1
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Alabiso W, Sölle B, Reisinger D, Guedes de la Cruz G, Schmallegger M, Griesser T, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. On-Demand Activation of Transesterification by Chemical Amplification in Dynamic Thiol-Ene Photopolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311341. [PMID: 37677110 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical amplification is a well-established concept in photoresist technology, wherein one photochemical event leads to a cascade of follow-up reactions that facilitate a controlled change in the solubility of a polymer. Herein, we transfer this concept to dynamic polymer networks to liberate both catalyst and functional groups required for bond exchange reactions under UV irradiation. For this, we exploit a photochemically generated acid to catalyse a deprotection reaction of an acid-labile tert-butoxycarbonyl group, which is employed to mask the hydroxy groups of a vinyl monomer. At the same time, the released acid serves as a catalyst for thermo-activated transesterifications between the deprotected hydroxy and ester moieties. Introduced in an orthogonally cured (450 nm) thiol-click photopolymer, this approach allows for a spatio-temporally controlled activation of bond exchange reactions, which is crucial in light of the creep resistance versus reflow ability trade-off of dynamic polymer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Bernhard Sölle
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Gema Guedes de la Cruz
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Max Schmallegger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9/I (A), A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
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2
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Hausberger A, Pecora M, Favier D, Rossegger E, Tockner M, Ules T, Haselmann M, Schlögl S, Gauthier C. In Situ Observation of Micro-Patterned Elastomeric Surfaces: The Formation of the Area of Real Contact and the Influence on Its Friction and Deformation Behaviour. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6489. [PMID: 37834628 PMCID: PMC10573622 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Structured surfaces, which are the basis of the lotus blossom effect, have great potential to serve/operate as functionalised surfaces, i.e., surfaces with specific and/or adjustable properties. In the present study, the aim is to use micro-structured elastomeric surfaces to specifically influence the friction and deformation behaviours on the basis of the shape and arrangement of the structures. Thiol-acrylate-based photopolymers patterned via nanoimprint lithography were investigated by using an in situ tribological measurement set-up. A clear influence of the different structures on the surface's friction behaviour could be shown, and, furthermore, this could be brought into relation with the real area of contact. This finding provides an important contribution to further development steps, namely, to give the structures switchable properties in order to enable the control of friction properties in a targeted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hausberger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Marina Pecora
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.P.); (D.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Damien Favier
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.P.); (D.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Martin Tockner
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Thomas Ules
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Matthias Haselmann
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Christian Gauthier
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.P.); (D.F.); (C.G.)
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3
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Kashef Tabrizian S, Alabiso W, Shaukat U, Terryn S, Rossegger E, Brancart J, Legrand J, Schlögl S, Vanderborght B. Vitrimeric shape memory polymer-based fingertips for adaptive grasping. Front Robot AI 2023; 10:1206579. [PMID: 37501744 PMCID: PMC10369050 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2023.1206579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The variability in the shapes and sizes of objects presents a significant challenge for two-finger robotic grippers when it comes to manipulating them. Based on the chemistry of vitrimers (a new class of polymer materials that have dynamic covalent bonds, which allow them to reversibly change their mechanical properties under specific conditions), we present two designs as 3D-printed shape memory polymer-based shape-adaptive fingertips (SMP-SAF). The fingertips have two main properties needed for an effective grasping. First, the ability to adapt their shape to different objects. Second, exhibiting variable rigidity, to lock and retain this new shape without the need for any continuous external triggering system. Our two design strategies are: 1) A curved part, which is suitable for grasping delicate and fragile objects. In this mode and prior to gripping, the SMP-SAFs are straightened by the force of the parallel gripper and are adapted to the object by shape memory activation. 2) A straight part that takes on the form of the objects by contact force with them. This mode is better suited for gripping hard bodies and provides a more straightforward shape programming process. The SMP-SAFs can be programmed by heating them up above glass transition temperature (54°C) via Joule-effect of the integrated electrically conductive wire or by using a heat gun, followed by reshaping by the external forces (without human intervention), and subsequently fixing the new shape upon cooling. As the shape programming process is time-consuming, this technique suits adaptive sorting lines where the variety of objects is not changed from grasp to grasp, but from batch to batch.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Usman Shaukat
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Leoben, Austria
| | - Seppe Terryn
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Brussels, Belgium
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Legrand
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Bram Vanderborght
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Cazin I, Rossegger E, Roppolo I, Sangermano M, Granitzer P, Rumpf K, Schlögl S. Digital light processing 3D printing of dynamic magneto-responsive thiol-acrylate composites. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17536-17544. [PMID: 37304810 PMCID: PMC10253501 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02504g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is one of the most promising processing techniques for fabricating customized 3D objects. For the 3D printing of functional and stimuli-triggered devices, interest is steadily growing in processing materials with magnetic properties. Synthesis routes for magneto-responsive soft materials typically involve the dispersion of (nano)particles into a non-magnetic polymer matrix. Above their glass transition temperature, the shape of such composites can be conveniently adjusted by applying an external magnetic field. With their rapid response time, facile controllability, and reversible actuation, magnetically responsive soft materials can be used in the biomedical field (e.g. drug delivery, minimally invasive surgery), soft robotics or in electronic applications. Herein, we combine the magnetic response with thermo-activated healability by introducing magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles into a dynamic photopolymer network, which undergoes thermo-activated bond exchange reactions. The resin is based on a radically curable thiol-acrylate system, whose composition is optimized towards processability via digital light processing 3D printing. A mono-functional methacrylate phosphate is applied as a stabilizer to increase the resins' shelf life by preventing thiol-Michael reactions. Once photocured, the organic phosphate further acts as a transesterification catalyst and activates bond exchange reactions at elevated temperature, which render the magneto-active composites mendable and malleable. The healing performance is demonstrated by recovering magnetic and mechanical properties after the thermally triggered mending of 3D-printed structures. We further demonstrate the magnetically driven movement of 3D-printed samples, which gives rise to the potential use of these materials in healable soft devices activated by external magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cazin
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 10124 Torino Italy
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 10124 Torino Italy
| | - Petra Granitzer
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz Universitätsplatz 3 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Klemens Rumpf
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz Universitätsplatz 3 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
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5
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Rossegger E, Strasser J, Höller R, Fleisch M, Berer M, Schlögl S. Wavelength Selective Multi‐Material 3D Printing of Soft Active Devices Using Orthogonal Photoreactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202370005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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6
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Rossegger E, Strasser J, Höller R, Fleisch M, Berer M, Schlögl S. Wavelength Selective Multi-Material 3D Printing of Soft Active Devices Using Orthogonal Photoreactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200586. [PMID: 36107158 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Orthogonal photoreactions provide a unique way to locally and independently control (thermo)mechanical properties and functionality of polymer networks simply by choice of the wavelength. Herein, a library of acrylate functional coumarin monomers is synthesized, which are cured by sequence-dependent wavelength orthogonality. In the presence of a long wavelength absorbing photoinitiator, the monomers undergo rapid curing by visible light induced radical chain growth polymerization. Subsequent irradiation with light in the UV-A region selectively initiates the [2+2] photocycloaddition of the coumarin chromophores, which is confirmed by FTIR and UV-vis experiments. Through a well-targeted design, acrylate-based and thiol-acrylate resin formulations are prepared, whose fast curing rate, low viscosity, and prolonged storage stability enable the one-step fabrication of multi-material structures by digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. By using a dual-wavelength printer, which operates at two different wavelengths (405 and 365 nm), objects comprising soft (ε = 22%, σ = 7.5 MPa) and stiff (ε = 2%, σ = 8.3 MPa) domains are printed with a single resin vat. Along with tensile properties, the wavelength selective change in the network structure features a local control of the glass transition temperature (ΔTg = 17 °C) in the 3D-printed objects. Soft active devices are fabricated by dual-wavelength DLP 3D printing, with distinct domains having a higher Tg and the local programming of multi shapes is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Jakob Strasser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Rita Höller
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Mathias Fleisch
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Michael Berer
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
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7
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Rossegger E, Li Y, Frommwald H, Schlögl S. Vat photopolymerization 3D printing with light-responsive thiol-norbornene photopolymers. Monatsh Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-03016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Shaukat U, Sölle B, Rossegger E, Rana S, Schlögl S. Vat Photopolymerization 3D-Printing of Dynamic Thiol-Acrylate Photopolymers Using Bio-Derived Building Blocks. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245377. [PMID: 36559744 PMCID: PMC9784638 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As an energy-efficient additive manufacturing process, vat photopolymerization 3D-printing has become a convenient technology to fabricate functional devices with high resolution and freedom in design. However, due to their permanently crosslinked network structure, photopolymers are not easily reprocessed or repaired. To improve the environmental footprint of 3D-printed objects, herein, we combine the dynamic nature of hydroxyl ester links, undergoing a catalyzed transesterification at elevated temperature, with an acrylate monomer derived from renewable resources. As a sustainable building block, we synthesized an acrylated linseed oil and mixed it with selected thiol crosslinkers. By careful selection of the transesterification catalyst, we obtained dynamic thiol-acrylate resins with a high cure rate and decent storage stability, which enabled the digital light processing (DLP) 3D-printing of objects with a structure size of 550 µm. Owing to their dynamic covalent bonds, the thiol-acrylate networks were able to relax 63% of their initial stress within 22 min at 180 °C and showed enhanced toughness after thermal annealing. We exploited the thermo-activated reflow of the dynamic networks to heal and re-shape the 3D-printed objects. The dynamic thiol-acrylate photopolymers also demonstrated promising healing, shape memory, and re-shaping properties, thus offering great potential for various industrial fields such as soft robotics and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Shaukat
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Bernhard Sölle
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Sravendra Rana
- School of Engineering, Energy Acres, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, India
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (S.S.); Tel.: +91-9720524191 (S.R.); Tel.: +43-3842-402-2354 (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (S.S.); Tel.: +91-9720524191 (S.R.); Tel.: +43-3842-402-2354 (S.S.)
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9
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Sharma H, Rana S, Singh P, Hayashi M, Binder WH, Rossegger E, Kumar A, Schlögl S. Self-healable fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites: overview and future prospects. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32569-32582. [PMID: 36425695 PMCID: PMC9661690 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve sustainable development goals, approaches towards the preparation of recyclable and healable polymeric materials is highly attractive. Self-healing polymers and thermosets based on bond-exchangeable dynamic covalent bonds, so called "vitrimers" could be a great effort in this direction. In order to match the industrial importance, enhancement of mechanical strength without sacrificing the bond exchange capability is a challenging issue, however, such concerns can be overcome through the developments of fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites. This article covers the outstanding features of fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites, including their reprocessing, recycling and self-healing properties, together with practical applications and future perspectives of this unique class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sharma
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Poonam Singh
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 Halle 06120 Germany
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Chemistry of Functional Polymers, Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Ajay Kumar
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Chemistry of Functional Polymers, Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
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Shaukat U, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. A Review of Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Materials via Vat Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122449. [PMID: 35746024 PMCID: PMC9227803 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing of materials is a prominent process technology which involves the fabrication of materials layer-by-layer or point-by-point in a subsequent manner. With recent advancements in additive manufacturing, the technology has excited a great potential for extension of simple designs to complex multi-material geometries. Vat photopolymerization is a subdivision of additive manufacturing which possesses many attractive features, including excellent printing resolution, high dimensional accuracy, low-cost manufacturing, and the ability to spatially control the material properties. However, the technology is currently limited by design strategies, material chemistries, and equipment limitations. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive comparison of different additive manufacturing technologies along with detailed knowledge on advances in multi-material vat photopolymerization technologies. Furthermore, we describe popular material chemistries both from the past and more recently, along with future prospects to address the material-related limitations of vat photopolymerization. Examples of the impressive multi-material capabilities inspired by nature which are applicable today in multiple areas of life are briefly presented in the applications section. Finally, we describe our point of view on the future prospects of 3D printed multi-material structures as well as on the way forward towards promising further advancements in vat photopolymerization.
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11
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Truszkiewicz E, Thalhamer A, Rossegger M, Vetter M, Meier G, Rossegger E, Fuchs P, Schlögl S, Berer M. Mechanical behavior of
3D
‐printed polymeric metamaterials for lightweight applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marlene Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
- HTL Kapfenberg Kapfenberg Austria
| | - Mario Vetter
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
- HTL Kapfenberg Kapfenberg Austria
| | - Gerald Meier
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
| | | | - Peter Fuchs
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
| | | | - Michael Berer
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
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12
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Shaukat U, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. Thiol–acrylate based vitrimers: From their structure–property relationship to the additive manufacturing of self-healable soft active devices. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Reisinger D, Kaiser S, Rossegger E, Alabiso W, Rieger B, Schlögl S. Introduction of Photolatent Bases for Locally Controlling Dynamic Exchange Reactions in Thermo-Activated Vitrimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14302-14306. [PMID: 33929092 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitrimers exhibit a covalently crosslinked network structure, as is characteristic of classic thermosetting polymers. However, they are capable of rearranging their network topology by thermo-activated associative exchange reactions when the topology freezing transition temperature (Tv ) is exceeded. Despite the vast number of developed vitrimers, there is a serious lack of methods that enable a (spatially) controlled onset of these rearrangement reactions above Tv . Herein, we highlight the localized release of the efficient transesterification catalyst 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) by the UV-induced cleavage of a photolatent base within a covalently crosslinked thiol-epoxy network. Demonstrated with stress relaxation measurements conducted well above the network's Tv , only the controlled release of TBD facilitates the immediate onset of transesterification in terms of a viscoelastic flow. Moreover, the spatially resolved UV-mediated photoactivation of vitrimeric properties is confirmed by permanent shape changes induced locally in the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Simon Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
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14
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Reisinger D, Kaiser S, Rossegger E, Alabiso W, Rieger B, Schlögl S. Einsatz photolatenter Basen zur lokalen Kontrolle dynamischer Austauschreaktionen in thermisch aktivierbaren Vitrimeren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Simon Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
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15
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Moazzen K, Rossegger E, Alabiso W, Shaukat U, Schlögl S. Role of Organic Phosphates and Phosphonates in Catalyzing Dynamic Exchange Reactions in Thiol‐Click Vitrimers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Moazzen
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Usman Shaukat
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
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16
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Rossegger E, Höller R, Reisinger D, Fleisch M, Strasser J, Wieser V, Griesser T, Schlögl S. High resolution additive manufacturing with acrylate based vitrimers using organic phosphates as transesterification catalyst. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Romano A, Sangermano M, Rossegger E, Mühlbacher I, Griesser T, Giebler M, Palmara G, Frascella F, Roppolo I, Schlögl S. Hybrid silica micro-particles with light-responsive surface properties and Janus-like character. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00459j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present work highlights the synthesis and post-modification of silica-based micro-particles containing photo-responsive polymer brushes with photolabile o-nitrobenzyl ester (o-NBE) chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Romano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - M. Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - E. Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - I. Mühlbacher
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - T. Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - M. Giebler
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - G. Palmara
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - F. Frascella
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - I. Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - S. Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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18
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Rossegger E, Moazzen K, Fleisch M, Schlögl S. Locally controlling dynamic exchange reactions in 3D printed thiol-acrylate vitrimers using dual-wavelength digital light processing. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00427a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A photolatent transesterification catalyst is applied to locally switch on and control topological rearrangements in 3D printable thiol-acrylate vitrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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19
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Rossegger E, Höller R, Reisinger D, Strasser J, Fleisch M, Griesser T, Schlögl S. Digital light processing 3D printing with thiol–acrylate vitrimers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01520b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The customized fabrication of soft active devices with self-healing function is demonstrated by 3D printing with vitrimeric thiol–acrylate photopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Höller
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | | | - Jakob Strasser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | | | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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20
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Cazin I, Rossegger E, Guedes de la Cruz G, Griesser T, Schlögl S. Recent Advances in Functional Polymers Containing Coumarin Chromophores. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E56. [PMID: 33375724 PMCID: PMC7794725 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives have gained increased attention in the design of functional polymers and polymer networks due to their unique optical, biological, and photochemical properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview over recent developments in macromolecular architecture and mainly covers examples from the literature published from 2004 to 2020. Along with a discussion on coumarin and its photochemical properties, we focus on polymers containing coumarin as a nonreactive moiety as well as polymer systems exploiting the dimerization and/or reversible nature of the [2πs + 2πs] cycloaddition reaction. Coumarin moieties undergo a reversible [2πs + 2πs] cycloaddition reaction upon irradiation with specific wavelengths in the UV region, which is applied to impart intrinsic healability, shape-memory, and reversible properties into polymers. In addition, coumarin chromophores are able to dimerize under the exposure to direct sunlight, which is a promising route for the synthesis and cross-linking of polymer systems under "green" and environment-friendly conditions. Along with the chemistry and design of coumarin functional polymers, we highlight various future application fields of coumarin containing polymers involving tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, soft robotics, or 4D printing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cazin
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (I.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (I.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Gema Guedes de la Cruz
- Department Polymer Engineering and Science, Institute Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (G.G.d.l.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Department Polymer Engineering and Science, Institute Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (G.G.d.l.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (I.C.); (E.R.)
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21
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Gloger D, Rossegger E, Gahleitner M, Wagner C. Plastic drawing response in the biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) process: polymer structure and film casting effects. Journal of Polymer Engineering 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2019-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractProcessing isotactic polypropylene (iPP) from cast film into biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) involves plastic drawing of a semi-crystalline morphology in the melting range of iPP, where the crystal phase is reduced and the polymer has high mobility. The literature claims that plastic drawing in general and at elevated temperatures in particular depends predominantly on the structure of the amorphous entanglement network. We investigated this aspect using laboratory-scale biaxial drawing experiments. Three iPP homopolymer types differing in chain isotacticity and molecular weight distribution were extruded into 200-μm-thick primary sheets using 10 different extrusion settings. The sheets were biaxially drawn on a laboratory stretcher at 157°C and 160°C, recording the respective stress-strain curves. These curves were evaluated according to a rubber elasticity model to obtain the network modulus, GN, of the entanglement network. The effects of iPP type, the extrusion parameters, the resulting cast film properties, and the draw temperature on GN are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Gloger
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt-Peter-Straße 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt-Peter-Straße 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt-Peter-Straße 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Christina Wagner
- Brückner Maschinenbau GmbH & Co. KG, Königsberger Str. 5-7, 83313 Siegsdorf, Germany
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22
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Romano A, Roppolo I, Rossegger E, Schlögl S, Sangermano M. Recent Trends in Applying Rrtho-Nitrobenzyl Esters for the Design of Photo-Responsive Polymer Networks. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E2777. [PMID: 32575481 PMCID: PMC7344511 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymers with light-responsive groups have gained increased attention in the design of functional materials, as they allow changes in polymers properties, on demand, and simply by light exposure. For the synthesis of polymers and polymer networks with photolabile properties, the introduction o-nitrobenzyl alcohol (o-NB) derivatives as light-responsive chromophores has become a convenient and powerful route. Although o-NB groups were successfully exploited in numerous applications, this review pays particular attention to the studies in which they were included as photo-responsive moieties in thin polymer films and functional polymer coatings. The review is divided into four different sections according to the chemical structure of the polymer networks: (i) acrylate and methacrylate; (ii) thiol-click; (iii) epoxy; and (iv) polydimethylsiloxane. We conclude with an outlook of the present challenges and future perspectives of the versatile and unique features of o-NB chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Romano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.R.); (I.R.)
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.R.); (I.R.)
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben 8700, Austria; (E.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben 8700, Austria; (E.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.R.); (I.R.)
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23
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Romano A, Angelini A, Rossegger E, Palmara G, Castellino M, Frascella F, Chiappone A, Chiadò A, Sangermano M, Schlögl S, Roppolo I. Laser‐Triggered Writing and Biofunctionalization of Thiol‐Ene Networks. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000084. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Romano
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Angelo Angelini
- Advanced Materials Metrology and Life SciencesIstituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica Strada delle Cacce 91 Torino 10135 Italy
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Gianluca Palmara
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Micaela Castellino
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Francesca Frascella
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiappone
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Alessandro Chiadò
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
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24
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Rossegger E, Nees D, Turisser S, Radl S, Griesser T, Schlögl S. Photo-switching of surface wettability on micropatterned photopolymers for fast transport of water droplets over a long-distance. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Long distance movement (>20 mm) of water droplets across thiol–acrylate photopolymers with inscribed wettability and Laplace pressure gradient is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - D. Nees
- Joanneum Research GmbH
- A-8160 Weiz
- Austria
| | - S. Turisser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - S. Radl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - T. Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - S. Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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25
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Taudt C, Nelsen B, Rossegger E, Schlögl S, Koch E, Hartmann P. Spatially Resolved Cross-Linking Characterization by Imaging Low-Coherence Interferometry. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19051152. [PMID: 30866475 PMCID: PMC6427346 DOI: 10.3390/s19051152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method to characterize cross-linking differences in polymers such as waveguide polymers has been developed. The method is based on the scan-free information acquisition utilizing a low-coherence interferometer in conjunction with an imaging spectrometer. By the introduction of a novel analyzing algorithm, the recorded spectral-phase data was interpreted as wavelength-dependent optical thickness which is matchable with the refractive index and therefore with the degree of cross-linking. In the course of this work, the method was described in its hardware and algorithmic implementation as well as in its accuracy. Comparative measurements and error estimations showed an accuracy in the range of 10−6 in terms of the refractive index. Finally, photo-lithographically produced samples with laterally defined cross-linking differences have been characterized. It could be shown, that differences in the optical thickness of ±1.5 μm are distinguishable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Taudt
- Faculty of Physical Engineering/Computer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Zwickau, D-08056 Zwickau, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Application Center for Optical Metrology and Surface Technologies, D-08056 Zwickau, Germany.
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Bryan Nelsen
- Faculty of Physical Engineering/Computer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Zwickau, D-08056 Zwickau, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Application Center for Optical Metrology and Surface Technologies, D-08056 Zwickau, Germany.
| | | | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, AT-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Edmund Koch
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Peter Hartmann
- Faculty of Physical Engineering/Computer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Zwickau, D-08056 Zwickau, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Application Center for Optical Metrology and Surface Technologies, D-08056 Zwickau, Germany.
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26
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Abstract
Rapid and directional movement of water droplets across a photopolymer surface with inscribed wettability and Laplace pressure gradient is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - D. Hennen
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer based Ink-Jet Inks
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - T. Griesser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer based Ink-Jet Inks
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben
| | - I. Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - S. Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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27
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Fimberger M, Schenk V, Rossegger E, Wiesbrock F. UV-Induced Crosslinking of Poly[2-(2’-Norbornenyl)-2-Oxazoline]s. Per Pol Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.3311/ppch.7206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fimberger
- Graz University of Technology, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
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28
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Schenk V, Ellmaier L, Rossegger E, Edler M, Griesser T, Weidinger G, Wiesbrock F. Water-Developable Poly(2-oxazoline)-Based Negative Photoresists. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:396-400. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Rossegger E, Oláh L, Fischer R, Kaschnitz P, Varga O, Kállay M, Scheipl G, Stelzer F, Wiesbrock F. Synthesis of a poly(2-azanorbornene) with a high degree of cis-TT-stereoregularity and a regular secondary solution structure. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20219k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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