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Agnes P, Albuquerque IFM, Alexander T, Alton AK, Ave M, Back HO, Batignani G, Biery K, Bocci V, Bonivento WM, Bottino B, Bussino S, Cadeddu M, Cadoni M, Calaprice F, Caminata A, Campos MD, Canci N, Caravati M, Cargioli N, Cariello M, Carlini M, Cataudella V, Cavalcante P, Cavuoti S, Chashin S, Chepurnov A, Cicalò C, Covone G, D'Angelo D, Davini S, De Candia A, De Cecco S, De Filippis G, De Rosa G, Derbin AV, Devoto A, D'Incecco M, Dionisi C, Dordei F, Downing M, D'Urso D, Fairbairn M, Fiorillo G, Franco D, Gabriele F, Galbiati C, Ghiano C, Giganti C, Giovanetti GK, Goretti AM, Grilli di Cortona G, Grobov A, Gromov M, Guan M, Gulino M, Hackett BR, Herner K, Hessel T, Hosseini B, Hubaut F, Hungerford EV, Ianni A, Ippolito V, Keeter K, Kendziora CL, Kimura M, Kochanek I, Korablev D, Korga G, Kubankin A, Kuss M, La Commara M, Lai M, Li X, Lissia M, Longo G, Lychagina O, Machulin IN, Mapelli LP, Mari SM, Maricic J, Messina A, Milincic R, Monroe J, Morrocchi M, Mougeot X, Muratova VN, Musico P, Nozdrina AO, Oleinik A, Ortica F, Pagani L, Pallavicini M, Pandola L, Pantic E, Paoloni E, Pelczar K, Pelliccia N, Piacentini S, Pocar A, Poehlmann DM, Pordes S, Poudel SS, Pralavorio P, Price DD, Ragusa F, Razeti M, Razeto A, Renshaw AL, Rescigno M, Rode J, Romani A, Sablone D, Samoylov O, Sandford E, Sands W, Sanfilippo S, Savarese C, Schlitzer B, Semenov DA, Shchagin A, Sheshukov A, Skorokhvatov MD, Smirnov O, Sotnikov A, Stracka S, Suvorov Y, Tartaglia R, Testera G, Tonazzo A, Unzhakov EV, Vishneva A, Vogelaar RB, Wada M, Wang H, Wang Y, Westerdale S, Wojcik MM, Xiao X, Yang C, Zuzel G. Search for Dark-Matter-Nucleon Interactions via Migdal Effect with DarkSide-50. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:101001. [PMID: 36962014 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dark matter elastic scattering off nuclei can result in the excitation and ionization of the recoiling atom through the so-called Migdal effect. The energy deposition from the ionization electron adds to the energy deposited by the recoiling nuclear system and allows for the detection of interactions of sub-GeV/c^{2} mass dark matter. We present new constraints for sub-GeV/c^{2} dark matter using the dual-phase liquid argon time projection chamber of the DarkSide-50 experiment with an exposure of (12 306±184) kg d. The analysis is based on the ionization signal alone and significantly enhances the sensitivity of DarkSide-50, enabling sensitivity to dark matter with masses down to 40 MeV/c^{2}. Furthermore, it sets the most stringent upper limit on the spin independent dark matter nucleon cross section for masses below 3.6 GeV/c^{2}.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Agnes
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - I F M Albuquerque
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - T Alexander
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - A K Alton
- Physics Department, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
| | - M Ave
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - H O Back
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - G Batignani
- INFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - K Biery
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - V Bocci
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
| | | | - B Bottino
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
- INFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - S Bussino
- INFN Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - M Cadeddu
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - M Cadoni
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - F Calaprice
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | | | - M D Campos
- Physics, Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - N Canci
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | | | | | | | - M Carlini
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - V Cataudella
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - P Cavalcante
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - S Cavuoti
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - S Chashin
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - A Chepurnov
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - C Cicalò
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - G Covone
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - D D'Angelo
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
- INFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - S Davini
- INFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - A De Candia
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - S De Cecco
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
- Physics Department, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - G De Filippis
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - G De Rosa
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - A V Derbin
- Saint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
| | - A Devoto
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - M D'Incecco
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - C Dionisi
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
- Physics Department, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - F Dordei
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - M Downing
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - D D'Urso
- Chemistry and Pharmacy Department, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - M Fairbairn
- Physics, Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - G Fiorillo
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - D Franco
- APC, Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris F-75013, France
| | | | - C Galbiati
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - C Ghiano
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - C Giganti
- LPNHE, CNRS/IN2P3, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75252, France
| | - G K Giovanetti
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A M Goretti
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | | | - A Grobov
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - M Gromov
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - M Guan
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China
| | - M Gulino
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
- Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Università di Enna Kore, Enna 94100, Italy
| | - B R Hackett
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - K Herner
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - T Hessel
- APC, Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris F-75013, France
| | | | - F Hubaut
- Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
| | - E V Hungerford
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - An Ianni
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | | | - K Keeter
- School of Natural Sciences, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, South Dakota 57799, USA
| | - C L Kendziora
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M Kimura
- AstroCeNT, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, 00-614 Warsaw, Poland
| | - I Kochanek
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - D Korablev
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - G Korga
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - A Kubankin
- Radiation Physics Laboratory, Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod 308007, Russia
| | - M Kuss
- INFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - M La Commara
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - M Lai
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - X Li
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M Lissia
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - G Longo
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - O Lychagina
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - I N Machulin
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - L P Mapelli
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - S M Mari
- INFN Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - J Maricic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - A Messina
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
- Physics Department, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - R Milincic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - J Monroe
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - M Morrocchi
- INFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - X Mougeot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, List, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), F-91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - V N Muratova
- Saint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
| | - P Musico
- INFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - A O Nozdrina
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - A Oleinik
- Radiation Physics Laboratory, Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod 308007, Russia
| | - F Ortica
- Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
- INFN Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - L Pagani
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - M Pallavicini
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
- INFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - L Pandola
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - E Pantic
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - E Paoloni
- INFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - K Pelczar
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - N Pelliccia
- Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
- INFN Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | | | - A Pocar
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - D M Poehlmann
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - S Pordes
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S S Poudel
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - P Pralavorio
- Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
| | - D D Price
- The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - F Ragusa
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
- INFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - M Razeti
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - A Razeto
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - A L Renshaw
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | | | - J Rode
- APC, Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris F-75013, France
- LPNHE, CNRS/IN2P3, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75252, France
| | - A Romani
- Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
- INFN Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - D Sablone
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - O Samoylov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - E Sandford
- The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - W Sands
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - S Sanfilippo
- INFN Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - C Savarese
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - B Schlitzer
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - D A Semenov
- Saint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
| | - A Shchagin
- Radiation Physics Laboratory, Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod 308007, Russia
| | - A Sheshukov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - M D Skorokhvatov
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - O Smirnov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - A Sotnikov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | | | - Y Suvorov
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - R Tartaglia
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | | | - A Tonazzo
- APC, Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris F-75013, France
| | - E V Unzhakov
- Saint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
| | - A Vishneva
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | | | - M Wada
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- AstroCeNT, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, 00-614 Warsaw, Poland
| | - H Wang
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - S Westerdale
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M M Wojcik
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - X Xiao
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Yang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China
| | - G Zuzel
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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2
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Agnes P, Albuquerque IFM, Alexander T, Alton AK, Ave M, Back HO, Batignani G, Biery K, Bocci V, Bonivento WM, Bottino B, Bussino S, Cadeddu M, Cadoni M, Calaprice F, Caminata A, Campos MD, Canci N, Caravati M, Cargioli N, Cariello M, Carlini M, Cataudella V, Cavalcante P, Cavuoti S, Chashin S, Chepurnov A, Cicalò C, Covone G, D'Angelo D, Davini S, De Candia A, De Cecco S, De Filippis G, De Rosa G, Derbin AV, Devoto A, D'Incecco M, Dionisi C, Dordei F, Downing M, D'Urso D, Fiorillo G, Franco D, Gabriele F, Galbiati C, Ghiano C, Giganti C, Giovanetti GK, Goretti AM, Grilli di Cortona G, Grobov A, Gromov M, Guan M, Gulino M, Hackett BR, Herner K, Hessel T, Hosseini B, Hubaut F, Hungerford EV, Ianni A, Ippolito V, Keeter K, Kendziora CL, Kimura M, Kochanek I, Korablev D, Korga G, Kubankin A, Kuss M, La Commara M, Lai M, Li X, Lissia M, Longo G, Lychagina O, Machulin IN, Mapelli LP, Mari SM, Maricic J, Messina A, Milincic R, Monroe J, Morrocchi M, Mougeot X, Muratova VN, Musico P, Nozdrina AO, Oleinik A, Ortica F, Pagani L, Pallavicini M, Pandola L, Pantic E, Paoloni E, Pelczar K, Pelliccia N, Piacentini S, Pocar A, Poehlmann DM, Pordes S, Poudel SS, Pralavorio P, Price DD, Ragusa F, Razeti M, Razeto A, Renshaw AL, Rescigno M, Rode J, Romani A, Sablone D, Samoylov O, Sands W, Sanfilippo S, Sandford E, Savarese C, Schlitzer B, Semenov DA, Shchagin A, Sheshukov A, Skorokhvatov MD, Smirnov O, Sotnikov A, Stracka S, Suvorov Y, Tartaglia R, Testera G, Tonazzo A, Unzhakov EV, Vishneva A, Vogelaar RB, Wada M, Wang H, Wang Y, Westerdale S, Wojcik MM, Xiao X, Yang C, Zuzel G. Search for Dark Matter Particle Interactions with Electron Final States with DarkSide-50. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:101002. [PMID: 36962032 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a search for dark matter particles with sub-GeV/c^{2} masses whose interactions have final state electrons using the DarkSide-50 experiment's (12 306±184) kg d low-radioactivity liquid argon exposure. By analyzing the ionization signals, we exclude new parameter space for the dark matter-electron cross section σ[over ¯]_{e}, the axioelectric coupling constant g_{Ae}, and the dark photon kinetic mixing parameter κ. We also set the first dark matter direct-detection constraints on the mixing angle |U_{e4}|^{2} for keV/c^{2} sterile neutrinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Agnes
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - I F M Albuquerque
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - T Alexander
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - A K Alton
- Physics Department, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
| | - M Ave
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - H O Back
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - G Batignani
- INFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - K Biery
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - V Bocci
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
| | | | - B Bottino
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
- INFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - S Bussino
- INFN Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - M Cadeddu
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - M Cadoni
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - F Calaprice
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | | | - M D Campos
- Physics, Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - N Canci
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | | | | | | | - M Carlini
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - V Cataudella
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - P Cavalcante
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - S Cavuoti
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - S Chashin
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - A Chepurnov
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - C Cicalò
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - G Covone
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - D D'Angelo
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
- INFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - S Davini
- INFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - A De Candia
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - S De Cecco
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
- Physics Department, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - G De Filippis
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - G De Rosa
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - A V Derbin
- Saint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
| | - A Devoto
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - M D'Incecco
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - C Dionisi
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
- Physics Department, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - F Dordei
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - M Downing
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - D D'Urso
- Chemistry and Pharmacy Department, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - G Fiorillo
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - D Franco
- APC, Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris F-75013, France
| | | | - C Galbiati
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - C Ghiano
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - C Giganti
- LPNHE, CNRS/IN2P3, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75252, France
| | - G K Giovanetti
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A M Goretti
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | | | - A Grobov
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - M Gromov
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - M Guan
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China
| | - M Gulino
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
- Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Università di Enna Kore, Enna 94100, Italy
| | - B R Hackett
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - K Herner
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - T Hessel
- APC, Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris F-75013, France
| | | | - F Hubaut
- Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
| | - E V Hungerford
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - An Ianni
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | | | - K Keeter
- School of Natural Sciences, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, South Dakota 57799, USA
| | - C L Kendziora
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M Kimura
- AstroCeNT, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, 00-614 Warsaw, Poland
| | - I Kochanek
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - D Korablev
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - G Korga
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - A Kubankin
- Radiation Physics Laboratory, Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod 308007, Russia
| | - M Kuss
- INFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - M La Commara
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - M Lai
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - X Li
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M Lissia
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - G Longo
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - O Lychagina
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - I N Machulin
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - L P Mapelli
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - S M Mari
- INFN Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - J Maricic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - A Messina
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
- Physics Department, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - R Milincic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - J Monroe
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - M Morrocchi
- INFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - X Mougeot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, List, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), F-91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - V N Muratova
- Saint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
| | - P Musico
- INFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - A O Nozdrina
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - A Oleinik
- Radiation Physics Laboratory, Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod 308007, Russia
| | - F Ortica
- Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
- INFN Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - L Pagani
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - M Pallavicini
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
- INFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - L Pandola
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - E Pantic
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - E Paoloni
- INFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - K Pelczar
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - N Pelliccia
- Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
- INFN Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | | | - A Pocar
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - D M Poehlmann
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - S Pordes
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S S Poudel
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - P Pralavorio
- Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
| | - D D Price
- The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - F Ragusa
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
- INFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - M Razeti
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - A Razeto
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - A L Renshaw
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | | | - J Rode
- APC, Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris F-75013, France
- LPNHE, CNRS/IN2P3, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75252, France
| | - A Romani
- Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
- INFN Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - D Sablone
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - O Samoylov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - W Sands
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - S Sanfilippo
- INFN Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - E Sandford
- The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - C Savarese
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - B Schlitzer
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - D A Semenov
- Saint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
| | - A Shchagin
- Radiation Physics Laboratory, Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod 308007, Russia
| | - A Sheshukov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - M D Skorokhvatov
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - O Smirnov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - A Sotnikov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | | | - Y Suvorov
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - R Tartaglia
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | | | - A Tonazzo
- APC, Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris F-75013, France
| | - E V Unzhakov
- Saint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
| | - A Vishneva
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | | | - M Wada
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- AstroCeNT, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, 00-614 Warsaw, Poland
| | - H Wang
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - S Westerdale
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M M Wojcik
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - X Xiao
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Yang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China
| | - G Zuzel
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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