Cross-Sectional Characteristics of Pediatric-Onset Discoid Lupus Erythematosus: Results of a Multicenter, Retrospective Cohort Study

• Discoid lupus may be associated with SLE. In this study, most children with discoid lupus did not have systemic disease. Concurrent SLE was highest in female adolescents (>10 years of age) with generalized discoid lupus, who had clinically aggressive disease. • Discoid lupus in adolescence should prompt thorough evaluation for SLE.

The unheralded value of arthroscopy using local anesthesia for diagnostic specificity and intraoperative corroboration of therapeutic achievement

The senior author has performed more than 600 "therapeutic" arthroscopies under local anesthesia since 1978. The authors believe that the cases presented illustrate the increased diagnostic accuracy offered by performing arthroscopy of the knee under local anesthetic in certain types of cases. We are by no means advocating that all arthroscopies of the knee be performed under local anesthesia. Certainly, the majority of knee arthroscopies need not be performed under local anesthesia, because the diagnosis is usually evident. Perhaps when the diagnosis is not clear, a combination of local with regional or with general would be best, with performance of the diagnostic portion of the arthroscopy under local anesthesia. When an instantaneous improvement is possible, such as change in joint motion, or when some change in joint dynamics may be visualized, local should then be continued through the therapeutic conclusion of the procedure. Arthroscopy under local anesthesia has also been performed by the authors on the shoulder, elbow, and ankle, where the diagnostic benefits have been realized. Certain reconstructive operations, such as patellar realignments, are worthy of performance under local anesthesia in selected cases. In conclusion, the authors believe that arthroscopy of the knee and other joints under local anesthesia may add measurably to the diagnostic capability of the arthroscopist, and not infrequently to a therapeutic advantage.