0.1 m(2)) area and has a weight of ~12 kg. The system is easily transferable between different in-house or synchrotron facilities and can be assembled and set up within a few hours. The system was successfully tested at the High Pressure Station of White Beam (ID09a) and Nuclear Resonance (ID18) beamlines of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. We demonstrate examples of application of the system to a single crystal X-ray diffraction investigation of (Mg(0.87),Fe(3+) (0.09),Fe(2+) (0.04))(Si(0.89),Al(0.11))O(3) perovskite (ID09a) and a Synchrotron Mössbauer Source (SMS) study of (Mg(0.8)Fe(0.2))O ferropericlase (ID18).