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Batista ÂG, Mendonça MCP, Soares ES, da Silva-Maia JK, Dionísio AP, Sartori CR, Cruz-Höfling MAD, Maróstica Júnior MR. Syzygium malaccense fruit supplementation protects mice brain against high-fat diet impairment and improves cognitive functions. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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da Silva-Maia JK, Batista ÂG, Cazarin CBB, Soares ES, Bogusz Junior S, Leal RF, da Cruz-Höfling MA, Maróstica Junior MR. Aqueous Extract of Brazilian Berry ( Myrciaria jaboticaba) Peel Improves Inflammatory Parameters and Modulates Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in Rats with Induced-Colitis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112776. [PMID: 31731626 PMCID: PMC6893622 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds could be a complementary alternative to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) management. This study determined the effects of an aqueous extract of Myrciaria jaboticaba peel (EJP) (50 g L-1) on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis. Wistar rats were randomized into five groups: HC-healthy control, CC-colitis control, DC-drug control, SJ-short-term treatment with EJP, and LJ-long-term treatment with EJP. The EJP treatments reduced body weight loss, stool consistency score, and spleen enlargement. Gut microbiota was modulated through increased Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts after EJP treatment. Short-chain fatty acids were also higher in the EJP treatment groups. The antioxidant enzyme activities were greater than CC or DC controls. Myeloperoxidase activity (LJ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (LJ/SJ), and intercellular adhesion molecule (SJ) levels were lower than in the CC group. EJP decreased histological scoring, mucosal thickness, and preserved the crypts and histological structure. Therefore, EJP showed beneficial effects and could be potentially used as an adjuvant in IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Kelly da Silva-Maia
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Rua das Artes—Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59075-000, Brazil
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
- Correspondence: (J.K.d.S.-M.); (M.R.M.J.); Tel.: +55-8432153135 (J.K.d.S.-M.); +55-19-35214078 (M.R.M.J.)
| | - Ângela Giovana Batista
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Maria—UFSM—Campus Palmeira das Missões, Av. Independência, nº 3751, Palmeira das Missões, RS CEP 98300-000, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Baú Betim Cazarin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Edilene Siqueira Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Stanislau Bogusz Junior
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry (IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Raquel Franco Leal
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Mário Roberto Maróstica Junior
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
- Correspondence: (J.K.d.S.-M.); (M.R.M.J.); Tel.: +55-8432153135 (J.K.d.S.-M.); +55-19-35214078 (M.R.M.J.)
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Mesquita-Britto MHR, Mendonça MCP, Soares ES, Sakane KK, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Inhibition of VEGF-Flk-1 binding induced profound biochemical alteration in the hippocampus of a rat model of BBB breakdown by spider venom. A preliminary assessment using FT-IR spectroscopy. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:64-74. [PMID: 30075232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PNV) contains ion channels-acting neuropeptides that in rat induces transitory blood-brain barrier breakdown (BBBb) in hippocampus in parallel with VEGF upregulation. We investigated whether VEGF has a neuroprotective role by inhibiting its binding to receptor Flk-1 by itraconazole (ITZ). FT-IR spectroscopy examined the biochemical status of hippocampus and evaluated BBBb in rats administered PNV or ITZ/PNV at periods with greatest toxicity (1-2h), recovery (5h) and visual absence of symptoms (24h), and compared to saline and ITZ controls. The antifungal treatment before venom intoxication aggravated the venom effects and increased BBB damage. FT-IR spectra of venom, hippocampi of controls, PNV and ITZ-PNV showed a 1400 cm-1 band linked to symmetric stretch of carboxylate and 1467 cm-1 band (CH2 bending: mainly lipids) that were considered biomarker and reference bands, respectively. Inhibition of VEGF/Flk-1 binding produced marked changes in lipid/protein stability at 1-2h. The largest differences were observed in spectra regions assigned to lipids, both symmetric (2852 cm-1) and asymmetric (2924 and 2968 cm-1). Quantitative analyses showed greatest increases in the 1400 cm-1/1467 cm-1 ratio also at 1h. Such changes at period of rats' severe intoxication referred to wavenumber region from 3106 cm-1 to 687 cm-1 assigning for C-H and N-H stretching of protein, Amide I, C=N cytosine, N-H adenine, Amide II, CH2 bending: mainly lipids, C-O stretch: glycogen, polysaccharides, glycolipids, z-type DNA, C-C, C-O and CH out-of-plane bending vibrations. We conclude that VEGF has a neuroprotective role and can be a therapeutic target in PNV envenomation. FT-IR spectroscopy showed to be instrumental for monitoring biochemical changes in this model of P. nigriventer venom-induced BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Rodrigues Mesquita-Britto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique Culturato Padilha Mendonça
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilene Siqueira Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kumiko Koibuchi Sakane
- Institute for Research and Development, University of Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mendonça MCP, Soares ES, de Jesus MB, Ceragioli HJ, Batista ÂG, Nyúl-Tóth Á, Molnár J, Wilhelm I, Maróstica MR, Krizbai I, da Cruz-Höfling MA. PEGylation of Reduced Graphene Oxide Induces Toxicity in Cells of the Blood-Brain Barrier: An in Vitro and in Vivo Study. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3913-3924. [PMID: 27712077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating has been frequently used to improve the pharmacokinetic behavior of nanoparticles. Studies that contribute to better unravel the effects of PEGylation on the toxicity of nanoparticle formulation are therefore highly relevant. In the present study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was functionalized with PEG, and its effects on key components of the blood-brain barrier, such as astrocytes and endothelial cells, were analyzed in culture and in an in vivo rat model. The in vitro studies demonstrated concentration-dependent toxicity. The highest concentration (100 μg/mL) of non-PEGylated rGO had a lower toxic influence on cell viability in primary cultures of astrocytes and rat brain endothelial cells, while PEGylated rGO induced deleterious effects and cell death. We assessed hippocampal BBB integrity in vivo by evaluating astrocyte activation and the expression of the endothelial tight and adherens junctions proteins. From 1 h to 7 days post-rGO-PEG systemic injection, a notable and progressive down-regulation of protein markers of astrocytes (GFAP, connexin-43), the endothelial tight (occludin), and adherens (β-catenin) junctions and basal lamina (laminin) were observed. The formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species demonstrated by increases in the enzymatic antioxidant system in the PEGylated rGO samples was indicative of oxidative stress-mediated damage. Under the experimental conditions and design of the present study the PEGylation of rGO did not improve interaction with components of the blood-brain barrier. In contrast, the attachment of PEG to rGO induced deleterious effects in comparison with the effects caused by non-PEGylated rGO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Culturato Padilha Mendonça
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-881, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-863, Brazil
| | - Edilene Siqueira Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-863, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bispo de Jesus
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-863, Brazil
| | - Helder José Ceragioli
- Department of Semiconductors, Instruments and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Ângela Giovana Batista
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineerig, State University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Ádám Nyúl-Tóth
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Szeged 1051, Hungary
| | - Judit Molnár
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Szeged 1051, Hungary
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Szeged 1051, Hungary
| | - Mário Roberto Maróstica
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineerig, State University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - István Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Szeged 1051, Hungary.,Vasile Goldis Western University , Arad, Romania
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-881, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-863, Brazil
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Mendonça MCP, Soares ES, de Jesus MB, Ceragioli HJ, Irazusta SP, Batista ÂG, Vinolo MAR, Maróstica Júnior MR, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Reduced graphene oxide: nanotoxicological profile in rats. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:53. [PMID: 27342277 PMCID: PMC4921057 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously demonstrated that reduced graphene oxide (rGO) administered intravenously in rats was detected inside the hippocampus after downregulation of the tight and adherens junction proteins of the blood–brain barrier. While down-regulators of junctional proteins could be useful tools for drug delivery through the paracellular pathway, concerns over toxicity must be investigated before clinical application. Herein, our purpose was to trace whether the rGO inside the hippocampus triggered toxic alterations in this brain region and in target organs (blood, liver and kidney) of rats at various time points (15 min, 1, 3 h and 7 days). Results The assessed rGO-treated rats (7 mg/kg) were clinically indistinguishable from controls at all the time points. Hematological, histopathological (neurons and astrocytes markers), biochemical (nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity assessment) and genotoxicological based tests showed that systemic rGO single injection seemed to produce minimal toxicological effects at the time points assessed. Relative to control, the only change was a decrease in the blood urea nitrogen level 3 h post-treatment and increases in superoxide dismutase activity 1 h and 7 days post-treatment. While no alteration in leukocyte parameters was detected between control and rGO-treated animals, time-dependent leukocytosis (rGO-1 h versus rGO-3 h) and leukopenia (rGO-3 h versus rGO-7 days) was observed intra-treated groups. Nevertheless, no inflammatory response was induced in serum and hippocampus at any time. Conclusions The toxic effects seemed to be peripheral and transitory in the short-term analysis after systemic administration of rGO. The effects were self-limited and non-significant even at 7 days post-rGO administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Culturato Padilha Mendonça
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-881, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Edilene Siqueira Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bispo de Jesus
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Helder José Ceragioli
- Department of Semiconductors, Instruments and Photonics, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Pierre Irazusta
- Faculty of Technology of Sorocaba, State Center of Paula Souza Technological Education, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-881, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Soares ES, Mendonça MCP, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Caveolae as a target for Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom. Neurotoxicology 2016; 54:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Soares ES, Mendonça MCP, Rocha T, Kalapothakis E, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Are Synchronized Changes in Connexin-43 and Caveolin-3 a Bystander Effect in a Phoneutria nigriventer Venom Model of Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown? J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:452-63. [PMID: 27067308 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of caveolin-3 (Cav-3) or connexin-43 (Cx43) in astrocytes has been associated with important brain pathologies. We used Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PNV), which induces blood-brain barrier breakdown in rats, in order to investigate Cav-3 and Cx43 expression in the cerebellum over critical periods of rat envenomation. By immunofluorescence, western blotting (WB), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we assessed changes at 1, 2, 5, 24, and 72 h post-venom. WB showed immediate increases in Cav-3 and Cx43 at 1 h (interval of greatest manifestations of envenomation) that persisted at 5 h (when there were signs of recovery) and peaked at 24 h when no signs of envenomation were detectable. At 2 and 72 h, Cav-3 was downregulated and Cx43 had returned to baseline. PNV markedly intensified Cx43 in molecular, Purkinje and granular layers and Cav-3 in astrocytes whose colocalization to increased GFAP suggests interaction between reactive astrogliosis and Cav-3 upregulation. TEM showed swollen perivascular astrocytic end-feet and synaptic contact alterations that had generally resolved by 72 h. It is uncertain whether such PNV-induced synchronized changes are an interactive effect between Cav-3 and Cx43, or a bystander effect. Evidences indicate that Cav-3 downregulation coupled to Cx43 return to baseline at 72 h when no signs of envenomation were visible, suggesting homeostasis reestablishment. This experimental model is relevant to studying mechanisms involved in neurological disorders associated with Cav-3 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilene Siqueira Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Culturato Padilha Mendonça
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thalita Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Department of General Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Mendonça MCP, Soares ES, de Jesus MB, Ceragioli HJ, Ferreira MS, Catharino RR, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Reduced graphene oxide induces transient blood-brain barrier opening: an in vivo study. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:78. [PMID: 26518450 PMCID: PMC4628296 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a complex physical and functional barrier protecting the central nervous system from physical and chemical insults. Nevertheless, it also constitutes a barrier against therapeutics for treating neurological disorders. In this context, nanomaterial-based therapy provides a potential alternative for overcoming this problem. Graphene family has attracted significant interest in nanomedicine because their unique physicochemical properties make them amenable to applications in drug/gene delivery and neural interface. Results In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) systemically-injected was found mainly located in the thalamus and hippocampus of rats. The entry of rGO involved a transitory decrease in the BBB paracellular tightness, as demonstrated at anatomical (Evans blue dye infusion), subcellular (transmission electron microscopy) and molecular (junctional protein expression) levels. Additionally, we examined the usefulness of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) as a new imaging method for detecting the temporal distribution of nanomaterials throughout the brain. Conclusions rGO was able to be detected and monitored in the brain over time provided by a novel application for MALDI-MSI and could be a useful tool for treating a variety of brain disorders that are normally unresponsive to conventional treatment because of BBB impermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Culturato Padilha Mendonça
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Edilene Siqueira Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Bispo de Jesus
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Helder José Ceragioli
- Department of Semiconductors, Instruments and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mônica Siqueira Ferreira
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Ramos Catharino
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that the venom of Phoneutria nigriventer (PNV) armed-spider causes excitotoxic signals and blood-brain barrier breakdown (BBBb) in rats. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule which has a role in endothelium homeostasis and vascular health. The present study investigated the relevance of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) uncoupling to clinical neurotoxic evolution induced by PNV. eNOS immunoblotting of cerebellum lysates processed through low-temperature SDS-PAGE revealed significant increased monomerization of the enzyme at critical periods of severe envenoming (1-2 h), whereas eNOS dimerization reversal paralleled to amelioration of animals condition (5-72 h). Moreover, eNOS uncoupling was accompanied by increased expression in calcium-sensing calmodulin protein and calcium-binding calbindin-D28 protein in cerebellar neurons. It is known that greater eNOS monomers than dimers implies the inability of eNOS to produce NO leading to superoxide production and endothelial/vascular barrier dysfunction. We suggest that transient eNOS deactivation and disturbances in calcium handling reduce NO production and enhance production of free radicals thus contributing to endothelial dysfunction in the cerebellum of envenomed rats. In addition, eNOS uncoupling compromises the enzyme capacity to respond to shear stress contributing to perivascular edema and it is one of the mechanisms involved in the BBBb promoted by PNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilene Siqueira Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13 083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Culturato Padilha Mendonça
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13 083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13 083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13 083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13 083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Stavale LM, Soares ES, Mendonça MCP, Irazusta SP, da Cruz Höfling MA. Temporal relationship between aquaporin-4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein in cerebellum of neonate and adult rats administered a BBB disrupting spider venom. Toxicon 2013; 66:37-46. [PMID: 23419593 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two astrocyte markers, the glial water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), have been implicated in several physiological and pathological conditions in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as in blood-brain barrier breakdown (BBBb). By color segmentation the immunoreactivity of both proteins, we demonstrate that the expression of AQP4 and GFAP was increased in the cerebellum of neonate (14-day-old, P14) and adult (8-week-old) rats administered Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PNV) known to cause perivascular edema, BBBb and convulsion. In the cerebellum's gray matter, PNV produced a major response, especially in the granular layer. Parallel increases in AQP4 and GFAP expression occurred 24 h after envenomation in the white matter of P14 and in the molecular layer of adults, as well as in the granular layer 2 h after envenomation. In the Purkinje layer there was a tendency of increased AQP4, for both, neonates (5 h), and adults (2 and 24 h). Moreover, PNV also provoked nonparallel upregulation of both markers with prevalence of upregulation of AQP 4 for P14 rats, and GFAP for adults. The major expression of both proteins was in the gray matter. The data indicates a venom effect in water/electrolyte balance in the cerebellum and the participation of AQP4 in these effects. Age-related and time-related regional differences probably reflect specificity in AQP4 distribution in different astrocytic membrane domains as well as its participation in K(+) buffering and neural activity. This study is the first to associate astrocytic AQP4 expression and reactive gliosis in a model of BBB permeability promoted by P. nigriventer venom. Our data provide compelling evidence that AQP4 expression was increased in the cerebellum of rats administered PNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Miguel Stavale
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13 083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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