1
|
Phan TD, Eastwood JP, Shay MA, Drake JF, Sonnerup BUÖ, Fujimoto M, Cassak PA, Øieroset M, Burch JL, Torbert RB, Rager AC, Dorelli JC, Gershman DJ, Pollock C, Pyakurel PS, Haggerty CC, Khotyaintsev Y, Lavraud B, Saito Y, Oka M, Ergun RE, Retino A, Le Contel O, Argall MR, Giles BL, Moore TE, Wilder FD, Strangeway RJ, Russell CT, Lindqvist PA, Magnes W. Publisher Correction: Electron magnetic reconnection without ion coupling in Earth's turbulent magnetosheath. Nature 2019; 569:E9. [PMID: 31073227 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Change history: In this Letter, the y-axis values in Fig. 3f should go from 4 to -8 (rather than from 4 to -4), the y-axis values in Fig. 3h should appear next to the major tick marks (rather than the minor ticks), and in Fig. 1b, the arrows at the top and bottom of the electron-scale current sheet were going in the wrong direction; these errors have been corrected online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T D Phan
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - J P Eastwood
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M A Shay
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - J F Drake
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | | | - P A Cassak
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M Øieroset
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J L Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - R B Torbert
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - A C Rager
- Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA.,NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J C Dorelli
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - D J Gershman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - B Lavraud
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Y Saito
- ISAS/JAXA, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - M Oka
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R E Ergun
- University of Colorado LASP, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Retino
- CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France
| | | | - M R Argall
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - B L Giles
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - T E Moore
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - F D Wilder
- University of Colorado LASP, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R J Strangeway
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C T Russell
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - W Magnes
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Angelopoulos V, Cruce P, Drozdov A, Grimes EW, Hatzigeorgiu N, King DA, Larson D, Lewis JW, McTiernan JM, Roberts DA, Russell CL, Hori T, Kasahara Y, Kumamoto A, Matsuoka A, Miyashita Y, Miyoshi Y, Shinohara I, Teramoto M, Faden JB, Halford AJ, McCarthy M, Millan RM, Sample JG, Smith DM, Woodger LA, Masson A, Narock AA, Asamura K, Chang TF, Chiang CY, Kazama Y, Keika K, Matsuda S, Segawa T, Seki K, Shoji M, Tam SWY, Umemura N, Wang BJ, Wang SY, Redmon R, Rodriguez JV, Singer HJ, Vandegriff J, Abe S, Nose M, Shinbori A, Tanaka YM, UeNo S, Andersson L, Dunn P, Fowler C, Halekas JS, Hara T, Harada Y, Lee CO, Lillis R, Mitchell DL, Argall MR, Bromund K, Burch JL, Cohen IJ, Galloy M, Giles B, Jaynes AN, Le Contel O, Oka M, Phan TD, Walsh BM, Westlake J, Wilder FD, Bale SD, Livi R, Pulupa M, Whittlesey P, DeWolfe A, Harter B, Lucas E, Auster U, Bonnell JW, Cully CM, Donovan E, Ergun RE, Frey HU, Jackel B, Keiling A, Korth H, McFadden JP, Nishimura Y, Plaschke F, Robert P, Turner DL, Weygand JM, Candey RM, Johnson RC, Kovalick T, Liu MH, McGuire RE, Breneman A, Kersten K, Schroeder P. The Space Physics Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS). Space Sci Rev 2019; 215:9. [PMID: 30880847 PMCID: PMC6380193 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-018-0576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of the Heliophysics/Geospace System Observatory (H/GSO), a complement of multi-spacecraft missions and ground-based observatories to study the space environment, data retrieval, analysis, and visualization of space physics data can be daunting. The Space Physics Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS), a grass-roots software development platform (www.spedas.org), is now officially supported by NASA Heliophysics as part of its data environment infrastructure. It serves more than a dozen space missions and ground observatories and can integrate the full complement of past and upcoming space physics missions with minimal resources, following clear, simple, and well-proven guidelines. Free, modular and configurable to the needs of individual missions, it works in both command-line (ideal for experienced users) and Graphical User Interface (GUI) mode (reducing the learning curve for first-time users). Both options have "crib-sheets," user-command sequences in ASCII format that can facilitate record-and-repeat actions, especially for complex operations and plotting. Crib-sheets enhance scientific interactions, as users can move rapidly and accurately from exchanges of technical information on data processing to efficient discussions regarding data interpretation and science. SPEDAS can readily query and ingest all International Solar Terrestrial Physics (ISTP)-compatible products from the Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), enabling access to a vast collection of historic and current mission data. The planned incorporation of Heliophysics Application Programmer's Interface (HAPI) standards will facilitate data ingestion from distributed datasets that adhere to these standards. Although SPEDAS is currently Interactive Data Language (IDL)-based (and interfaces to Java-based tools such as Autoplot), efforts are under-way to expand it further to work with python (first as an interface tool and potentially even receiving an under-the-hood replacement). We review the SPEDAS development history, goals, and current implementation. We explain its "modes of use" with examples geared for users and outline its technical implementation and requirements with software developers in mind. We also describe SPEDAS personnel and software management, interfaces with other organizations, resources and support structure available to the community, and future development plans. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (10.1007/s11214-018-0576-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - P. Cruce
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - A. Drozdov
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - E. W. Grimes
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - N. Hatzigeorgiu
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - D. A. King
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - D. Larson
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - J. W. Lewis
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - J. M. McTiernan
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | | | - C. L. Russell
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - T. Hori
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - A. Kumamoto
- Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| | - A. Matsuoka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Y. Miyashita
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Y. Miyoshi
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - I. Shinohara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - M. Teramoto
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - A. J. Halford
- Space Sciences Department, The Aerospace Corporation, Chantilly, VA USA
| | - M. McCarthy
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - R. M. Millan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | - J. G. Sample
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT USA
| | - D. M. Smith
- Santa Cruz Institute of Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - L. A. Woodger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | - A. Masson
- European Space Agency, ESAC, SCI-OPD, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. A. Narock
- ADNET Systems Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - K. Asamura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - T. F. Chang
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - C.-Y. Chiang
- Institute of Space and Plasma Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Y. Kazama
- Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - K. Keika
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Matsuda
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - T. Segawa
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - K. Seki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. Shoji
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - S. W. Y. Tam
- Institute of Space and Plasma Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - N. Umemura
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - B.-J. Wang
- Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Space Science, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - S.-Y. Wang
- Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - R. Redmon
- National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO USA
| | - J. V. Rodriguez
- National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) at University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - H. J. Singer
- Space Weather Prediction Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO USA
| | - J. Vandegriff
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | - S. Abe
- International Center for Space Weather Science and Education, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - M. Nose
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto Data Analysis Center for Geomagnetism and Space Magnetism, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A. Shinbori
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y.-M. Tanaka
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. UeNo
- Hida Observatory, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - L. Andersson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - P. Dunn
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - C. Fowler
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - J. S. Halekas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - T. Hara
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Y. Harada
- Department of Geophysics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - C. O. Lee
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - R. Lillis
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - D. L. Mitchell
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - M. R. Argall
- Physics Department and Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| | - K. Bromund
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - J. L. Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - I. J. Cohen
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | - M. Galloy
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO USA
| | - B. Giles
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - A. N. Jaynes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - O. Le Contel
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique/Sorbonne Université/Univ. Paris Sud/Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M. Oka
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - T. D. Phan
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - B. M. Walsh
- Center for Space Physics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - J. Westlake
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | - F. D. Wilder
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - S. D. Bale
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - R. Livi
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - M. Pulupa
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - P. Whittlesey
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - A. DeWolfe
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - B. Harter
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - E. Lucas
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - U. Auster
- Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J. W. Bonnell
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - C. M. Cully
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Ontario Canada
| | - E. Donovan
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Ontario Canada
| | - R. E. Ergun
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - H. U. Frey
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - B. Jackel
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Ontario Canada
| | - A. Keiling
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - H. Korth
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | - J. P. McFadden
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Y. Nishimura
- Center for Space Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - F. Plaschke
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - P. Robert
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique/Sorbonne Université/Univ. Paris Sud/Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - J. M. Weygand
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - R. M. Candey
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - R. C. Johnson
- ADNET Systems Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - T. Kovalick
- ADNET Systems Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - M. H. Liu
- ADNET Systems Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | | | - A. Breneman
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - K. Kersten
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - P. Schroeder
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Torbert RB, Burch JL, Phan TD, Hesse M, Argall MR, Shuster J, Ergun RE, Alm L, Nakamura R, Genestreti KJ, Gershman DJ, Paterson WR, Turner DL, Cohen I, Giles BL, Pollock CJ, Wang S, Chen LJ, Stawarz JE, Eastwood JP, Hwang KJ, Farrugia C, Dors I, Vaith H, Mouikis C, Ardakani A, Mauk BH, Fuselier SA, Russell CT, Strangeway RJ, Moore TE, Drake JF, Shay MA, Khotyaintsev YV, Lindqvist PA, Baumjohann W, Wilder FD, Ahmadi N, Dorelli JC, Avanov LA, Oka M, Baker DN, Fennell JF, Blake JB, Jaynes AN, Le Contel O, Petrinec SM, Lavraud B, Saito Y. Electron-scale dynamics of the diffusion region during symmetric magnetic reconnection in space. Science 2018; 362:1391-1395. [PMID: 30442767 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic reconnection is an energy conversion process that occurs in many astrophysical contexts including Earth's magnetosphere, where the process can be investigated in situ by spacecraft. On 11 July 2017, the four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft encountered a reconnection site in Earth's magnetotail, where reconnection involves symmetric inflow conditions. The electron-scale plasma measurements revealed (i) super-Alfvénic electron jets reaching 15,000 kilometers per second; (ii) electron meandering motion and acceleration by the electric field, producing multiple crescent-shaped structures in the velocity distributions; and (iii) the spatial dimensions of the electron diffusion region with an aspect ratio of 0.1 to 0.2, consistent with fast reconnection. The well-structured multiple layers of electron populations indicate that the dominant electron dynamics are mostly laminar, despite the presence of turbulence near the reconnection site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Torbert
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA. .,Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J L Burch
- Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - T D Phan
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - M Hesse
- Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), San Antonio, TX, USA.,University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - M R Argall
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - J Shuster
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - R E Ergun
- University of Colorado Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L Alm
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Nakamura
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - K J Genestreti
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - D J Gershman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - W R Paterson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - D L Turner
- Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USA
| | - I Cohen
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - B L Giles
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - C J Pollock
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - S Wang
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - L-J Chen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.,University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J E Stawarz
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J P Eastwood
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - K J Hwang
- Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - C Farrugia
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - I Dors
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - H Vaith
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - C Mouikis
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - A Ardakani
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - B H Mauk
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - S A Fuselier
- Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), San Antonio, TX, USA.,University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - C T Russell
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - T E Moore
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J F Drake
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - M A Shay
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | | | - W Baumjohann
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - F D Wilder
- University of Colorado Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - N Ahmadi
- University of Colorado Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J C Dorelli
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - L A Avanov
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M Oka
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D N Baker
- University of Colorado Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - J B Blake
- Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USA
| | | | - O Le Contel
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique/Sorbonne Université/Univ. Paris Sud/Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France
| | - S M Petrinec
- Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - B Lavraud
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Y Saito
- Institute for Space and Astronautical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen LJ, Wang S, Wilson LB, Schwartz S, Bessho N, Moore T, Gershman D, Giles B, Malaspina D, Wilder FD, Ergun RE, Hesse M, Lai H, Russell C, Strangeway R, Torbert RB, F-Vinas A, Burch J, Lee S, Pollock C, Dorelli J, Paterson W, Ahmadi N, Goodrich K, Lavraud B, Le Contel O, Khotyaintsev YV, Lindqvist PA, Boardsen S, Wei H, Le A, Avanov L. Electron Bulk Acceleration and Thermalization at Earth's Quasiperpendicular Bow Shock. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:225101. [PMID: 29906189 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.225101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electron heating at Earth's quasiperpendicular bow shock has been surmised to be due to the combined effects of a quasistatic electric potential and scattering through wave-particle interaction. Here we report the observation of electron distribution functions indicating a new electron heating process occurring at the leading edge of the shock front. Incident solar wind electrons are accelerated parallel to the magnetic field toward downstream, reaching an electron-ion relative drift speed exceeding the electron thermal speed. The bulk acceleration is associated with an electric field pulse embedded in a whistler-mode wave. The high electron-ion relative drift is relaxed primarily through a nonlinear current-driven instability. The relaxed distributions contain a beam traveling toward the shock as a remnant of the accelerated electrons. Similar distribution functions prevail throughout the shock transition layer, suggesting that the observed acceleration and thermalization is essential to the cross-shock electron heating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L-J Chen
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20747, USA
| | - S Wang
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20747, USA
| | - L B Wilson
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - S Schwartz
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - N Bessho
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20747, USA
| | - T Moore
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - D Gershman
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - B Giles
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - D Malaspina
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - F D Wilder
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - R E Ergun
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - M Hesse
- University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - H Lai
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Russell
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - R Strangeway
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - R B Torbert
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238, USA
| | - A F-Vinas
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - J Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238, USA
| | - S Lee
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - C Pollock
- Denali Scientific, Healy, Alaska 99743, USA
| | - J Dorelli
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - W Paterson
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - N Ahmadi
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K Goodrich
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - B Lavraud
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, 31028 Cedex 4, France
| | - O Le Contel
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (UMR7648), CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique/Sorbonne Université/Univ. Paris Sud/Observatoire de Paris, Paris, F91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | | | - P-A Lindqvist
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-11428, Sweden
| | - S Boardsen
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20747, USA
| | - H Wei
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - A Le
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L Avanov
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20747, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Burch JL, Webster JM, Genestreti KJ, Torbert RB, Giles BL, Fuselier SA, Dorelli JC, Rager AC, Phan TD, Allen RC, Chen L, Wang S, Le Contel O, Russell CT, Strangeway RJ, Ergun RE, Jaynes AN, Lindqvist P, Graham DB, Wilder FD, Hwang K, Goldstein J. Wave Phenomena and Beam-Plasma Interactions at the Magnetopause Reconnection Region. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2018; 123:1118-1133. [PMID: 29938153 PMCID: PMC5993346 DOI: 10.1002/2017ja024789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of whistler mode chorus and higher-frequency electrostatic waves near and within a reconnection diffusion region on 23 November 2016. The diffusion region is bounded by crescent-shaped electron distributions and associated dissipation just upstream of the X-line and by magnetic field-aligned currents and electric fields leading to dissipation near the electron stagnation point. Measurements were made southward of the X-line as determined by southward directed ion and electron jets. We show that electrostatic wave generation is due to magnetosheath electron beams formed by the electron jets as they interact with a cold background plasma and more energetic population of magnetospheric electrons. On the magnetosphere side of the X-line the electron beams are accompanied by a strong perpendicular electron temperature anisotropy, which is shown to be the source of an observed rising-tone whistler mode chorus event. We show that the apex of the chorus event and the onset of electrostatic waves coincide with the opening of magnetic field lines at the electron stagnation point.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Burch
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - J. M. Webster
- Department of Physics and AstronomyRice UniversityHoustonTXUSA
| | | | - R. B. Torbert
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA
| | - B. L. Giles
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | | | | | - A. C. Rager
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Department of PhysicsCatholic University of AmericaWashingtonDCUSA
| | - T. D. Phan
- Space Sciences LaboratoryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - R. C. Allen
- Applied Physics LaboratoryThe Johns Hopkins UniversityLaurelMDUSA
| | - L.‐J. Chen
- Department of AstronomyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - S. Wang
- Department of AstronomyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - O. Le Contel
- Laboratoire de Physique des PlasmasCNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC University Paris 06, Université Paris‐Sud, Observatoire de ParisParisFrance
| | - C. T. Russell
- Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - R. J. Strangeway
- Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - R. E. Ergun
- LASPUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - A. N. Jaynes
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | | | | | | | - K.‐J. Hwang
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou M, Berchem J, Walker RJ, El-Alaoui M, Deng X, Cazzola E, Lapenta G, Goldstein ML, Paterson WR, Pang Y, Ergun RE, Lavraud B, Liang H, Russell CT, Strangeway RJ, Zhao C, Giles BL, Pollock CJ, Lindqvist PA, Marklund G, Wilder FD, Khotyaintsev YV, Torbert RB, Burch JL. Coalescence of Macroscopic Flux Ropes at the Subsolar Magnetopause: Magnetospheric Multiscale Observations. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:055101. [PMID: 28949734 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.055101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report unambiguous in situ observation of the coalescence of macroscopic flux ropes by the magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) mission. Two coalescing flux ropes with sizes of ∼1 R_{E} were identified at the subsolar magnetopause by the occurrence of an asymmetric quadrupolar signature in the normal component of the magnetic field measured by the MMS spacecraft. An electron diffusion region (EDR) with a width of four local electron inertial lengths was embedded within the merging current sheet. The EDR was characterized by an intense parallel electric field, significant energy dissipation, and suprathermal electrons. Although the electrons were organized by a large guide field, the small observed electron pressure nongyrotropy may be sufficient to support a significant fraction of the parallel electric field within the EDR. Since the flux ropes are observed in the exhaust region, we suggest that secondary EDRs are formed further downstream of the primary reconnection line between the magnetosheath and magnetospheric fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles 90095, California, USA
| | - J Berchem
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles 90095, California, USA
| | - R J Walker
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles 90095, California, USA
| | - M El-Alaoui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles 90095, California, USA
| | - X Deng
- Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - E Cazzola
- Centre for Plasma Astrophysics, Department of Mathematics, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - G Lapenta
- Centre for Plasma Astrophysics, Department of Mathematics, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - M L Goldstein
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt 20771, Maryland, USA
- Space Science Institute, Boulder 80301, Colorado, USA
| | - W R Paterson
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt 20771, Maryland, USA
| | - Y Pang
- Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - R E Ergun
- University of Colorado LASP, Boulder 80303, Colorado, USA
| | - B Lavraud
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, Toulouse 31028, France
| | - H Liang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles 90095, California, USA
| | - C T Russell
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles 90095, California, USA
| | - R J Strangeway
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles 90095, California, USA
| | - C Zhao
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles 90095, California, USA
| | - B L Giles
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt 20771, Maryland, USA
| | - C J Pollock
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt 20771, Maryland, USA
| | - P-A Lindqvist
- Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-11428, Sweden
| | - G Marklund
- Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-11428, Sweden
| | - F D Wilder
- University of Colorado LASP, Boulder 80303, Colorado, USA
| | | | - R B Torbert
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - J L Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio Texas 78238, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wilder FD, Ergun RE, Eriksson S, Phan TD, Burch JL, Ahmadi N, Goodrich KA, Newman DL, Trattner KJ, Torbert RB, Giles BL, Strangeway RJ, Magnes W, Lindqvist PA, Khotyaintsev YV. Multipoint Measurements of the Electron Jet of Symmetric Magnetic Reconnection with a Moderate Guide Field. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:265101. [PMID: 28707935 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.265101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) satellites of the electron jet in a symmetric magnetic reconnection event with moderate guide field. All four spacecraft sampled the ion diffusion region and observed the electron exhaust. The observations suggest that the presence of the guide field leads to an asymmetric Hall field, which results in an electron jet skewed towards the separatrix with a nonzero component along the magnetic field. The jet appears in conjunction with a spatially and temporally persistent parallel electric field ranging from -3 to -5 mV/m, which led to dissipation on the order of 8 nW/m^{3}. The parallel electric field heats electrons that drift through it, and is associated with a streaming instability and electron phase space holes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F D Wilder
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - R E Ergun
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - S Eriksson
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - T D Phan
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J L Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238, USA
| | - N Ahmadi
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - K A Goodrich
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - D L Newman
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - K J Trattner
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - R B Torbert
- Department of Physics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - B L Giles
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - R J Strangeway
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W Magnes
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz 8042, Austria
| | - P-A Lindqvist
- Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-11428, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eriksson S, Wilder FD, Ergun RE, Schwartz SJ, Cassak PA, Burch JL, Chen LJ, Torbert RB, Phan TD, Lavraud B, Goodrich KA, Holmes JC, Stawarz JE, Sturner AP, Malaspina DM, Usanova ME, Trattner KJ, Strangeway RJ, Russell CT, Pollock CJ, Giles BL, Hesse M, Lindqvist PA, Drake JF, Shay MA, Nakamura R, Marklund GT. Magnetospheric Multiscale Observations of the Electron Diffusion Region of Large Guide Field Magnetic Reconnection. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:015001. [PMID: 27419573 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) satellites of a large guide field magnetic reconnection event. The observations suggest that two of the four MMS spacecraft sampled the electron diffusion region, whereas the other two spacecraft detected the exhaust jet from the event. The guide magnetic field amplitude is approximately 4 times that of the reconnecting field. The event is accompanied by a significant parallel electric field (E_{∥}) that is larger than predicted by simulations. The high-speed (∼300 km/s) crossing of the electron diffusion region limited the data set to one complete electron distribution inside of the electron diffusion region, which shows significant parallel heating. The data suggest that E_{∥} is balanced by a combination of electron inertia and a parallel gradient of the gyrotropic electron pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Eriksson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - F D Wilder
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - R E Ergun
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - S J Schwartz
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - P A Cassak
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
| | - J L Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238-5166, USA
| | - L-J Chen
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R B Torbert
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238-5166, USA
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - T D Phan
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Lavraud
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, 31028 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5277, Toulouse, France
| | - K A Goodrich
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - J C Holmes
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - J E Stawarz
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - A P Sturner
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - D M Malaspina
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - M E Usanova
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - K J Trattner
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - R J Strangeway
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C T Russell
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C J Pollock
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - B L Giles
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Hesse
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - P-A Lindqvist
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-11428 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J F Drake
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M A Shay
- University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Nakamura
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 8042 Graz, Austria
| | - G T Marklund
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-11428 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ergun RE, Goodrich KA, Wilder FD, Holmes JC, Stawarz JE, Eriksson S, Sturner AP, Malaspina DM, Usanova ME, Torbert RB, Lindqvist PA, Khotyaintsev Y, Burch JL, Strangeway RJ, Russell CT, Pollock CJ, Giles BL, Hesse M, Chen LJ, Lapenta G, Goldman MV, Newman DL, Schwartz SJ, Eastwood JP, Phan TD, Mozer FS, Drake J, Shay MA, Cassak PA, Nakamura R, Marklund G. Magnetospheric Multiscale Satellites Observations of Parallel Electric Fields Associated with Magnetic Reconnection. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:235102. [PMID: 27341241 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.235102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale satellites of parallel electric fields (E_{∥}) associated with magnetic reconnection in the subsolar region of the Earth's magnetopause. E_{∥} events near the electron diffusion region have amplitudes on the order of 100 mV/m, which are significantly larger than those predicted for an antiparallel reconnection electric field. This Letter addresses specific types of E_{∥} events, which appear as large-amplitude, near unipolar spikes that are associated with tangled, reconnected magnetic fields. These E_{∥} events are primarily in or near a current layer near the separatrix and are interpreted to be double layers that may be responsible for secondary reconnection in tangled magnetic fields or flux ropes. These results are telling of the three-dimensional nature of magnetopause reconnection and indicate that magnetopause reconnection may be often patchy and/or drive turbulence along the separatrix that results in flux ropes and/or tangled magnetic fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Ergun
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - K A Goodrich
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - F D Wilder
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - J C Holmes
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - J E Stawarz
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - S Eriksson
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - A P Sturner
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - D M Malaspina
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - M E Usanova
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - R B Torbert
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238, USA
| | - P-A Lindqvist
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Khotyaintsev
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics (Uppsala), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J L Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238, USA
| | - R J Strangeway
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C T Russell
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C J Pollock
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - B L Giles
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Hesse
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - L J Chen
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G Lapenta
- Leuven Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M V Goldman
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - D L Newman
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - S J Schwartz
- Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - J P Eastwood
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - T D Phan
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - F S Mozer
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Drake
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M A Shay
- University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Cassak
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
| | - R Nakamura
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - G Marklund
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Burch JL, Torbert RB, Phan TD, Chen LJ, Moore TE, Ergun RE, Eastwood JP, Gershman DJ, Cassak PA, Argall MR, Wang S, Hesse M, Pollock CJ, Giles BL, Nakamura R, Mauk BH, Fuselier SA, Russell CT, Strangeway RJ, Drake JF, Shay MA, Khotyaintsev YV, Lindqvist PA, Marklund G, Wilder FD, Young DT, Torkar K, Goldstein J, Dorelli JC, Avanov LA, Oka M, Baker DN, Jaynes AN, Goodrich KA, Cohen IJ, Turner DL, Fennell JF, Blake JB, Clemmons J, Goldman M, Newman D, Petrinec SM, Trattner KJ, Lavraud B, Reiff PH, Baumjohann W, Magnes W, Steller M, Lewis W, Saito Y, Coffey V, Chandler M. Electron-scale measurements of magnetic reconnection in space. Science 2016; 352:aaf2939. [PMID: 27174677 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental physical process in plasmas whereby stored magnetic energy is converted into heat and kinetic energy of charged particles. Reconnection occurs in many astrophysical plasma environments and in laboratory plasmas. Using measurements with very high time resolution, NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission has found direct evidence for electron demagnetization and acceleration at sites along the sunward boundary of Earth's magnetosphere where the interplanetary magnetic field reconnects with the terrestrial magnetic field. We have (i) observed the conversion of magnetic energy to particle energy; (ii) measured the electric field and current, which together cause the dissipation of magnetic energy; and (iii) identified the electron population that carries the current as a result of demagnetization and acceleration within the reconnection diffusion/dissipation region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - R B Torbert
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA. University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - T D Phan
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - L-J Chen
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - T E Moore
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - R E Ergun
- University of Colorado LASP, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J P Eastwood
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D J Gershman
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - P A Cassak
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M R Argall
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - S Wang
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - M Hesse
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - C J Pollock
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - B L Giles
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - R Nakamura
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - B H Mauk
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - S A Fuselier
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - C T Russell
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - J F Drake
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - M A Shay
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | | | - G Marklund
- Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F D Wilder
- University of Colorado LASP, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D T Young
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - K Torkar
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - J Goldstein
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J C Dorelli
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - L A Avanov
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M Oka
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D N Baker
- University of Colorado LASP, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A N Jaynes
- University of Colorado LASP, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - I J Cohen
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - D L Turner
- Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USA
| | | | - J B Blake
- Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USA
| | - J Clemmons
- Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USA
| | - M Goldman
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D Newman
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S M Petrinec
- Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - B Lavraud
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Toulouse, France
| | - P H Reiff
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - W Baumjohann
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - W Magnes
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - M Steller
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - W Lewis
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Y Saito
- Institute for Space and Astronautical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - V Coffey
- NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - M Chandler
- NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|