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Kappos L, Edan G, Freedman MS, Hartung HP, Montalbán X, Barkhof F, Koelbach R, MacManus DG, Wicklein EM. Long-term clinical outcomes in patients with CIS treated with interferon beta-1b: results from the 15-year follow up of the BENEFIT trial. J Neurol 2024:10.1007/s00415-024-12417-x. [PMID: 38730097 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment intervention with immunomodulating therapy at early disease stage improves short term clinical outcomes. The objective of this study is to describe the long-term outcomes and healthcare utilization of patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) included in the Betaferon®/Betaseron® in Newly Emerging MS for Initial Treatment (BENEFIT) randomized, parallel group trial. In BENEFIT patients were assigned to "early" IFNB-1b treatment or placebo ("delayed" treatment). After 2 years or conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS), all patients were offered IFNB-1b and were reassessed 15 years later. Of 468 patients, 261 (55.8%) were enrolled into BENEFIT 15 (161 [55.1%] from the early, 100 [56.8%] from the delayed treatment arm). In the full BENEFIT analysis set, risk of conversion to CDMS remained lower in the early treatment group ( - 30.5%; hazard ratio 0.695 [95% CI, 0.547-0.883]; p = 0.0029) with a 15.7% lower risk of relapse than in the delayed treatment group (p = 0.1008). Overall, 25 patients (9.6%; 9.9% early, 9.0% delayed) converted to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Disability remained low and stable with no significant difference between groups in Expanded Disability Status Scale score or MRI metrics. Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task-3 scores were better in the early treatment group (p = 0.0036 for treatment effect over 15 years). 66.3% of patients were still employed at Year 15 versus 74.7% at baseline. In conclusion, results 15 years from initial randomization support long-term benefits of early treatment with IFNB-1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Kappos
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), Departments of Head-Organs, Spine and Neuromedicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital and University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 2, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Mark S Freedman
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xavier Montalbán
- Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing, UCL, London, UK
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Manuel Escobar J, Cortese M, Edan G, Freedman MS, Hartung HP, Montalbán X, Sandbrink R, Radü EW, Barkhof F, Wicklein EM, Kappos L, Ascherio A, Munger KL. Body mass index as a predictor of MS activity and progression among participants in BENEFIT. Mult Scler 2022; 28:1277-1285. [PMID: 34994579 DOI: 10.1177/13524585211061861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of studies on the association between obesity and conversion from a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) to multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether obesity predicts disease activity and prognosis in patients with CIS. METHODS Body mass index (BMI) at baseline was available for 464 patients with CIS in BENEFIT. Obesity was defined as BMI ⩾ 30 kg/m2 and normal weight as 18.5 ⩽ BMI < 25. Patients were followed up for 5 years clinically and by magnetic resonance imaging. Hazard of conversion to clinically definite (CDMS) or to 2001 McDonald criteria (MDMS) MS, annual rate of relapse, sustained progression on Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), change in brain and lesion volume, and development of new brain lesions were evaluated. RESULTS Obese individuals were 39% more likely to convert to MDMS (95% CI: 1.02-1.91, p = 0.04) and had a 59% (95% CI: 1.01-2.31, p = 0.03) higher rate of relapse than individuals with normal weight. No associations were observed between obesity and conversion to CDMS, sustained progression on EDSS or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes, except for a larger reduction of brain volume in obese smokers as compared to normal weight smokers (-0.82%; 95% CI: -1.51 to -0.12, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Obesity was associated with faster conversion to MS (MDMS) and a higher relapse rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Escobar
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA/Department of Neurology, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marianna Cortese
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mark S Freedman
- University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xavier Montalbán
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rupert Sandbrink
- Topas Therapeutics GmbH, Hamburg, Germany/VICO Therapeutics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E-W Radü
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ludwig Kappos
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA/Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA/Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kassandra L Munger
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Butler O, Heeg S, Holl K, Frenz AK, Wicklein EM, Rametta M, Yeo S. Real-World Assessment of Interferon-β-1b and Interferon-β-1a Adherence Before and After the Introduction of the BETACONNECT ® Autoinjector: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2021; 8:359-367. [PMID: 33928518 PMCID: PMC8324614 DOI: 10.1007/s40801-021-00248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both interferon beta-1b (IFN-β-1b) and interferon beta-1a (IFN-β-1a) are immunomodulators that require regular subcutaneous self-administration by patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, no electronic autoinjector is available for IFN-β-1a in the US. OBJECTIVE This retrospective cohort study investigated adherence to two subcutaneous disease-modifying therapies, IFN-β-1b and IFN-β-1a, during two periods (before and after the introduction of the BETACONNECT® autoinjector for IFN-β-1b). PATIENTS AND METHODS Data were evaluated from the MarketScan database for adults in the US with an MS diagnosis and a medical claim for subcutaneous IFN-β-1b or IFN-β-1a, either before (October 2013-September 2015) or after the introduction of BETACONNECT (October 2016-September 2018). Patient populations were propensity-score matched by demographic and clinical characteristics. Persistence was recorded, and adherence was evaluated by medication possession ratio (MPR). RESULTS The study included 196 IFN-β-1b and 365 IFN-β-1a people with MS (PwMS) (pre-BETACONNECT period), and 126 IFN-β-1b and 223 IFN-β-1a PwMS (post-BETACONNECT period). In the pre-BETACONNECT period, the proportion with at least 80% MPR was higher for IFN-β-1a (90%) than for IFN-β-1b (83%), but in the post-BETACONNECT period the proportion with ≥ 80% MPR was higher for IFN-β-1b (92%) than for IFN-β-1a (86%). In the pre-BETACONNECT period, median persistence (in days) was higher for IFN-β-1a (199) than for IFN-β-1b (152), while in post-BETACONNECT period persistence was higher for IFN-β-1b (327) than for IFN-β-1a (229). CONCLUSIONS Following the introduction of BETACONNECT, this exploratory study suggested that PwMS taking IFN-β-1b were more adherent compared with those taking IFN-β-1a, with higher persistence, and more than 90% reached 80% MPR, a threshold commonly used to define good adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín Butler
- Medical Affairs and Pharmacovigilance, Pharmaceuticals, RWE Strategy & Outcomes Data Generation, Bayer AG, Building P300, 13342, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Simone Heeg
- Medical Affairs and Pharmacovigilance, Pharmaceuticals, RWE Strategy & Outcomes Data Generation, Bayer AG, Building P300, 13342, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katsiaryna Holl
- Medical Affairs and Pharmacovigilance, Pharmaceuticals, RWE Strategy & Outcomes Data Generation, Bayer AG, Building P300, 13342, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Eva-Maria Wicklein
- Medical Affairs and Pharmacovigilance, Pharmaceuticals, RWE Strategy & Outcomes Data Generation, Bayer AG, Building P300, 13342, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Rametta
- US Medical Affairs, Specialty Medicine and Pipeline Products, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Whippany, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sandy Yeo
- Bayer (South East Asia) Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
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Patti F, Penaherrera JN, Zieger L, Wicklein EM. Clinical characteristics of middle-aged and older patients with MS treated with interferon beta-1b: post-hoc analysis of a 2-year, prospective, international, observational study. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:324. [PMID: 34425763 PMCID: PMC8381478 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02347-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite trends towards the increased age of patients living with multiple sclerosis (MS), little is known about the response of older adults with MS to disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Thus, a post-hoc analysis was undertaken using data from a 2-year, international, non-interventional, prospective cohort study (NCT00787657; BEACON: BEtaferon prospective study on Adherence, COping and Nurse support) of patients above the age of 40 years with MS and starting interferon beta-1b (IFNB-1b) treatment within 6 months before study entry. Methods Middle-aged and older patients with MS were divided into two sub-groups: 41–50 years and > 50 years. Treatment with IFNB-1b started within 6 months before study entry. Patients were followed-up for a 2-year observation period. Assessments included disease history and course, annualised relapse rate (ARR), Expanded Disability Scale Score (EDSS), treatment adherence, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and adverse events (AE). Results At baseline, the intention-to-treat (ITT) population (n = 481) aged 41–50 years (n = 327) and > 50 years (n = 154), had mean (standard deviation [SD]) ages of 45.1 (2.8) and 56.2 (4.2) years, maximum age of 72 years, and duration of MS since onset of symptoms of 3.9 (5.2) and 5.9 (7.1) years, respectively. At baseline, the proportion of patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) was 96.3 and 94.9 %, and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) was 3.7 and 5.1 %, in the 41–50 and > 50 years sub-groups, respectively. The ARR in the 2 years before study start was 0.93 (0.48) and 0.86 (0.54) for the 41–50 and > 50 years groups, respectively, and decreased since study start to 0.20 (1.09) and 0.07 (0.37), respectively. The percentage of patients with anxiety and depression, as measured by HADS, were stable over the study period. Polypharmacy (five or more medications) was seen in 32.3 and 41.2 % of patients aged 41–50 and > 50 years. No unexpected AEs were reported. Conclusions This study provides observational data on patients between 40 and 72 years of age, suggesting that IFNB-1b can be an effective and well-tolerated treatment option in MS patients of advanced age. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00787657.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | | | - Lorissa Zieger
- Parexel Inc (at the time of this analysis), Berlin, Germany.,Current address: Freelance Biostatistician, Berlin, Germany
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Cortese M, Munger KL, Martínez-Lapiscina EH, Barro C, Edan G, Freedman MS, Hartung HP, Montalbán X, Foley FW, Penner IK, Hemmer B, Fox EJ, Schippling S, Wicklein EM, Kappos L, Kuhle J, Ascherio A. Vitamin D, smoking, EBV, and long-term cognitive performance in MS: 11-year follow-up of BENEFIT. Neurology 2020; 94:e1950-e1960. [PMID: 32300060 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether vitamin D, smoking, and anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody concentrations predict long-term cognitive status and neuroaxonal injury in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS This study was conducted among 278 patients with clinically isolated syndrome who participated in the clinical trial BENEFIT (Betaferon/Betaseron in Newly Emerging Multiple Sclerosis for Initial Treatment) and completed the 11-year assessment (BENEFIT-11). We measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D), cotinine (smoking biomarker), and anti-Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) immunoglobulin G (IgG) at baseline and at months 6, 12, and 24 and examined whether these biomarkers contributed to predict Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)-3 scores and serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) concentrations at 11 years. Linear and logistic regression models were adjusted for sex, baseline age, treatment allocation, steroid treatment, multifocal symptoms, T2 lesions, and body mass index. RESULTS Higher vitamin D predicted better, whereas smoking predicted worse cognitive performance. A 50-nmol/L higher mean 25(OH)D in the first 2 years was related to 65% lower odds of poorer PASAT performance at year 11 (95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]: 0.14-0.89). Standardized PASAT scores were lower in smokers and heavy smokers than nonsmokers (p trend = 0.026). Baseline anti-EBNA-1 IgG levels did not predict cognitive performance (p trend = 0.88). Associations with NfL concentrations at year 11 corroborated these findings-a 50-nmol/L higher mean 25(OH)D in the first 2 years was associated with 20% lower NfL (95% CI: -36% to 0%), whereas smokers had 20% higher NfL levels than nonsmokers (95% CI: 2%-40%). Anti-EBNA-1 antibodies were not associated with NfL. CONCLUSIONS Lower vitamin D and smoking after clinical onset predicted worse long-term cognitive function and neuronal integrity in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Cortese
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Kassandra L Munger
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elena H Martínez-Lapiscina
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christian Barro
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gilles Edan
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mark S Freedman
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xavier Montalbán
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Frederick W Foley
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Iris Katharina Penner
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edward J Fox
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sven Schippling
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eva-Maria Wicklein
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jens Kuhle
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- From the Department of Nutrition (M.C., K.L.M, A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (M.C.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (E.H.M.-L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research (C.B., L.K., J.K.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M.S.F.), Ottawa, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany; St. Michael's Hospital (X.M.), University of Toronto, Canada and Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia (Cemcat) (X.M.), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (F.W.F.), Yeshiva University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (I.K.P.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf and COGITO Center for Applied Neurocognition and Neuropsychological Research (I.K.P.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Technical University of Munich (B.H.), School of Medicine and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich and Center for Neuroscience Zurich (S.S.), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer AG (E.-M.W.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Epidemiology (A.A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA and Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.A.); and Department of Medicine (A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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6
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Hellwig K, Duarte Caron F, Wicklein EM, Bhatti A, Adamo A. Pregnancy outcomes from the global pharmacovigilance database on interferon beta-1b exposure. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2020; 13:1756286420910310. [PMID: 32201504 PMCID: PMC7066586 DOI: 10.1177/1756286420910310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of the present cohort study was to review outcomes of patients exposed to interferon beta-1b during pregnancy. METHODS Pregnancy cases with exposure to interferon beta-1b reported to Bayer's pharmacovigilance (PV) database from worldwide sources from January 1995 through February 2018 were retrieved for evaluation. Only cases where pregnancy outcomes were unknown at the time of reporting (i.e. prospective cases) were included in the analysis of this retrospective cohort study. RESULTS As of February 2018, 2581 prospective pregnancies exposed to interferon beta-1b were retrieved from the database; 1348 pregnancies had documented outcomes. The majority of outcomes [1106 cases (82.0%)] were live births. Health status was known for 981 live births (no known health status for 125). Most of the prospective pregnancies with known outcomes corresponded to live births with no congenital anomalies [896 cases (91.3%)]. Spontaneous abortion occurred in 160 cases (11.9%). Congenital birth defects were observed in 14/981 live births with known health status [1.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78-2.38]. No consistent pattern in the type of birth defect was identified. Rates of both spontaneous abortion and birth defects were not higher than the general population. CONCLUSIONS These PV data, the largest sample of interferon beta-1b-exposed patients reported to date, suggest no increase in risk of spontaneous abortion or congenital anomalies in women exposed during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hellwig
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph and St. Elisabeth Hospital, Ruhr University, Bleichstrasse 15, Bochum, 44787, Germany
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7
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Bendfeldt K, Taschler B, Gaetano L, Madoerin P, Kuster P, Mueller-Lenke N, Amann M, Vrenken H, Wottschel V, Barkhof F, Borgwardt S, Klöppel S, Wicklein EM, Kappos L, Edan G, Freedman MS, Montalbán X, Hartung HP, Pohl C, Sandbrink R, Sprenger T, Radue EW, Wuerfel J, Nichols TE. MRI-based prediction of conversion from clinically isolated syndrome to clinically definite multiple sclerosis using SVM and lesion geometry. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 13:1361-1374. [PMID: 30155789 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuroanatomical pattern classification using support vector machines (SVMs) has shown promising results in classifying Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients based on individual structural magnetic resonance images (MRI). To determine whether pattern classification using SVMs facilitates predicting conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS) from clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). We used baseline MRI data from 364 patients with CIS, randomised to interferon beta-1b or placebo. Non-linear SVMs and 10-fold cross-validation were applied to predict converters/non-converters (175/189) at two years follow-up based on clinical and demographic data, lesion-specific quantitative geometric features and grey-matter-to-whole-brain volume ratios. We applied linear SVM analysis and leave-one-out cross-validation to subgroups of converters (n = 25) and non-converters (n = 44) based on cortical grey matter segmentations. Highest prediction accuracies of 70.4% (p = 8e-5) were reached with a combination of lesion-specific geometric (image-based) and demographic/clinical features. Cortical grey matter was informative for the placebo group (acc.: 64.6%, p = 0.002) but not for the interferon group. Classification based on demographic/clinical covariates only resulted in an accuracy of 56% (p = 0.05). Overall, lesion geometry was more informative in the interferon group, EDSS and sex were more important for the placebo cohort. Alongside standard demographic and clinical measures, both lesion geometry and grey matter based information can aid prediction of conversion to CDMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Bendfeldt
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG), Mittlere Str. 83, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Taschler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Laura Gaetano
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG), Mittlere Str. 83, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philip Madoerin
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG), Mittlere Str. 83, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Kuster
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG), Mittlere Str. 83, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Mueller-Lenke
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG), Mittlere Str. 83, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Amann
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG), Mittlere Str. 83, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Vrenken
- VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frederik Barkhof
- VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, UCL, London, UK
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG), Mittlere Str. 83, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry (1), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,King's College London, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Stefan Klöppel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg Brain Imaging, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Ludwig Kappos
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark S Freedman
- University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Pohl
- Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany.,Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rupert Sandbrink
- Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Till Sprenger
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG), Mittlere Str. 83, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst-Wilhelm Radue
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG), Mittlere Str. 83, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Wuerfel
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG), Mittlere Str. 83, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Goodin DS, Reder AT, Traboulsee AL, Li DK, Langdon D, Cutter G, Cook S, O'Donnell T, Kremenchutzky M, Oger J, Koelbach R, Pohl C, Wicklein EM. Predictive validity of NEDA in the 16- and 21-year follow-up from the pivotal trial of interferon beta-1b. Mult Scler 2018; 25:837-847. [PMID: 29761737 DOI: 10.1177/1352458518773511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term follow-up from the randomized trial of interferon beta-1b (IFNB-1b) permitted the assessment of different definitions of no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) for predicting long-term outcome in multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE To examine the predictive validity of different NEDA definitions. METHODS Predictive validity for negative disability outcomes (NDOs) at 16 years and survival at 21 years post-randomization were assessed. NEDA in the first 2 years was defined as follows: clinical NEDA: no relapses or Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) progression from baseline to Year 2; NEDA-3a: no relapses, no confirmed ⩾1-point EDSS progression, and no new T2-active lesions; NEDA-3b: no relapses, no EDSS progression, and no increase in T2 burden of disease (T2-BOD); and NEDA-4: no relapses, no EDSS progression, and no increase in T2-BOD or atrophy. NDOs were defined as death, need for wheelchair, EDSS ⩾6, or progressive MS. RESULTS A total of 245 and 371 patients were evaluated at 16 and 21 years, respectively. Clinical NEDA predicted NDOs ( p = 0.0029), as did baseline EDSS ( p < 0.0001), baseline T2-BOD ( p < 0.0001), and change in T2-BOD ( p = 0.0033). IFNB-1b treatment ( p = 0.0251), relapse rate in the 2 years before study start ( p = 0.0260), T2-BOD at baseline ( p = 0.0014), and change in T2-BOD ( p = 0.0129) predicted survival at 21 years. CONCLUSION Clinical NEDA predicted long-term disability outcome. By contrast, definitions of NEDA that included on-therapy changes in magnetic resonance imaging variables did not increase the predictive validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Goodin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anthony T Reder
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - David Kb Li
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dawn Langdon
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK
| | - Gary Cutter
- Department of Biostatistics, UAB School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stuart Cook
- Department of Neurosciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Joel Oger
- Department of Neurology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Christoph Pohl
- Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany; University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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9
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Buck D, Andlauer TF, Igl W, Wicklein EM, Mühlau M, Weber F, Köchert K, Pohl C, Arnason B, Comi G, Cook S, Filippi M, Hartung HP, Jeffery D, Kappos L, Barkhof F, Edan G, Freedman MS, Montalbán X, Müller-Myhsok B, Hemmer B. Effect of HLA-DRB1 alleles and genetic variants on the development of neutralizing antibodies to interferon beta in the BEYOND and BENEFIT trials. Mult Scler 2018. [PMID: 29521573 DOI: 10.1177/1352458518763089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) with interferon β can lead to the development of antibodies directed against interferon β that interfere with treatment efficacy. Several observational studies have proposed different HLA alleles and genetic variants associated with the development of antibodies against interferon β. OBJECTIVE To validate the proposed genetic markers and to identify new markers. METHODS Associations of genetic candidate markers with antibody presence and development were examined in a post hoc analysis in 941 patients treated with interferon β-1b in the Betaferon® Efficacy Yielding Outcomes of a New Dose (BEYOND) and BEtaseron®/BEtaferon® in Newly Emerging multiple sclerosis For Initial Treatment (BENEFIT) prospective phase III trials. All patients were treated with interferon β-1b for at least 6 months. In addition, a genome-wide association study was conducted to identify new genetic variants. RESULTS We confirmed an increased risk for carriers of HLA-DRB1*04:01 (odds ratio (OR) = 3.3, p = 6.9 × 10-4) and HLA-DRB1*07:01 (OR = 1.8, p = 3.5 × 10-3) for developing neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Several additional, previously proposed HLA alleles and genetic variants showed nominally significant associations. In the exploratory analysis, variants in the HLA region were associated with NAb development at genome-wide significance (OR = 2.6, p = 2.30 × 10-15). CONCLUSION The contribution of HLA alleles and HLA-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to the development and titer of antibodies against interferon β was confirmed in the combined analysis of two multi-national, multi-center studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Buck
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany/German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS), München, Germany
| | - Till Fm Andlauer
- German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS), München, Germany/Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany/Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany/Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | | | | | - Mark Mühlau
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany/German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS), München, Germany
| | - Frank Weber
- German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS), München, Germany/Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany/Neurological Clinic, Medical Park Bad Camberg, Bad Camberg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Pohl
- Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany/Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barry Arnason
- Department of Neurology, Surgery Brain Research Institutes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Experimental Neurology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Stuart Cook
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Frederik Barkhof
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, The Netherlands/UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, London, UK
| | | | - Mark S Freedman
- University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xavier Montalbán
- Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS), München, Germany/Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany/Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany/Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany/German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS), München, Germany/Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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10
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Fitzgerald KC, Munger KL, Hartung HP, Freedman MS, Montalbán X, Edan G, Wicklein EM, Radue EW, Kappos L, Pohl C, Ascherio A. Sodium intake and multiple sclerosis activity and progression in BENEFIT. Ann Neurol 2017; 82:20-29. [PMID: 28556498 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether a high-salt diet, as measured by urinary sodium concentration, is associated with faster conversion from clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) to multiple sclerosis (MS) and MS activity and disability. METHODS BENEFIT was a randomized clinical trial comparing early versus delayed interferon beta-1b treatment in 465 patients with a CIS. Each patient provided a median of 14 (interquartile range = 13-16) spot urine samples throughout the 5-year follow-up. We estimated 24-hour urine sodium excretion level at each time point using the Tanaka equations, and assessed whether sodium levels estimated from the cumulative average of the repeated measures were associated with clinical (conversion to MS, Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS]) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes. RESULTS Average 24-hour urine sodium levels were not associated with conversion to clinically definite MS over the 5-year follow-up (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.67-1.24 per 1g increase in estimated daily sodium intake), nor were they associated with clinical or MRI outcomes (new active lesions after 6 months: HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.97-1.13; relative change in T2 lesion volume: -0.11, 95% CI = -0.25 to 0.04; change in EDSS: -0.01, 95% CI = -0.09 to 0.08; relapse rate: HR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.56-1.07). Results were similar in categorical analyses using quintiles. INTERPRETATION Our results, based on multiple assessments of urine sodium excretion over 5 years and standardized clinical and MRI follow-up, suggest that salt intake does not influence MS disease course or activity. Ann Neurol 2017;82:20-29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Fitzgerald
- Department of Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA
| | - Kassandra L Munger
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Gilles Edan
- Pontchaillou University Hospital Center, Rennes, France
| | | | - Ernst-Wilhelm Radue
- Medical Image Analysis Center, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Neurological Clinic and Polyclinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, and Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Alberto Ascherio
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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11
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Kappos L, Edan G, Freedman MS, Montalbán X, Hartung HP, Hemmer B, Fox EJ, Barkhof F, Schippling S, Schulze A, Pleimes D, Pohl C, Sandbrink R, Suarez G, Wicklein EM. The 11-year long-term follow-up study from the randomized BENEFIT CIS trial. Neurology 2016; 87:978-87. [PMID: 27511182 PMCID: PMC5027814 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess outcomes for patients treated with interferon beta-1b immediately after clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or after a short delay. Methods: Participants in BENEFIT (Betaferon/Betaseron in Newly Emerging MS for Initial Treatment) were randomly assigned to receive interferon beta-1b (early treatment) or placebo (delayed treatment). After conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS) or 2 years, patients on placebo could switch to interferon beta-1b or another treatment. Eleven years after randomization, patients were reassessed. Results: Two hundred seventy-eight (59.4%) of the original 468 patients (71.3% of those eligible at participating sites) were enrolled (early: 167 [57.2%]; delayed: 111 [63.1%]). After 11 years, risk of CDMS remained lower in the early-treatment arm compared with the delayed-treatment arm (p = 0.0012), with longer time to first relapse (median [Q1, Q3] days: 1,888 [540, not reached] vs 931 [253, 3,296]; p = 0.0005) and lower overall annualized relapse rate (0.21 vs 0.26; p = 0.0018). Only 25 patients (5.9%, overall; early, 4.5%; delayed, 8.3%) converted to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Expanded Disability Status Scale scores remained low and stable, with no difference between treatment arms (median [Q1, Q3]: 2.0 [1.0, 3.0]). The early-treatment group had better Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task–3 total scores (p = 0.0070). Employment rates remained high, and health resource utilization tended to be low in both groups. MRI metrics did not differ between groups. Conclusions: Although the delay in treatment was relatively short, several clinical outcomes favored earlier treatment. Along with low rates of disability and disease progression in both groups, this supports the value of treatment at CIS. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01795872. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class IV evidence that early compared to delayed treatment prolongs time to CDMS in CIS after 11 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Kappos
- From Neurology (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; CHU-Hopital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa (M.S.F.), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (X.M.), Ps. Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H., R.S.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf; Technische Universität München (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; VU University Medical Center (F.B.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer Pharma AG (A.S., C.P., E.-M.W.), Berlin; Myelo Therapeutics GmbH (D.P.), Berlin; University Hospital of Bonn (C.P.), Germany; and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (G.S.), Whippany, NJ.
| | - Gilles Edan
- From Neurology (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; CHU-Hopital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa (M.S.F.), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (X.M.), Ps. Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H., R.S.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf; Technische Universität München (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; VU University Medical Center (F.B.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer Pharma AG (A.S., C.P., E.-M.W.), Berlin; Myelo Therapeutics GmbH (D.P.), Berlin; University Hospital of Bonn (C.P.), Germany; and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (G.S.), Whippany, NJ
| | - Mark S Freedman
- From Neurology (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; CHU-Hopital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa (M.S.F.), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (X.M.), Ps. Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H., R.S.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf; Technische Universität München (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; VU University Medical Center (F.B.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer Pharma AG (A.S., C.P., E.-M.W.), Berlin; Myelo Therapeutics GmbH (D.P.), Berlin; University Hospital of Bonn (C.P.), Germany; and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (G.S.), Whippany, NJ
| | - Xavier Montalbán
- From Neurology (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; CHU-Hopital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa (M.S.F.), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (X.M.), Ps. Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H., R.S.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf; Technische Universität München (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; VU University Medical Center (F.B.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer Pharma AG (A.S., C.P., E.-M.W.), Berlin; Myelo Therapeutics GmbH (D.P.), Berlin; University Hospital of Bonn (C.P.), Germany; and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (G.S.), Whippany, NJ
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- From Neurology (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; CHU-Hopital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa (M.S.F.), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (X.M.), Ps. Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H., R.S.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf; Technische Universität München (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; VU University Medical Center (F.B.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer Pharma AG (A.S., C.P., E.-M.W.), Berlin; Myelo Therapeutics GmbH (D.P.), Berlin; University Hospital of Bonn (C.P.), Germany; and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (G.S.), Whippany, NJ
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- From Neurology (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; CHU-Hopital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa (M.S.F.), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (X.M.), Ps. Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H., R.S.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf; Technische Universität München (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; VU University Medical Center (F.B.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer Pharma AG (A.S., C.P., E.-M.W.), Berlin; Myelo Therapeutics GmbH (D.P.), Berlin; University Hospital of Bonn (C.P.), Germany; and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (G.S.), Whippany, NJ
| | - Edward J Fox
- From Neurology (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; CHU-Hopital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa (M.S.F.), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (X.M.), Ps. Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H., R.S.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf; Technische Universität München (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; VU University Medical Center (F.B.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer Pharma AG (A.S., C.P., E.-M.W.), Berlin; Myelo Therapeutics GmbH (D.P.), Berlin; University Hospital of Bonn (C.P.), Germany; and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (G.S.), Whippany, NJ
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- From Neurology (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; CHU-Hopital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa (M.S.F.), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (X.M.), Ps. Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H., R.S.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf; Technische Universität München (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; VU University Medical Center (F.B.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer Pharma AG (A.S., C.P., E.-M.W.), Berlin; Myelo Therapeutics GmbH (D.P.), Berlin; University Hospital of Bonn (C.P.), Germany; and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (G.S.), Whippany, NJ
| | - Sven Schippling
- From Neurology (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; CHU-Hopital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa (M.S.F.), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (X.M.), Ps. Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H., R.S.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf; Technische Universität München (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; VU University Medical Center (F.B.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer Pharma AG (A.S., C.P., E.-M.W.), Berlin; Myelo Therapeutics GmbH (D.P.), Berlin; University Hospital of Bonn (C.P.), Germany; and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (G.S.), Whippany, NJ
| | - Andrea Schulze
- From Neurology (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; CHU-Hopital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa (M.S.F.), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (X.M.), Ps. Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H., R.S.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf; Technische Universität München (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; VU University Medical Center (F.B.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer Pharma AG (A.S., C.P., E.-M.W.), Berlin; Myelo Therapeutics GmbH (D.P.), Berlin; University Hospital of Bonn (C.P.), Germany; and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (G.S.), Whippany, NJ
| | - Dirk Pleimes
- From Neurology (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; CHU-Hopital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa (M.S.F.), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (X.M.), Ps. Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H., R.S.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf; Technische Universität München (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; VU University Medical Center (F.B.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer Pharma AG (A.S., C.P., E.-M.W.), Berlin; Myelo Therapeutics GmbH (D.P.), Berlin; University Hospital of Bonn (C.P.), Germany; and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (G.S.), Whippany, NJ
| | - Christoph Pohl
- From Neurology (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; CHU-Hopital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa (M.S.F.), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (X.M.), Ps. Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H., R.S.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf; Technische Universität München (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; VU University Medical Center (F.B.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer Pharma AG (A.S., C.P., E.-M.W.), Berlin; Myelo Therapeutics GmbH (D.P.), Berlin; University Hospital of Bonn (C.P.), Germany; and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (G.S.), Whippany, NJ
| | - Rupert Sandbrink
- From Neurology (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; CHU-Hopital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa (M.S.F.), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (X.M.), Ps. Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H., R.S.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf; Technische Universität München (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; VU University Medical Center (F.B.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer Pharma AG (A.S., C.P., E.-M.W.), Berlin; Myelo Therapeutics GmbH (D.P.), Berlin; University Hospital of Bonn (C.P.), Germany; and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (G.S.), Whippany, NJ
| | - Gustavo Suarez
- From Neurology (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; CHU-Hopital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa (M.S.F.), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (X.M.), Ps. Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H., R.S.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf; Technische Universität München (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; VU University Medical Center (F.B.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer Pharma AG (A.S., C.P., E.-M.W.), Berlin; Myelo Therapeutics GmbH (D.P.), Berlin; University Hospital of Bonn (C.P.), Germany; and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (G.S.), Whippany, NJ
| | - Eva-Maria Wicklein
- From Neurology (L.K.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; CHU-Hopital Pontchaillou (G.E.), Rennes, France; University of Ottawa (M.S.F.), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (X.M.), Ps. Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H., R.S.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf; Technische Universität München (B.H.), Munich, Germany; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), Round Rock, TX; VU University Medical Center (F.B.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research (S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; Bayer Pharma AG (A.S., C.P., E.-M.W.), Berlin; Myelo Therapeutics GmbH (D.P.), Berlin; University Hospital of Bonn (C.P.), Germany; and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals (G.S.), Whippany, NJ
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Langdon DW, Benedict RHB, Wicklein EM, Beckmann K, Fredrikson S. Reports of patients and relatives from the CogniCIS study about cognition in clinically isolated syndrome: what are our patients telling us? Eur Neurol 2013; 69:346-51. [PMID: 23635720 DOI: 10.1159/000345698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Questionnaire (MSNQ) in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). METHODS 130 European CIS patients and 60 relatives completed the MSNQ. RESULTS The mean (SD) MSNQ score for CIS patients was 15.5 (10.8) and for their informants 11.3 (9.6). Neither the CIS patient nor relative MSNQ report scores correlated with any of the cognitive test scores in the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests, but they were significantly related to psychosocial scales including depression. CONCLUSIONS In CIS, patient and relative MSNQ scores are influenced by psychosocial variables rather than actual objective cognitive status. Formal cognitive test assessment is recommended for CIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Langdon
- Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK.
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13
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type I (CMT1) is a hereditary sensorimotor neuropathy causing variable degrees of handicap. The risk for relevant disability in respect to genetic counselling is unknown. An attempt was made to define it. METHODS Disability and ambulation of 50 patients with CMT1 were scored by the Hauser ambulation index score and the Rankin scale. Rankin score 2 was subdivided into 2a (independent without relevant slowness) and 2b (independent, though at the cost of excessive time consumption). The sickness impact profile was assessed and compared with patients 6 months after stroke who were without mental deficit. To define at which degree sickness and disability become relevant for genetic counselling, the patients were asked whether they would refrain from childbearing if the children were at risk of inheriting a disease that caused as much disability as they experienced themselves. RESULTS Subdivision of Rankin score 2 was reliable and improved validity. High disability significantly predicted an attitude against childbearing (stepwise logistic regression) only with this subdivision. Thirty six per cent of the patients voted against childbearing. The cut off for relevant disability in respect to childbearing was a Rankin score higher than 2a, which was present in 44% of the patients. Psychosocial impact was comparable with patients with stroke and similar disability. Depression was present in 18% of the patients. CONCLUSION Subdivision of Rankin score 2 is recommended for the assessment of longstanding disability in neuromuscular disorders. Disability becomes relevant for the attitude towards childbearing as soon as everyday activities become markedly slow (Rankin score 2b). Relevant disability occurred in 44% of the patients. Emotional stress in CMT is similar to that of patients with stroke and comparable disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pfeiffer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To resolve the discrepancy between conduction block criteria derived from healthy controls and stricter criteria suggested by computer simulation of interphase cancellation through altered motor units. METHODS An EMG database provided control nerves from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or neural muscular atrophy (CMT1) (disease controls) and from subjects without neuromuscular diseases (healthy controls). We estimated normal limits from the healthy controls (criterion A) and from the pooled sample of healthy and disease controls (criterion B). We compared their sensitivity with that of an arbitrary limit of 0.5 (criterion C) in acute (AIDP) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy (CIDP) and in multifocal motor neuropathy (MMNP). Specificity was assessed in ALS and CMT1. RESULTS Limits estimated from healthy controls (criterion A: amplitude ratio of <0.7 in median and peroneal nerves and <0.8 in the ulnar nerve) gave false positive results in 17.3% of the ALS nerves. High scatter of the amplitude ratio of the nerves with distal response amplitudes below 1 mV required amplitude-dependent limits (0.36 for distal responses below 1 mV, 0.56 between 1 and 2 mV, and between 0.67 and 0.73 for higher response amplitudes) for criterion B. It was false positive in 4.3% of the ALS nerves and in 28.3% of the CMT1 nerves. A limit of 0.5 for nerves with distal responses above 1 mV and a limit of 0.36 for smaller responses (criterion D) avoided false positive results in ALS without further impairing sensitivity per patient in MMNP. Sensitivity in AIDP was 34.9% for criterion A, 19.5% for criterion B, and 10.2% for criterion D. Amplitude ratios were more sensitive than area ratios in CIDP and MMNP, but less specific in CMT1. CONCLUSIONS Limits derived from healthy controls are unspecific in chronic neuromuscular diseases and in nerves with low response amplitudes. Criterion D should be used if motor unit restructuring or conduction delays have to be taken into account. Criterion A may be applicable in early AIDP if the distal response amplitude is above 1 mV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pfeiffer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinisstrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Bonne G, Mercuri E, Muchir A, Urtizberea A, Bécane HM, Recan D, Merlini L, Wehnert M, Boor R, Reuner U, Vorgerd M, Wicklein EM, Eymard B, Duboc D, Penisson-Besnier I, Cuisset JM, Ferrer X, Desguerre I, Lacombe D, Bushby K, Pollitt C, Toniolo D, Fardeau M, Schwartz K, Muntoni F. Clinical and molecular genetic spectrum of autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy due to mutations of the lamin A/C gene. Ann Neurol 2000; 48:170-80. [PMID: 10939567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is characterized by early contractures of the elbows and Achilles tendons, slowly progressive muscle wasting and weakness, and life-threatening cardiomyopathy with conduction blocks. We recently identified LMNA encoding two nuclear envelope proteins, lamins A and C, to be implicated in the autosomal dominant form of EDMD. Here, we report on the variability of the phenotype and spectrum of LMNA mutations in 53 autosomal dominant EDMD patients (36 members of 6 families and 17 sporadic cases). Twelve of the 53 patients showed cardiac involvement exclusively, although the remaining 41 all showed muscle weakness and contractures. We were able to identify a common phenotype among the patients with skeletal muscle involvement, consisting of humeroperoneal wasting and weakness, scapular winging, rigidity of the spine, and elbow and Achilles tendon contractures. The disease course was generally slow, but we observed either a milder phenotype characterized by late onset and a mild degree of weakness and contractures or a more severe phenotype with early presentation and a rapidly progressive course in a few cases. Mutation analysis identified 18 mutations in LMNA (i.e., 1 nonsense mutation, 2 deletions of a codon, and 15 missense mutations). All the mutations were distributed between exons 1 and 9 in the region of LMNA that is common to lamins A and C. LMNA mutations arose de novo in 76% of the cases; 2 of these de novo mutations were typical hot spots, and 2 others were identified in 2 unrelated cases. There was no clear correlation between the phenotype and type or localization of the mutations within the gene. Moreover, a marked inter- and intra-familial variability in the clinical expression of LMNA mutations exists, ranging from patients expressing the full clinical picture of EDMD to those characterized only by cardiac involvement, which points toward a significant role of possible modifier genes in the course of this disease. In conclusion, the high proportion of de novo mutations together with the large spectrum of both LMNA mutations and the expression of the disease should now prompt screening for LMNA in familial and sporadic cases of both EDMD and dilated cardiomyopathy associated with conduction system disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bonne
- INSERM UR523, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Abstract
McArdle disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of the muscle glycogen metabolism caused by mutations in the muscle glycogen phosphorylase gene. Until now, a total number of 11 different mutations in the coding region or splice sites of the myophosphorylase gene have been identified. In contrast to a wealth of data on the RNA and protein level, little information is available on the genomic sequence of the corresponding gene. To facilitate molecular diagnosis of McArdle disease, we reinvestigated the genomic structure of the myophosphorylase gene and sequenced about 9.8 kilobases (kb) on the genomic level. By choosing 14 intronic primer pairs, we were able to amplify the complete human coding sequence as well as the adjacent splice sites of the 20 exons. Direct sequencing of the amplification products of a consanguineous Turkish family with typical McArdle disease revealed a novel single base pair deletion in exon 18, which predicts a frameshift and a premature termination of the protein. In summary, we established a system for molecular diagnosis of McArdle disease based on a revised genomic structure of the myophosphorylase gene and demonstrated its feasibility by identification of a novel mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kubisch
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University of Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
Sensitization with GD1b has been shown to cause sensory neuropathy in rabbit. A patient with chronic sensory-dominant polyneuropathy who had IgM antibody specifically to GD1b has been reported previously. This report describes the first patient with acute demyelinating polyneuropathy with prominent sensory symptoms who had a high titer of serum IgG anti-GD1b antibody. The serum reacted with neither GM1 nor with other b-series gangliosides (GD2, GD3, GT1b and GQ1b). Improvement in symptoms was coincident with decrease in IgG anti-GD1b antibody titer after plasmapheresis. This case supports the experimental results in rabbit suggesting that anti-GD1b antibody functions in the development of sensory ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Wicklein
- Dept. of Neurology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Wicklein EM, Orth U, Gal A, Kunze K. Missense mutation (R15W) of the connexin32 gene in a family with X chromosomal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy with only female family members affected. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 63:379-81. [PMID: 9328258 PMCID: PMC2169726 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.63.3.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A small family with sensorimotor neuropathy of dominant inheritance was examined. All three affected members were female. They had unusually severe symptoms and pronounced reduction of motor nerve conduction velocities with absent sensory nerve action potentials. Molecular genetic analysis disclosed a missense mutation in the connexin32 gene in codon 15 (Arg15Trp) which predicts the replacement of a basic amino acid to a non-polar amino acid in the first cytoplasmic loop of the protein. This report illustrates that in small pedigrees in which only women are affected, and which show a severe clinical phenotype, X chromosomal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy should be considered as differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Wicklein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
Molecular genetic research on Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1 syndrome (CMT 1) progresses rapidly, still obviously no cure is available for affected individuals. Our aim was to investigate current management in clinical CMT 1 50 patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome type I (CMT 1) were explored for applied means of therapy and use of health care institutions. We documented the number of annual appointments at a neurologist, orthopaedist and psychologist. Previous admissions to hospitals and rehabilitation centres and surgical procedures were assessed. Practice of physiotherapy, occupational and physical therapy were investigated, also administered orthopaedic devices, mechanical devices and technical modification of car and home. Drugs prescribed were listed and the number of patients seeking advice at para-medical institutions was determined. Degree of medical support did not correlate with severity of disease. We observed that persons with marked disability did not uniformly receive adequate therapy. This was partly due to the responsible physicians, and partly due to lacking cooperation of the patients. Support of affected individuals and counselling to our opinion are to be improved. This would require further evaluation of therapies, establishment and distribution of guidelines, as well as motivation of patients, which might be facilitated by the offer of molecular genetic diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Wicklein
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg
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Wicklein EM, Schwendemann G. Use of clonazepam and valproate in patients with Lance Adams syndrome. J R Soc Med 1993; 86:618. [PMID: 8230070 PMCID: PMC1294156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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