An anatomic transcriptional atlas of human glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is an aggressive brain tumor that carries a poor prognosis. The tumor's molecular and cellular landscapes are complex, and their relationships to histologic features routinely used for diagnosis are unclear. We present the Ivy Glioblastoma Atlas, an anatomically based transcriptional atlas of human glioblastoma that aligns individual histologic features with genomic alterations and gene expression patterns, thus assigning molecular information to the most important morphologic hallmarks of the tumor. The atlas and its clinical and genomic database are freely accessible online data resources that will serve as a valuable platform for future investigations of glioblastoma pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.

A comprehensive transcriptional map of primate brain development

The transcriptional underpinnings of brain development remain poorly understood, particularly in humans and closely related non-human primates. We describe a high-resolution transcriptional atlas of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) brain development that combines dense temporal sampling of prenatal and postnatal periods with fine anatomical division of cortical and subcortical regions associated with human neuropsychiatric disease. Gene expression changes more rapidly before birth, both in progenitor cells and maturing neurons. Cortical layers and areas acquire adult-like molecular profiles surprisingly late in postnatal development. Disparate cell populations exhibit distinct developmental timing of gene expression, but also unexpected synchrony of processes underlying neural circuit construction including cell projection and adhesion. Candidate risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders including primary microcephaly, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and schizophrenia show disease-specific spatiotemporal enrichment within developing neocortex. Human developmental expression trajectories are more similar to monkey than rodent, although approximately 9% of genes show human-specific regulation with evidence for prolonged maturation or neoteny compared to monkey.

SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES FROM FUNGI

From each of five yeast-like fungi and a trichophyton there has been prepared a fraction which appears to be essentially a polysaccharide. Tested by direct precipitation against the corresponding antisera the polysaccharides from the yeast-like fungi exhibit only partial specificity. Cross-precipitin reactions are frequent. By absorption of precipitin on the intact mycotic bodies, however, a relatively high degree of specific precipitability can be demonstrated for the polysaccharides.

HYPERSENSITIVENESS TO SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES FROM YEAST-LIKE FUNGI : I. ANAPHYLAXIS

1. The polysaccharide fractions from each of five yeast-like fungi produce rapid, fatal anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs passively sensitized with antiserum from rabbits immunized against the killed organisms. 2. Cross-anaphylactic reactions with heterologous polysaccharide fractions are frequent. They parallel closely the cross-precipitin reactions, thus adding evidence in favor of the identity of precipitin and sensitizing antibody. 3. The polysaccharide fraction from Monilia psilosis produces anaphylactic death in guinea pigs actively sensitized with killed homologous organisms, but an attempt to sensitize actively with the polysaccharide fraction was unsuccessful.

Development of an Optical Triplicator for intravital video microscopy of oxygen saturation

The Optical Triplicator produces three copies of a portion of a microscopic image and places them side-by-side on the face of a video image tube, so that all three images can be viewed simultaneously in each video frame. The Optical Triplicator was used in an intravital microscopy assembly to obtain simultaneous images of a microvessel at three visible wavelengths selected to enable the accurate determination of oxygen saturation in microvessels of the hamster retractor muscle. An image processing system was used to obtain light intensity and optical density from video recordings made using the triplicator. Lumenal oxygen saturation profiles were determined using the measured intensity values and a published three wavelength photometric method.

HYPERSENSITIVENESS TO SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES FROM YEAST-LIKE FUNGI

The anterior chamber of the rabbit eye was sensitized by the local injection of heat-killed Monilia psilosis. Subsequent intravenous injection of a polysaccharide fraction prepared from the same organism elicited a reaction in the sensitized eye in five of twelve rabbits.