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Grinkevich VV, Vema A, Fawkner K, Issaeva N, Andreotti V, Dickinson ER, Hedström E, Spinnler C, Inga A, Larsson LG, Karlén A, Wilhelm M, Barran PE, Okorokov AL, Selivanova G, Zawacka-Pankau JE. Novel Allosteric Mechanism of Dual p53/MDM2 and p53/MDM4 Inhibition by a Small Molecule. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:823195. [PMID: 35720128 PMCID: PMC9198586 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.823195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Restoration of the p53 tumor suppressor for personalised cancer therapy is a promising treatment strategy. However, several high-affinity MDM2 inhibitors have shown substantial side effects in clinical trials. Thus, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of action of p53 reactivating molecules with alternative functional principle is of the utmost importance. Here, we report a discovery of a novel allosteric mechanism of p53 reactivation through targeting the p53 N-terminus which promotes inhibition of both p53/MDM2 (murine double minute 2) and p53/MDM4 interactions. Using biochemical assays and molecular docking, we identified the binding site of two p53 reactivating molecules, RITA (reactivation of p53 and induction of tumor cell apoptosis) and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Ion mobility-mass spectrometry revealed that the binding of RITA to serine 33 and serine 37 is responsible for inducing the allosteric shift in p53, which shields the MDM2 binding residues of p53 and prevents its interactions with MDM2 and MDM4. Our results point to an alternative mechanism of blocking p53 interaction with MDM2 and MDM4 and may pave the way for the development of novel allosteric inhibitors of p53/MDM2 and p53/MDM4 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera V. Grinkevich
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aparna Vema
- Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Fawkner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalia Issaeva
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Virginia Andreotti
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genetics of Rare Cancers, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eleanor R. Dickinson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Hedström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clemens Spinnler
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Inga
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Lars-Gunnar Larsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margareta Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Perdita E. Barran
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei L. Okorokov
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Galina Selivanova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Galina Selivanova, ; Joanna E. Zawacka-Pankau,
| | - Joanna E. Zawacka-Pankau
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Galina Selivanova, ; Joanna E. Zawacka-Pankau,
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Burmakin M, Shi Y, Hedström E, Kogner P, Selivanova G. Editor's Note: Dual Targeting of Wild-Type and Mutant p53 by Small-molecule RITA Results in the Inhibition of N-Myc and Key Survival Oncogenes and Kills Neuroblastoma Cells In Vivo and In Vitro. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4943. [PMID: 34470814 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-2435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Henriksson S, Rassoolzadeh H, Hedström E, Coucoravas C, Julner A, Goldstein M, Imreh G, Zhivotovsky B, Kastan MB, Helleday T, Farnebo M. The scaffold protein WRAP53β orchestrates the ubiquitin response critical for DNA double-strand break repair. Genes Dev 2015; 28:2726-38. [PMID: 25512560 PMCID: PMC4265676 DOI: 10.1101/gad.246546.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The WD40 domain-containing protein WRAP53β controls trafficking of splicing factors and telomerase to Cajal bodies. Here, Henriksson et al. demonstrate that WRAP53β rapidly localizes to double-strand breaks (DSBs) in an ATM-, H2AX-, and MDC1-dependent manner. WRAP53β targets the E3 ligase RNF8 to DNA lesions by facilitating the interaction between RNF8 and its upstream partner, MDC1, in response to DNA damage. Loss of WRAP53β impairs DSB repair by both homologous recombination and nonhomologous end-joining, causes accumulation of spontaneous DNA breaks, and delays recovery from radiation-induced cell cycle arrest. The WD40 domain-containing protein WRAP53β (WD40 encoding RNA antisense to p53; also referred to as WDR79/TCAB1) controls trafficking of splicing factors and the telomerase enzyme to Cajal bodies, and its functional loss has been linked to carcinogenesis, premature aging, and neurodegeneration. Here, we identify WRAP53β as an essential regulator of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. WRAP53β rapidly localizes to DSBs in an ATM-, H2AX-, and MDC1-dependent manner. We show that WRAP53β targets the E3 ligase RNF8 to DNA lesions by facilitating the interaction between RNF8 and its upstream partner, MDC1, in response to DNA damage. Simultaneous binding of MDC1 and RNF8 to the highly conserved WD40 scaffold domain of WRAP53β facilitates their interaction and accumulation of RNF8 at DSBs. In this manner, WRAP53β controls proper ubiquitylation at DNA damage sites and the downstream assembly of 53BP1, BRCA1, and RAD51. Furthermore, we reveal that knockdown of WRAP53β impairs DSB repair by both homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), causes accumulation of spontaneous DNA breaks, and delays recovery from radiation-induced cell cycle arrest. Our findings establish WRAP53β as a novel regulator of DSB repair by providing a scaffold for DNA repair factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Henriksson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Hanif Rassoolzadeh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Hedström
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Christos Coucoravas
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Alexander Julner
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Michael Goldstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Gabriela Imreh
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Michael B Kastan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Marianne Farnebo
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden;
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Xu J, Eriksson SE, Cebula M, Sandalova T, Hedström E, Pader I, Cheng Q, Myers CR, Antholine WE, Nagy P, Hellman U, Selivanova G, Lindqvist Y, Arnér ESJ. The conserved Trp114 residue of thioredoxin reductase 1 has a redox sensor-like function triggering oligomerization and crosslinking upon oxidative stress related to cell death. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1616. [PMID: 25611390 PMCID: PMC4669772 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) has several key roles in cellular redox systems and reductive pathways. Here we discovered that an evolutionarily conserved and surface-exposed tryptophan residue of the enzyme (Trp114) is excessively reactive to oxidation and exerts regulatory functions. The results indicate that it serves as an electron relay communicating with the FAD moiety of the enzyme, and, when oxidized, it facilitates oligomerization of TrxR1 into tetramers and higher multimers of dimers. A covalent link can also be formed between two oxidized Trp114 residues of two subunits from two separate TrxR1 dimers, as found both in cell extracts and in a crystal structure of tetrameric TrxR1. Formation of covalently linked TrxR1 subunits became exaggerated in cells on treatment with the pro-oxidant p53-reactivating anticancer compound RITA, in direct correlation with triggering of a cell death that could be prevented by antioxidant treatment. These results collectively suggest that Trp114 of TrxR1 serves a function reminiscent of an irreversible sensor for excessive oxidation, thereby presenting a previously unrecognized level of regulation of TrxR1 function in relation to cellular redox state and cell death induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S E Eriksson
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Cebula
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Sandalova
- Division of Molecular Structural Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Hedström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Pader
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Q Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C R Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - W E Antholine
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - P Nagy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology, National Institute of Oncology, Rath György ut 7-91, 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - U Hellman
- Ludwig Institutet for Cancer Research Ltd., Uppsala University BMC, SE-75 124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Selivanova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Lindqvist
- Division of Molecular Structural Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Zawacka-Pankau J, Kostecka A, Sznarkowska A, Hedström E, Kawiak A. p73 tumor suppressor protein: A close relative of p53 not only in structure but also in anti-cancer approach? Cell Cycle 2014; 9:720-8. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.4.10668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Shi Y, Nikulenkov F, Zawacka-Pankau J, Li H, Gabdoulline R, Xu J, Eriksson S, Hedström E, Issaeva N, Kel A, Arnér ESJ, Selivanova G. ROS-dependent activation of JNK converts p53 into an efficient inhibitor of oncogenes leading to robust apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:612-23. [PMID: 24413150 PMCID: PMC3950324 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rescue of the p53 tumor suppressor is an attractive cancer therapy approach. However, pharmacologically activated p53 can induce diverse responses ranging from cell death to growth arrest and DNA repair, which limits the efficient application of p53-reactivating drugs in clinic. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms defining the biological outcome upon p53 activation remains a grand challenge in the p53 field. Here, we report that concurrent pharmacological activation of p53 and inhibition of thioredoxin reductase followed by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), result in the synthetic lethality in cancer cells. ROS promote the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and DNA damage response, which establishes a positive feedback loop with p53. This converts the p53-induced growth arrest/senescence to apoptosis. We identified several survival oncogenes inhibited by p53 in JNK-dependent manner, including Mcl1, PI3K, eIF4E, as well as p53 inhibitors Wip1 and MdmX. Further, we show that Wip1 is one of the crucial executors downstream of JNK whose ablation confers the enhanced and sustained p53 transcriptional response contributing to cell death. Our study provides novel insights for manipulating p53 response in a controlled way. Further, our results may enable new pharmacological strategy to exploit abnormally high ROS level, often linked with higher aggressiveness in cancer, to selectively kill cancer cells upon pharmacological reactivation of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Nikulenkov
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Zawacka-Pankau
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet 17177, Stockholm, Sweden [2] Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, UG-MUG 80-822, Gdansk, Poland
| | - H Li
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - J Xu
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Eriksson
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Hedström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Issaeva
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Kel
- geneXplain GmbH D-38302, Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - E S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Selivanova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
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Burmakin M, Shi Y, Hedström E, Kogner P, Selivanova G. Dual targeting of wild-type and mutant p53 by small molecule RITA results in the inhibition of N-Myc and key survival oncogenes and kills neuroblastoma cells in vivo and in vitro. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5092-103. [PMID: 23864164 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Restoration of the p53 function in tumors is a promising therapeutic strategy due to the high potential of p53 as tumor suppressor and the fact that established tumors depend on p53 inactivation for their survival. Here, we addressed the question whether small molecule RITA can reactivate p53 in neuroblastoma and suppress the growth of neuroblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The ability of RITA to inhibit growth and to induce apoptosis was shown in seven neuroblastoma cell lines. Mechanistic studies were carried out to determine the p53 dependence and the molecular mechanism of RITA-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma, using cell viability assays, RNAi silencing, co-immunoprecipitation, qPCR, and Western blotting analysis. In vivo experiments were conducted to study the effect of RITA on human neuroblastoma xenografts in mice. RESULTS RITA induced p53-dependent apoptosis in a set of seven neuroblastoma cell lines, carrying wild-type or mutant p53; it activated p53 and triggered the expression of proapoptotic p53 target genes. Importantly, p53 activated by RITA inhibited several key oncogenes that are high-priority targets for pharmacologic anticancer strategies in neuroblastoma, including N-Myc, Aurora kinase, Mcl-1, Bcl-2, Wip-1, MDM2, and MDMX. Moreover, RITA had a strong antitumor effect in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Reactivation of wild-type and mutant p53 resulting in the induction of proapoptotic factors along with ablation of key oncogenes by compounds such as RITA may be a highly effective strategy to treat neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Burmakin
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell biology (MTC); and Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Farnebo M, Hedström E, Edgren M, Henriksson S. 13 Proffered Paper: The Cajal Body Protein WRAP53β - a Novel Player in the Early DNA Damage Response. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)70717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hedström E, Eriksson S, Zawacka-Pankau J, Arnér ESJ, Selivanova G. p53-dependent inhibition of TrxR1 contributes to the tumor-specific induction of apoptosis by RITA. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:3584-91. [PMID: 19838062 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.21.9977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is a key regulator in many redox-dependent cellular pathways, and is often overexpressed in cancer. Several studies have identified TrxR1 as a potentially important target for anticancer therapy. The low molecular weight compound RITA (NSC 652287) binds p53 and induces p53-dependent apoptosis. Here we found that RITA also targets TrxR1 by non-covalent binding, followed by inhibition of its activity in vitro and by inhibition of TrxR activity in cancer cells. Interestingly, a novel approximately 130 kDa form of TrxR1, presumably representing a stable covalently linked dimer, and an increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were induced by RITA in cancer cells in a p53-dependent manner. Similarly, the gold-based TrxR inhibitor auranofin induced apoptosis related to oxidative stress, but independently of p53 and without apparent induction of the approximately 130 kDa form of TrxR1. In contrast to the effects observed in cancer cells, RITA did not inhibit TrxR or ROS formation in normal fibroblasts (NHDF). The inhibition of TrxR1 can sensitize tumor cells to agents that induce oxidative stress and may directly trigger cell death. Thus, our results suggest that a unique p53-dependent effect of RITA on TrxR1 in cancer cells might synergize with p53-dependent induction of pro-apoptotic genes and oxidative stress, thereby leading to a robust induction of cancer cell death, without affecting non-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hedström
- Department for Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Enge M, Bao W, Hedström E, Jackson SP, Moumen A, Selivanova G. MDM2-dependent downregulation of p21 and hnRNP K provides a switch between apoptosis and growth arrest induced by pharmacologically activated p53. Cancer Cell 2009; 15:171-83. [PMID: 19249676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We have previously identified the p53-reactivating compound RITA in a cell-based screen. Here, using microarray analysis, we show that the global transcriptional response of tumor cells to RITA is p53 dependent. Pathway analysis revealed induction of the p53 apoptosis pathway, consistent with apoptosis being the major response to RITA in cancer cells. We uncovered that MDM2 released from p53 by RITA promotes degradation of p21 and the p53 cofactor hnRNP K, required for p21 transcription. Functional studies revealed MDM2-dependent inhibition of p21 as a key switch regulating cell fate decisions upon p53 reactivation. Our results emphasize the utility of targeting wild-type p53 protein itself as a promising approach for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Enge
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Hedström E, Issaeva N, Enge M, Selivanova G. Tumor-specific induction of apoptosis by a p53-reactivating compound. Exp Cell Res 2008; 315:451-61. [PMID: 19071110 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor function of p53 is disabled in the majority of tumors, either by a point mutation of the p53 gene, or via MDM2-dependent proteasomal degradation. We have screened a chemical library using a cell-based assay and identified a low molecular weight compound named MITA which induced wild-type p53-dependent cell death in a variety of different types of human tumor cells, such as lung, colon and breast carcinoma cells, as well as in osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma-derived cells. MITA inhibited p53-MDM2 interaction in vitro and in cells, which in turn prevented MDM2-mediated ubiquitination of p53 and resulted in a prolonged half-life and accumulation of p53 in tumor cells. Notably, p53 induction by MITA resulted in upregulated expression of p53 target genes MDM2, Bax, Gadd45 and PUMA, on protein and mRNA level. Importantly, neither p53 nor these target genes were induced in normal human fibroblasts (HDFs), which correlated with the absence of growth suppression in fibroblasts after treatment with MITA. However, upon activation of oncogenes in fibroblasts an induction and activation of p53 was observed, suggesting that activation of p53 by MITA occurs predominantly in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hedström
- The Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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