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Megías-Vericat J, Bonanad S, Haya S, Cid A, Marqués M, Monte E, Pérez-Alenda S, Bosch P, Querol F, Poveda J. Bayesian pharmacokinetic-guided prophylaxis with recombinant factor VIII in severe or moderate haemophilia A. Thromb Res 2019; 174:151-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Malmierca MG, McCormick SP, Cardoza RE, Monte E, Alexander NJ, Gutiérrez S. Trichodiene Production in a Trichoderma harzianum erg1-Silenced Strain Provides Evidence of the Importance of the Sterol Biosynthetic Pathway in Inducing Plant Defense-Related Gene Expression. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2015; 28:1181-1197. [PMID: 26168138 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-15-0127-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma species are often used as biocontrol agents against plant-pathogenic fungi. A complex molecular interaction occurs among the biocontrol agent, the antagonistic fungus, and the plant. Terpenes and sterols produced by the biocontrol fungus have been found to affect gene expression in both the antagonistic fungus and the plant. The terpene trichodiene (TD) elicits the expression of genes related to tomato defense and to Botrytis virulence. We show here that TD itself is able to induce the expression of Botrytis genes involved in the synthesis of botrydial (BOT) and also induces terpene gene expression in Trichoderma spp. The terpene ergosterol, in addition to its role as a structural component of the fungal cell membranes, acts as an elicitor of defense response in plants. In the present work, using a transformant of T. harzianum, which is silenced in the erg1 gene and accumulates high levels of squalene, we show that this ergosterol precursor also acts as an important elicitor molecule of tomato defense-related genes and induces Botrytis genes involved in BOT biosynthesis, in both cases, in a concentration-dependent manner. Our data emphasize the importance of a balance of squalene and ergosterol in fungal interactions as well as in the biocontrol activity of Trichoderma spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Malmierca
- 1 Area of Microbiology, Universitary School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada. Avda, Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - S P McCormick
- 2 Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604-3902, U.S.A
| | - R E Cardoza
- 1 Area of Microbiology, Universitary School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada. Avda, Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - E Monte
- 3 Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - N J Alexander
- 2 Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604-3902, U.S.A
| | - S Gutiérrez
- 1 Area of Microbiology, Universitary School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada. Avda, Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
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Valero S, Marrero P, Lorente L, Gil I, Monte E, Poveda JL. GRP-186 The Quality of Oral Chemotherapy Prescribing in Oncohaematologial Outpatients. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2013-000276.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Marrero P, Lorente L, Valero S, Gil I, Monte E, Ruiz J, Reig J, Poveda JL. DGI-061 Safety of Triple Treatment in Chronic Hepatitis C. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2013-000276.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Cardoza RE, Malmierca MG, Hermosa MR, Alexander NJ, McCormick SP, Proctor RH, Tijerino AM, Rumbero A, Monte E, Gutiérrez S. Identification of loci and functional characterization of trichothecene biosynthesis genes in filamentous fungi of the genus Trichoderma. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4867-77. [PMID: 21642405 PMCID: PMC3147405 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00595-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are mycotoxins produced by Trichoderma, Fusarium, and at least four other genera in the fungal order Hypocreales. Fusarium has a trichothecene biosynthetic gene (TRI) cluster that encodes transport and regulatory proteins as well as most enzymes required for the formation of the mycotoxins. However, little is known about trichothecene biosynthesis in the other genera. Here, we identify and characterize TRI gene orthologues (tri) in Trichoderma arundinaceum and Trichoderma brevicompactum. Our results indicate that both Trichoderma species have a tri cluster that consists of orthologues of seven genes present in the Fusarium TRI cluster. Organization of genes in the cluster is the same in the two Trichoderma species but differs from the organization in Fusarium. Sequence and functional analysis revealed that the gene (tri5) responsible for the first committed step in trichothecene biosynthesis is located outside the cluster in both Trichoderma species rather than inside the cluster as it is in Fusarium. Heterologous expression analysis revealed that two T. arundinaceum cluster genes (tri4 and tri11) differ in function from their Fusarium orthologues. The Tatri4-encoded enzyme catalyzes only three of the four oxygenation reactions catalyzed by the orthologous enzyme in Fusarium. The Tatri11-encoded enzyme catalyzes a completely different reaction (trichothecene C-4 hydroxylation) than the Fusarium orthologue (trichothecene C-15 hydroxylation). The results of this study indicate that although some characteristics of the tri/TRI cluster have been conserved during evolution of Trichoderma and Fusarium, the cluster has undergone marked changes, including gene loss and/or gain, gene rearrangement, and divergence of gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Cardoza
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - M. G. Malmierca
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - M. R. Hermosa
- Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Departament of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab 208, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - N. J. Alexander
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3902
| | - S. P. McCormick
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3902
| | - R. H. Proctor
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3902
| | - A. M. Tijerino
- Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Departament of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab 208, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - A. Rumbero
- Departament of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Autonomous University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Monte
- Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Departament of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab 208, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - S. Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
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Montero-Barrientos M, Hermosa R, Cardoza RE, Gutiérrez S, Monte E. Functional analysis of the Trichoderma harzianum nox1 gene, encoding an NADPH oxidase, relates production of reactive oxygen species to specific biocontrol activity against Pythium ultimum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3009-16. [PMID: 21421791 PMCID: PMC3126390 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02486-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the first events following pathogenic interactions in eukaryotic cells, and NADPH oxidases are involved in the formation of such ROS. The nox1 gene of Trichoderma harzianum was cloned, and its role in antagonism against phytopathogens was analyzed in nox1-overexpressed transformants. The increased levels of nox1 expression in these transformants were accompanied by an increase in ROS production during their direct confrontation with Pythium ultimum. The transformants displayed an increased hydrolytic pattern, as determined by comparing protease, cellulase, and chitinase activities with those for the wild type. In confrontation assays against P. ultimum the nox1-overexpressed transformants were more effective than the wild type, but not in assays against Botrytis cinerea or Rhizoctonia solani. A transcriptomic analysis using a Trichoderma high-density oligonucleotide (HDO) microarray also showed that, compared to gene expression for the interaction of wild-type T. harzianum and P. ultimum, genes related to protease, cellulase, and chitinase activities were differentially upregulated in the interaction of a nox1-overexpressed transformant with this pathogen. Our results show that nox1 is involved in T. harzianum ROS production and antagonism against P. ultimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Montero-Barrientos
- Spanish-Portuguese Center for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Campus of Villamayor, Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - R. Hermosa
- Spanish-Portuguese Center for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Campus of Villamayor, Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - R. E. Cardoza
- Area de Microbiología, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - S. Gutiérrez
- Area de Microbiología, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - E. Monte
- Spanish-Portuguese Center for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Campus of Villamayor, Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
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Solé A, Pastor A, Cebrián M, Monte E, Ansótegui E, Cortell I, López-Andreu J, López-Antangas J, Santos M. Effectiveness and safety of long-term treatment with linezolid in cystic fibrosis patients. J Cyst Fibros 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(10)60166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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SanMartín E, Morales P, Monte E, Vicente R. A Comparision of Several Formats of Amphotericin B as an Inhaled Antifungal Prophylaxis. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:2225-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sadfi-Zouaoui N, Hannachi I, Rouaissi M, Hajlaoui MR, Rubio MB, Monte E, Boudabous A, Hermosa MR. Biodiversity of Trichoderma strains in Tunisia. Can J Microbiol 2009; 55:154-62. [DOI: 10.1139/w08-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma strains were sampled in 4 different bioclimatic zones of Tunisia, a Mediterranean North African country with strong climatic and edaphic variability from north to south, to assess the genetic diversity of endemic species of Trichoderma and their relationship to the bioclimatic zones. In all, 53 strains were isolated and identified at the species level by analysis of their internal transcribed spacers regions 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2) of the rDNA cluster and (or) a fragment of the translation elongation factor 1 (tef1) gene, using an online interactive key for species identification in Trichoderma and ex-type strains and taxonomically established isolates of Trichoderma as references. At least 2 different species were observed in each ecosystem. Trichoderma harzianum clade VI and Trichoderma longibrachiatum were present in forest soils in north Tunisia; Trichoderma atroviride and Trichoderma hamatum were found in cultivated fields in northeast Tunisia; T. harzianum clade VI, a Trichoderma sp. close to the T. harzianum complex, and Trichoderma saturnisporum were isolated from forest soils in central Tunisia; and T. harzianum clade II and T. hamatum were present in oasis soils in south Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Sadfi-Zouaoui
- Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunisie
- Laboratoire de Protection des Végétaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), 2049 Ariana, Tunisie
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - I. Hannachi
- Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunisie
- Laboratoire de Protection des Végétaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), 2049 Ariana, Tunisie
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - M. Rouaissi
- Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunisie
- Laboratoire de Protection des Végétaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), 2049 Ariana, Tunisie
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - M. R. Hajlaoui
- Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunisie
- Laboratoire de Protection des Végétaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), 2049 Ariana, Tunisie
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - M. B. Rubio
- Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunisie
- Laboratoire de Protection des Végétaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), 2049 Ariana, Tunisie
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - E. Monte
- Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunisie
- Laboratoire de Protection des Végétaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), 2049 Ariana, Tunisie
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - A. Boudabous
- Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunisie
- Laboratoire de Protection des Végétaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), 2049 Ariana, Tunisie
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - M. R. Hermosa
- Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunisie
- Laboratoire de Protection des Végétaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), 2049 Ariana, Tunisie
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Montero M, Sanz L, Rey M, Llobell A, Monte E. Cloning and characterization ofbgn16·3, coding for a β-1,6-glucanase expressed duringTrichoderma harzianummycoparasitism. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 103:1291-300. [PMID: 17897233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To clone and characterize the gene coding for BGN16.3, a beta-1,6-glucanase putatively implicated in mycoparasitism by Trichoderma harzianum, a biocontrol agent used against plant pathogenic fungi. METHODS AND RESULTS Using degenerate primed PCR and cDNA library screening, we have cloned the cDNA coding BGN16.3. bgn16.3 showed a significant sequence identity (50%) to bgn16.1; however, they both have low identity to the previously cloned bgn16.2, allowing the identification of amino acid sequences putatively involved in the common catalytic activity of the three proteins. bgn16.3 is a single-copy gene and highly homologous sequences are present in all tested Trichoderma species. bgn16.3 expression pattern is analysed by Northern blot, finding that it is expressed during the interaction of T. harzianum CECT 2413 with Botrytis cinerea, supporting the implication of the enzyme in the mycoparasitic process. CONCLUSIONS The cloned bgn16.3 completes the knowledge on the beta-1,6-glucanase isozyme system from T. harzianum CECT 2413. A highly homologous gene is present in all analysed Trichoderma strains. bgn16.3 is expressed under few specific conditions, including the mycoparasitic process. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study contributes to the knowledge of beta-1,6-glucanases. It implicates this group of enzymes in the mycoparasitism by some biocontrol agents such as T. harzianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Montero
- Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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12
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Vizcaíno JA, Cardoza RE, Dubost L, Bodo B, Gutiérrez S, Monte E. Detection of peptaibols and partial cloning of a putative peptaibol synthetase gene fromT. harzianum CECT 2413. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2006; 51:114-20. [PMID: 16821720 DOI: 10.1007/bf02932165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of 11- and 18-residue peptaibols (peptides synthesized by peptide synthetases) at Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413 (a filamentous fungus) was performed. Using a heterologous probe from tex1, the only peptaibol synthetase cloned and characterized so far in Trichoderma species, was cloned; a region that comprised 11676 bp of a second peptide synthetase gene detected in these strain (called salps2) and sequenced. The deduced sequence of Salps2 (3891 amino acids) contained three complete and a fourth incomplete module of a peptide synthetase, in which the typical adenylation, thiolation and condensation domains were found, but also an additional dehydrogenase/reductase domain in the C-terminus of the last module. Based on sequence similarity and analysis of its modular structure, it is proposed that Salps2 is a peptaibol synthetase. Additionally, analysis of =4.4-kb sequence downstream of salps2 was done and the signature sequences of Salps2 were identified and compared with those of available sequences of the other Trichoderma peptaibol synthetases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Vizcaíno
- Spanish-Portuguese Center of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department de Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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Cardoza RE, Vizcaíno JA, Hermosa MR, Sousa S, González FJ, Llobell A, Monte E, Gutiérrez S. Cloning and characterization of the erg1 gene of Trichoderma harzianum: effect of the erg1 silencing on ergosterol biosynthesis and resistance to terbinafine. Fungal Genet Biol 2006. [PMID: 16466954 DOI: 10.1016/j.frb.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma species are commonly used as biocontrol agents of different plant-pathogenic fungi. Terpene compounds are involved in the biocontrol process due to their antifungal properties (e.g., ergokonins and viridins) but additionally their structural function in the cell membranes (ergosterol) is essential. We report here the characterization of the T. harzianum erg1 gene, encoding a squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of triterpene derivatives such as ergosterol. In T. harzianum the partial silencing of the erg1 gene gave rise to transformants with a higher level of sensitivity to terbinafine, an antifungal compound that acts specifically over the squalene epoxidase activity. In addition, these silenced transformants produced lower levels of ergosterol than the wild type strain. Finally, the silencing of the erg1 gene resulted in an increase in the expression level of the erg7 gene that encodes the oxidosqualene lanosterol-cyclase, another enzyme of the terpene biosynthesis pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Fungal/genetics
- Ergosterol/biosynthesis
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Gene Silencing
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Intramolecular Transferases/genetics
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Fungal/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Squalene Monooxygenase/genetics
- Squalene Monooxygenase/physiology
- Terbinafine
- Transcription, Genetic
- Trichoderma/drug effects
- Trichoderma/genetics
- Trichoderma/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Cardoza
- Spanish-Portuguese Center of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental lab 208, Spain
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14
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Cardoza RE, Vizcaíno JA, Hermosa MR, Sousa S, González FJ, Llobell A, Monte E, Gutiérrez S. Cloning and characterization of the erg1 gene of Trichoderma harzianum: Effect of the erg1 silencing on ergosterol biosynthesis and resistance to terbinafine. Fungal Genet Biol 2006; 43:164-78. [PMID: 16466954 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma species are commonly used as biocontrol agents of different plant-pathogenic fungi. Terpene compounds are involved in the biocontrol process due to their antifungal properties (e.g., ergokonins and viridins) but additionally their structural function in the cell membranes (ergosterol) is essential. We report here the characterization of the T. harzianum erg1 gene, encoding a squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of triterpene derivatives such as ergosterol. In T. harzianum the partial silencing of the erg1 gene gave rise to transformants with a higher level of sensitivity to terbinafine, an antifungal compound that acts specifically over the squalene epoxidase activity. In addition, these silenced transformants produced lower levels of ergosterol than the wild type strain. Finally, the silencing of the erg1 gene resulted in an increase in the expression level of the erg7 gene that encodes the oxidosqualene lanosterol-cyclase, another enzyme of the terpene biosynthesis pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Fungal/genetics
- Ergosterol/biosynthesis
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Gene Silencing
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Intramolecular Transferases/genetics
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Fungal/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Squalene Monooxygenase/genetics
- Squalene Monooxygenase/physiology
- Terbinafine
- Transcription, Genetic
- Trichoderma/drug effects
- Trichoderma/genetics
- Trichoderma/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Cardoza
- Spanish-Portuguese Center of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental lab 208, Spain
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Vizcaíno JA, Cardoza RE, Hauser M, Hermosa R, Rey M, Llobell A, Becker JM, Gutiérrez S, Monte E. ThPTR2, a di/tri-peptide transporter gene from Trichoderma harzianum. Fungal Genet Biol 2006; 43:234-46. [PMID: 16466953 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The generation of a wide ESTs library and database from Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413 was the base for identifying the gene ThPTR2, coding for a PTR family di/tri-peptide transporter. The deduced protein sequence of the ThPTR2 gene showed the conserved motifs and also the 12 transmembrane domains typical of the PTR transporters. The highest level of ThPTR2 expression was found when the fungus was grown in chitin as sole carbon source. We also found that ThPTR2 expression was increased when Trichoderma interacted directly in solid medium with the plant-pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea, showing that ThPTR2 is involved in the mycoparasitic process. Additionally, its expression was triggered by nitrogen starvation and a higher level of expression was also found when Trichoderma was grown in secondary nitrogen sources like allantoin, yeast extract, and urea. However, no difference was found when Trichoderma was grown in presence or absence of glucose as carbon source. Strain T34-15, a transformant that overexpressed the ThPTR2 gene, showed about a 2-fold increase in the uptake of the dipeptide Leu-Leu. Additionally, two transformants from the strain Trichoderma longibrachiatum T52 that overexpressed ThPTR2 were also studied, confirming the role of this gene in peptide transport. Other homologous genes to ThPTR2 were identified in other Trichoderma strains. ThPTR2 is the first experimentally confirmed PTR family transporter gene from filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Vizcaíno
- Spanish-Portuguese Center of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental lab 208, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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16
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Sole A, Pastor A, Cerón J, Monte E, Gaspar M. 176 Effects of tobramycin solution for inhalation in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa chronic colonization. J Cyst Fibros 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(06)80158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Vizcaíno JA, Sanz L, Cardoza RE, Monte E, Gutiérrez S. Detection of putative peptide synthetase genes inTrichodermaspecies: Application of this method to the cloning of a gene fromT. harzianumCECT 2413. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 244:139-48. [PMID: 15727833 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the secondary metabolites produced by Trichoderma, such as the peptaibols and other antibiotics, have a peptide structure and in their biosynthesis are involved proteins belonging to the Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase family. In the present work, a PCR-mediated strategy was used to clone a region corresponding to an adenylation domain of a peptide synthetase (PS) gene from 10 different strains of Trichoderma. In addition, and using the fragment isolated by PCR from T. harzianum CECT 2413 as a probe, a fragment of 19.0 kb corresponding to a PS-encoding gene named salps1, including a 1.5 kb fragment of the promoter, was cloned and sequenced. The cloned region of salps1 contains four complete, and a fifth incomplete, modules, in which are found the adenylation, thiolation and condensation domains, but also an additional epimerization domain at the C-terminal end of the first module. The analysis of the Salps1 protein sequence, taking into consideration published data, suggests that it is neither a peptaibol synthetase nor a protein involved in siderophore biosynthesis. The presence of two breaks in the open reading frame and the expression of this gene under nitrogen starvation conditions suggest that salps1 could be a pseudogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Vizcaíno
- Spanish-Portuguese Center of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental lab 208, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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18
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Rubio MB, Hermosa MR, Keck E, Monte E. Specific PCR assays for the detection and quantification of DNA from the biocontrol strain Trichoderma harzianum 2413 in soil. Microb Ecol 2005; 49:25-33. [PMID: 15688256 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-003-0171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Strain identification in situ is an important factor in the monitoring of microorganisms used in the field. In this study, we demonstrated the use of sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers to detect genomic DNA from Trichoderma harzianum 2413 from soil. Two primers (SCAR A1/SCAR A1c) were tested against DNA of 27 isolates of Trichoderma spp. and amplified a 990-bp fragment from T. atroviride 11 and a 1.5-kb fragment from T. harzianum 2413, using an annealing temperature of 68 degrees C. These fragments showed no significant homology to any sequence deposited in the databases. The primer pair, BR1 and BR2, was designed to the 1.5-kb fragment amplified from T. harzianum 2413, generating a SCAR marker. To test the specificity of these primers, experiments were conducted using the DNA from 27 Trichoderma spp. strains and 22 field soil samples obtained from four different countries. PCR results showed that BR1 and BR2 amplified an 837-bp fragment unique to T. harzianum 2413. Assays in which total DNA was extracted from sterile and nonsterile soil samples, inoculated with spore or mycelium combinations of Trichoderma spp. strains, indicated that the BR1 and BR2 primers could specifically detect T. harzianum 2413 in a pool of mixed DNA. No other soil-microorganisms containing these sequences were amplified using these primers. To test whether the 837-bp SCAR marker of T. harzianum 2413 could be used in real-time PCR experiments, new primers (Q2413f and Q2413r) conjugated with a TaqMan fluorogenic probe were designed. Real-time PCR assays were applied using DNA from sterile and nonsterile soil samples inoculated with a known quantity of spores of Trichoderma spp. strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Rubio
- Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental, Lab. 208, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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19
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Merino-Sanjuán M, Carrera A, Monte E, Jiménez-Torres NV. Adsorption of methotrexate and calcium leucovorin onto cholestyramine in vitro. Int J Pharm 2004; 278:283-91. [PMID: 15196633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2003] [Revised: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX), an antimetabolite of folic acid, is a drug widely used in the treatment of different types of cancer. When high doses are administered, it is necessary to interrupt its action by administering calcium leucovorin (CaL). The main pathway of MTX and CaL elimination in humans occurs through the kidney, but about 10% is excreted in the faeces via the bile. Drugs, foods and sorbents in intestinal lumen modify MTX and CaL reabsorption. Individual and simultaneous studies on the adsorption of MTX and CaL from aqueous phosphate buffer by cholestyramine were carried out in order to calculate the adsorption process of MTX and CaL to cholestyramine, and to characterize the influence of CaL in the adsorption of MTX to cholestyramine and vice versa. The Langmuir binding isotherms determined in buffer solutions at pH 6 indicated a greater (12.58%) adsorption capacity of cholestyramine (1.43 mmol of drug/g of resin) than at pH 7 (1.25 mmol of drug/g of cholestyramine). The affinity constant of MTX to cholestyramine was a 45.27% higher (6.67 mM(-1)) than the affinity constant of CaL to the resin (3.65 mM(-1)). Results from simultaneous assays indicate that a displacement of the MTX bound to cholestyramine by CaL is not foreseeable. The results suggest that cholestyramine may be a potentially useful adjunctive therapy in the treatment of an overdose of MTX. Consequently, cholestyramine may be of clinical value in patients who develop early renal function impairment whilst undergoing MTX therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Merino-Sanjuán
- Departamento Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain.
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20
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Olaso V, Córdoba J, Molina JM, López B, Siles MS, Monte E, Calvo F, Bau I, Beltrán B, Martínez B, Gobernado M. [ROC curve analysis of factors predictive of response to treatment with interferon plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C relapse after previous interferon treatment]. Rev Esp Quimioter 2002; 15:366-73. [PMID: 12587043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the factors predictive of response before the initiation of treatment and throughout the treatment period in patients with chronic hepatitis C relapse after treatment with interferon-a who were retreated with a standard regimen of interferon-a plus ribavirine and followed up for 40 months. Forty-four patients (40 with genotype 1, four without genotype 1) were included in the study. Four patients (genotype 1) were excluded because of adverse effects. The rate of maintained response was 55% (50% genotype 1, 100% non-genotype 1). The stage of histological damage (>2), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) concentration (< or = 26 UI/l) and the association between the GPT concentration and the detection of the RNA-HCV in the first and third treatment months were the variables with an area under the ROC curve and a confidence interval >0.5. The probability of predicting a maintained response (negative predictive value) if the stage of histological lesion was <2 was 62.9%, while the positive predictive value was 100%. During the treatment, the disappearance of the RNA-HCV together with GPT values < or =26 in the first treatment month were the best predictive values. In this case, the negative predictive value was 78.3% and the positive predictive value was 76.5% (OR: 11.7, 2.6-52.2). Furthermore, the GPT value with the best predictive value (<26 UI/l) was a more effective predictor of the response to treatment than the normal value of the GPT. Finally, the GPT values >26 UI/l and the detection of RNA/HCV in the first or third treatment month were certain predictors of the absence of response but with low sensitivity (10-12%). It was concluded that is possible to predict the response to the combined treatment with an acceptable level of confidence, although not unequivocally. Ninety percent of the patients would be candidates for maintaining treatment for at least 6-12 months, while approximately 10% could undergo early interruption of treatment due to the absence of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Olaso
- Servicios de Medicina Digestiva, Microbiología y Farmacia, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda. Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
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21
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Ait-Lahsen H, Soler A, Rey M, de La Cruz J, Monte E, Llobell A. An antifungal exo-alpha-1,3-glucanase (AGN13.1) from the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:5833-9. [PMID: 11722942 PMCID: PMC93379 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.12.5833-5839.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum secretes alpha-1,3-glucanases when it is grown on polysaccharides, fungal cell walls, or autoclaved mycelium as a carbon source (simulated antagonistic conditions). We have purified and characterized one of these enzymes, named AGN13.1. The enzyme was monomeric and slightly basic. AGN13.1 was an exo-type alpha-1,3-glucanase and showed lytic and antifungal activity against fungal plant pathogens. Northern and Western analyses indicated that AGN13.1 is induced by conditions that simulated antagonism. We propose that AGN13.1 contributes to the antagonistic response of T. harzianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ait-Lahsen
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Seville, Spain
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22
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Amador V, Monte E, García-Martínez JL, Prat S. Gibberellins signal nuclear import of PHOR1, a photoperiod-responsive protein with homology to Drosophila armadillo. Cell 2001; 106:343-54. [PMID: 11509183 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
S. tuberosum ssp. andigena potato plants require short days (SD) for tuberization. We have isolated PHOR1 (photoperiod-responsive 1), which shows upregulated expression in induced leaves (SD). PHOR1 encodes an arm repeat protein with homology to the Drosophila segment polarity protein armadillo. Antisense inhibition of PHOR1 produces a semidwarf phenotype similar to that of GA-deficient plants, and the antisense lines show reduced GA responsiveness combined with a higher endogenous GA content than wild-type plants. Feedback regulation of GA biosynthetic genes is also altered in these lines. Conversely, transgenic lines overexpressing PHOR1 show an enhanced response to GA. GA application induces rapid migration of PHOR1-GFP protein to the nucleus. Thus, PHOR1 appears to be a general component of GA signaling pathways that relocalizes to the nucleus in the presence of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Amador
- Departament de Genètica Molecular, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Hermosa MR, Grondona I, Díaz-Mínguez JM, Iturriaga EA, Monte E. Development of a strain-specific SCAR marker for the detection of Trichoderma atroviride 11, a biological control agent against soilborne fungal plant pathogens. Curr Genet 2001; 38:343-50. [PMID: 11270577 DOI: 10.1007/s002940000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma includes biocontrol agents (BCAs) effective against soilborne plant pathogenic fungi. Several potentially useful strains for biological control are difficult to distinguish from other strains of Trichoderma found in the field. So, there is a need to find ways to monitor these strains when applied to natural pathosystems. We have used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to estimate genetic variation among sixteen strains of the species T. asperellum, T. atroviride, T. harzianum, T. inhamatum and T. longibrachiatum previously selected as BCAs, and to obtain fingerprinting patterns. Analysis of these polymorphisms revealed four distinct groups, in agreement with previous studies. Some of the RAPD products generated were used to design specific primers. Diagnostic PCR performed using these primers specifically identify the strain T. atroviride 11, showing that DNA markers may be successfully used for identification purposes. This SCAR (sequence-characterised amplified region) marker can clearly distinguish strain 11 from other closely related Trichoderma strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hermosa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
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25
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Keszler A, Forgács E, Kótai L, Vizcaíno JA, Monte E, García-Acha I. Separation and identification of volatile components in the fermentation broth of Trichoderma atroviride by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2000; 38:421-4. [PMID: 11048777 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/38.10.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A preseparated fermentation broth of Trichoderma atroviride strain 11 is analyzed by gas chromatography followed by mass-spectral detection using a Finnigan MAT GCQ apparatus. After preseparation in a C18 and a silica gel column, nineteen pyrone and dioxolane derivatives and two aliphatic esters are obtained, respectively. Among these, the four dioxolane derivatives have not been identified previously. The main component is found to be 5,5'-dimethyl-2H-pyran-2-on. The relative standard deviation for the determination of the retention time and the peak area (measured in ion counts) is 0.1% and 4.5%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Keszler
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.
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26
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Hermosa MR, Grondona I, Iturriaga EA, Diaz-Minguez JM, Castro C, Monte E, Garcia-Acha I. Molecular characterization and identification of biocontrol isolates of Trichoderma spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:1890-8. [PMID: 10788356 PMCID: PMC101429 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.5.1890-1898.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common biological control agents (BCAs) of the genus Trichoderma have been reported to be strains of Trichoderma virens, T. harzianum, and T. viride. Since Trichoderma BCAs use different mechanisms of biocontrol, it is very important to explore the synergistic effects expressed by different genotypes for their practical use in agriculture. Characterization of 16 biocontrol strains, previously identified as "Trichoderma harzianum" Rifai and one biocontrol strain recognized as T. viride, was carried out using several molecular techniques. A certain degree of polymorphism was detected in hybridizations using a probe of mitochondrial DNA. Sequencing of internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2) revealed three different ITS lengths and four different sequence types. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS1 sequences, including type strains of different species, clustered the 17 biocontrol strains into four groups: T. harzianum-T. inhamatum complex, T. longibrachiatum, T. asperellum, and T. atroviride-T. koningii complex. ITS2 sequences were also useful for locating the biocontrol strains in T. atroviride within the complex T. atroviride-T. koningii. None of the biocontrol strains studied corresponded to biotypes Th2 or Th4 of T. harzianum, which cause mushroom green mold. Correlation between different genotypes and potential biocontrol activity was studied under dual culturing of 17 BCAs in the presence of the phytopathogenic fungi Phoma betae, Rosellinia necatrix, Botrytis cinerea, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi in three different media.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hermosa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, 37002 Salamanca, Spain
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27
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Abstract
Although Arabidopsis has numerous well documented advantages for genetic and molecular analyses, its small size can be a limitation for biochemical and immunochemical assays requiring protein extraction. We have developed a rapid method to extract total protein from small amounts of Arabidopsis tissue that can be used for quantitative immunoblot analysis. The procedure involves direct extraction of tissue into SDS-containing buffer under conditions permitting immediate protein quantification in the extract, using commercially available kits without prior fractionation. This approach provides maximal extraction and quantitative recovery of total cellular protein, together with accurate evaluation of target protein levels as a proportion of the total. We have examined the utility and sensitivity of the procedure using monoclonal antibodies to phytochromes A and C (phyA and phyC), which are high- and low-abundance members, respectively, of the phytochrome family in Arabidopsis. Both phytochromes could be rapidly and readily quantified in the tissues examined, with phyC being detectable in extracts representing as few as five dark-grown seedlings, two light-grown seedlings, or half a single leaf from 3-week-old adult plants. The data indicate that the procedure may have broad utility for the detection and quantitative analysis of many proteins, including those of low abundance, in a variety of applications in Arabidopsis. In one such application, we used transgenic Arabidopsis phyC-overexpressor seedlings to demonstrate that the procedure can be used to detect transgene-encoded protein early at the segregating T2 generation, thereby offering the capacity for accelerated screening and selection of lines engineered to overexpress target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Martínez-García
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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28
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Abstract
Comparative analysis by differential RNA display (DDRT-PCR) of the expression patterns of potato plants induced and non-induced to tuberize, led to the isolation of a cDNA clone, C40.4, that is strongly upregulated in the leaves of tuberizing plants. Leaf expression of this transcript was shown to be light-dependent, with increased levels of mRNA and protein being detected during the light hours. Sequence analysis revealed near complete identity to potato CDSP34, a thylakoid protein induced by drought stress, and strong homology to the carotenoid-associated proteins fibrillin, ChrB and PAP from pepper fruit, and CHRC from cucumber flowers. By using an antibody against pepper fibrillin, we were able to demonstrate a chloroplastic location of the C40.4 protein in association with the thylakoid membranes. Two-dimensional analysis of thylakoid pigment-protein complexes showed a specific association of the protein with the photosystem II (PSII) multi-subunit complex. Antisense plants with reduced levels of accumulation of C40.4 showed a stunted growth and decreased tuber yield and exhibited reduced values of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence. Altogether, these results indicate a preferential association of the C40.4 protein with the light harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHCII) antenna pigment complexes, and suggest a functional role of this protein in photosynthesis, by modulating photosynthetic efficiency and dissipation of excess absorbed light energy within the antenna complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Monte
- Departament de Genética Molecular, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Barcelona, Spain
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Rodríguez-Fernández E, García E, Hermosa MR, Jiménez-Sánchez A, Mar Sánchez M, Monte E, Criado JJ. Chloride and ethyl ester morpholine thiourea derivatives and their Ni(II) complexes. Crystal and molecular structures of the thiourea derivative L-leucine methyl ester and its complexes with Cu(II) and Pt(II). Growth of the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. J Inorg Biochem 1999; 75:181-8. [PMID: 10474203 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(99)00055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized a series of ligands (1, 3, 4, 6 and 7) and some of their complexes with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Pt(II) (2, 5, 8 and 9). These compounds were studied and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and UV-Vis spectra, conductivity measurements in solution, FAB+/MS, 1H and 13C NMR, ESR, etc. Compound 7 crystallized in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with Z = 4. Unit cell parameters were as follows: a = 21.307(2) A, alpha = 90 degrees, b = 12.498(1) A, beta = 90 degrees, c = 7.7232(4) A, gamma = 90 degrees. For seven of these compounds, the antifungal activity of a major pathogen responsible for important crop damage was studied. In general, inhibition by the ligands was higher than that of the complexes. When the thiourea was linked to some diethyl groups, the compounds showed higher antifungal activity than the morpholine groups. Compound 3 achieved total inhibition (100%).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rodríguez-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
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30
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Suárez MB, Grondona I, García-Benavides P, Monte E, García-Acha I. Characterization of beet necrotic yellow vein furovirus from Spanish sugar beets. Int Microbiol 1999; 2:87-92. [PMID: 10943398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Rhizomania is a viral disease, caused by beet necrotic yellow vein furovirus (BNYVV), which was detected in Spanish sugar beets in 1988, it being focused on the Castilla y León region. BNYVV has five RNA fragments with specific functions, and the different composition and proportion of RNA in the virions allow their separation and the characterization of their activities during the development of the disease. Thirty-six samples of sugar beet rootlets and frozen pulps from three different sugar beet zones of Castilla y León were analyzed by DAS-ELISA and Immunocapture-Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (IC-RT-PCR) using specific primers. The identity of the cDNA products was confirmed by nested-PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The uniformity of the patterns obtained by RFLP analyses with nine endonucleases showed the existence of a unique strain of BNYVV in 80,000 Ha of crop surface which could be explained by a recent arrival of the rhizomania disease to this region. The isolates studied were more similar to type A, which has been previously described in BNYVV, but a non-expected cleavage site for this molecular group was observed with endonuclease HincII on the RNA-2 IC-RT-PCR product (nt 2133-3293) in the thirty-six Spanish samples and also in a North American strain taken as reference. The use of frozen pulps obtained as a previous step to the industrial extraction of sugar avoids problems due to erratic distribution of the virus in the roots, provides repetitive results for a particular sample, and facilitates epidemiological and distributional studies on rhizomania disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Suárez
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Spain
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31
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Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are associated with green mold of mushrooms. This fungal disease has caused severe losses in mushroom production in countries such as Ireland, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. This disease is caused by two biotypes of T. harzianum (Th2, Europe; Th4, North America) (1,2). Both biotypes have not been detected in mushrooms or other material in Spain previously. However, during 1998, green mold was detected at facilities dedicated to produce compost, as well as in facilities used to produce Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. Three compost samples were isolated from commercial bags with mushroom substrate and three more samples were taken from mushroom yards. Several spores were isolated by the dilution plate method. Initial identification of the pathogenic fungi was made by examining cultures grown on potato dextrose agar. Morphological characteristics of all isolates coincided with the description of T. harzianum (3). The following amounts of CFU per g were found in commercial compost samples: 1.2 × 108, 5.5 × 107, and 1.4 × 107 per g; whereas 3 × 108, 12.4 × 107, and 2.2 × 106 were obtained from mushroom yards. The fragment containing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) was amplified and sequenced for each of the six samples obtained. The ITS1 sequence (201 bp) was identical in all samples, and the sequence was aligned, with Clustal W, with Th2 and Th4 biotype sequences of the EMBL data base. The ITS1 sequence showed 0.55% divergence from Th2 isolates and more distance, 3.3%, with Th4 isolates. The ITS1 sequence obtained with all Spanish samples studied, EMBL accession number AJ1321550, was identical to that described for the Irish isolate Th2I (#63), with accession number U78880 in the EMBL data base (1). This is the first description of the Th2 biotype in Spain. References: (1) M. D. Ospina-Giraldo et al. Mycologia 90:76, 1998. (2) D. L. Rinker et al. Mushroom World 8:71, 1997. (3) D. A. Seaby. Plant Pathol. 45:905, 1996.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E Monte
- University of Salamanca, Spain
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Criado JJ, Rodrı́guez-Fernández E, Garcı́a E, Hermosa M, Monte E. Thiourea derivatives of α-aminoacids. Synthesis and characterization of Ni(II), Cu(II) and Pt(II) complexes with l-valinate derivatives. Antifungal activity. J Inorg Biochem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(97)10030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Grondona I, Hermosa R, Tejada M, Gomis MD, Mateos PF, Bridge PD, Monte E, Garcia-Acha I. Physiological and biochemical characterization of Trichoderma harzianum, a biological control agent against soilborne fungal plant pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:3189-98. [PMID: 9251205 PMCID: PMC168616 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.8.3189-3198.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoconidial cultures of 15 isolates of Trichoderma harzianum were characterized on the basis of 82 morphological, physiological, and biochemical features and 99 isoenzyme bands from seven enzyme systems. The results were subjected to numerical analysis which revealed four distinct groups. Representative sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1)-ITS 2 region in the ribosomal DNA gene cluster were compared between groups confirming this distribution. The utility of the groupings generated from the morphological, physiological, and biochemical data was assessed by including an additional environmental isolate in the electrophoretic analysis. The in vitro antibiotic activity of the T. harzianum isolates was assayed against 10 isolates of five different soilborne fungal plant pathogens: Aphanomyces cochlioides, Rhizoctonia solani, Phoma betae, Acremonium cucurbitacearum, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici. Similarities between levels and specificities of biological activity and the numerical characterization groupings are both discussed in relation to antagonist-specific populations in known and potential biocontrol species.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Grondona
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
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Jackson S, Gascón J, Carrera E, Monte E, Prat S. Cloning and expression analysis of a gene that shows developmental regulation upon tuberization in potato. Plant Mol Biol 1997; 33:169-174. [PMID: 9037168 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005706024855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Differential screening of a potato leaf cDNA library with cDNA probes made from tuberizing and non-tuberizing Solanum demissum plants led to the identification of a clone that is upregulated in leaves and other tissues upon tuberization. This clone was also shown to have a high level of expression in green tomato fruit, its expression falling off as the fruit turns red. No sucrose or hormonal regulation of the expression of this clone was observed and it did not respond to wounding or heat stress. Clone 32B is 532 bp long and contains an open reading frame encoding a small protein of 98 amino acids. The deduced protein sequence has a putative signal peptide for ER transport and a 10 amino acid domain in the C-terminal region of the protein, both of which are also found in the cotton LEA5, Arabidopsis Di21 and the mungbean Arg2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jackson
- Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo, C.S.I.C., Barcelona, Spain
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Vílchez JJ, Casanova B, Monte E. [3,4-diaminopyridine in the treatment of myasthenic syndromes. Practical aspects]. Med Clin (Barc) 1996; 106:37-8. [PMID: 8750543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Gallego C, Sánchez P, Planells C, Sánchez S, Monte E, Romá E, Sánchez J, Pallardó LM. Interaction between probucol and cyclosporine in renal transplant patients. Ann Pharmacother 1994; 28:940-3. [PMID: 7949516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate a possible interaction between probucol and cyclosporine during coadministration. DESIGN Before/after trial of 15 weeks' duration. SETTING Clinical pharmacokinetics laboratory of a teritiary care center. PATIENTS Ten renal transplant patients who were immunosuppressed with cyclosporine therapy for at least six months and who had been receiving probucol for more than eight weeks. METHODS Patients continued to receive probucol during the first five weeks of the trial (phase A). Probucol then was discontinued until the end of the trial (phase B). Blood samples from each patient were collected at weekly intervals during phase A and again during the last five weeks of phase B. Samples were assayed by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (TDx) to determine trough concentrations of the cyclosporine parent compound in whole blood, and of cyclosporine and metabolites in whole blood and in plasma. Comparison of the data was performed using a paired t-test. RESULTS An increase in trough concentrations of cyclosporine was observed in phase B (without probucol) with respect to phase A (with probucol). These differences were statistically significant for the cyclosporine parent compound in whole blood (p = 0.02), and for cyclosporine and metabolites in whole blood (p = 0.02) and in plasma (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS When cyclosporine and probucol are coadministered in transplant patients, a close monitoring of cyclosporine concentrations is advised because probucol can induce a decrease in trough concentrations of cyclosporine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gallego
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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