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Marcellini F, Varrella S, Ghilardi M, Barucca G, Giorgetti A, Danovaro R, Corinaldesi C. Inorganic UV filter-based sunscreens labelled as eco-friendly threaten sea urchin populations. Environ Pollut 2024:124093. [PMID: 38703981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Although the negative effects of inorganic UV filters have been documented on several marine organisms, sunscreen products containing such filters are available in the market and proposed as eco-friendly substitutes for harmful, and already banned, organic UV filters (e.g. octinoxate and oxybenzone). In the present study, we investigated the effects of four sunscreen products, labelled by cosmetic companies as "eco-friendly", on the early developmental stages of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, a keystone species occurring in vulnerable coastal habitats. Among sunscreens tested, those containing ZnO and TiO2 or their mix caused severe impacts on sea urchin embryos. We show that inorganic UV filters were incorporated by larvae during their development and, despite the activation of defence strategies (e.g. phagocytosis by coelomocytes), generated anomalies such as skeletal malformations and tissue necrosis. Conversely, the sunscreen product containing only new-generation organic UV filters (e.g. methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethyl, ethylhexyl triazone, butylphenol diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate) did not affect sea urchins, thus resulting actually eco-compatible. Our findings expand information on the impact of inorganic UV filters on marine life, corroborate the need to improve the eco-friendliness assessment of sunscreen products and warn of the risk of bioaccumulation and potential biomagnification of inorganic UV filters along the marine food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marcellini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre, Italy
| | - S Varrella
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre, Italy
| | - M Ghilardi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - G Barucca
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - A Giorgetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - R Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre, Italy
| | - C Corinaldesi
- National Biodiversity Future Centre, Italy; Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
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2
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Marchetti B, Grudiev A, Craievich P, Assmann R, Braun HH, Catalan Lasheras N, Christie F, D’Arcy R, Fortunati R, Ganter R, González Caminal P, Hoffmann M, Huening M, Jaster-Merz SM, Jonas R, Marcellini F, Marx D, McMonagle G, Osterhoff J, Pedrozzi M, Prat Costa E, Reiche S, Reukauff M, Schreiber S, Tews G, Vogt M, Wesch S, Wuensch W. Experimental demonstration of novel beam characterization using a polarizable X-band transverse deflection structure. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3560. [PMID: 33574395 PMCID: PMC7878911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The PolariX TDS (Polarizable X-Band Transverse Deflection Structure) is an innovative TDS-design operating in the X-band frequency-range. The design gives full control of the streaking plane, which can be tuned in order to characterize the projections of the beam distribution onto arbitrary transverse axes. This novel feature opens up new opportunities for detailed characterization of the electron beam. In this paper we present first measurements of the Polarix TDS at the FLASHForward beamline at DESY, including three-dimensional reconstruction of the charge-density distribution of the bunch and slice emittance measurements in both transverse directions. The experimental results open the path toward novel and more extensive beam characterization in the direction of multi-dimensional-beam-phase-space reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Marchetti
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany ,grid.434729.f0000 0004 0590 2900Present Address: European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A. Grudiev
- grid.9132.90000 0001 2156 142XCERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - P. Craievich
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501PSI, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - R. Assmann
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H.-H. Braun
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501PSI, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - F. Christie
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. D’Arcy
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. Fortunati
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501PSI, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - R. Ganter
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501PSI, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - P. González Caminal
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Hoffmann
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Huening
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. M. Jaster-Merz
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. Jonas
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - F. Marcellini
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501PSI, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - D. Marx
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany ,grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229Present Address: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000 USA
| | - G. McMonagle
- grid.9132.90000 0001 2156 142XCERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - J. Osterhoff
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Pedrozzi
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501PSI, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - E. Prat Costa
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501PSI, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - S. Reiche
- grid.5991.40000 0001 1090 7501PSI, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - M. Reukauff
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Schreiber
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. Tews
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Vogt
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Wesch
- grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - W. Wuensch
- grid.9132.90000 0001 2156 142XCERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse dietary habits and explore the role of socioeconomic status in a sample of elderly Italians. STUDY DESIGN Observational. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 306 elderly subjects aged 65 and over living in the Marche Region (Italy). MEASUREMENTS Assessment of dietary habits and life-style characteristics using a "Life-style questionnaire". Nutritional data collected by means of a 53-item "Frequency food questionnaire". RESULTS The study revealed differences in dietary patterns and food consumption. Age was negatively related to all food categories. Some socio-economic characteristics (level of education and economic status) were correlated with consumption of many foods, such ad Fish, Red Meat and Diary products. Between-the-sexes differences were also documented. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that the nutritional and dietary habits varied greatly within the sample investigated. The mapping of these dietary and nutritional patterns may be of value for future research in elderly populations, particularly those with low educational status and poor economic means. Conclusively, greater promotion of healthy dietary habits should be targeted towards elderly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Giuli
- INRCA (Italian National Institute on Aging), Geriatrics Operative Unit, Contrada Mossa, Fermo, Italy.
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Aminian K, Mariani B, Paraschiv-Ionescu A, Hoskovec C, Bula C, Penders J, Tacconi C, Marcellini F. Foot worn inertial sensors for gait assessment and rehabilitation based on motorized shoes. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012; 2011:5820-3. [PMID: 22255663 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6091440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fall prevention in elderly subjects is often based on training and rehabilitation programs that include mostly traditional balance and strength exercises. By applying such conventional interventions to improve gait performance and decrease fall risk, some important factors are neglected such as the dynamics of the gait and the motor learning processes. The EU project "Self Mobility Improvement in the eLderly by counteractING falls" (SMILING project) aimed to improve age-related gait and balance performance by using unpredicted external perturbations during walking through motorized shoes that change insole inclination at each stance. This paper describes the shoe-worn inertial module and the gait analysis method needed to control in real-time the shoe insole inclination during training, as well as gait spatio-temporal parameters obtained during long distance walking before and after the 8-week training program that assessed the efficacy of training with these motorized shoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aminian
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzeralnd. aminian@ epfl.ch
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Marcellini F, Giuli C, Papa R, Gagliardi C, Malavolta M, Mocchegiani E. BMI, life-style and psychological conditions in a sample of elderly Italian men and women. J Nutr Health Aging 2010; 14:515-22. [PMID: 20818464 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-010-0098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the relationship among cognitive status, psychological conditions, anthropometric measurements and life-style in a sample of elderly Italian men and women. METHODS Three hundred and six volunteers for ZINCAGE Project recruited. The sample was made up of healthy older adults living in the Marche Region aged 65 and over. All elderly were given a complete medical, anthropometric assessment, and psycho-social evaluation. RESULTS Overall, the participants perceived themselves to be in very good or good (22%) or fair (69%) health; only 9% reported a poor health status. The 46% of the sample fell within the normal body mass index (BMI) range, though 38% were overweight, 12% were obese, and only 4% were underweight. In both sexes, BMI significantly decreased with age (p<0.001). BMI was positively associated with performing sedentary activities (r=0.188; p<0.001). Levels of both sedentary (r=0.221; p<0.001) and non-sedentary (r=0.258; p<0.001) leisure activities were positively associated with education level (p<0.05). It was found that lower scores of physical activity were associated to higher scores of Geriatric Depression Scale (r=-0.425; p<0.01), lower scores of Mini Mental State Examination (r=0.266; p<0.001) and higher score of Perceived Stress Scale (r=-0.131; p<0.05). CONCLUSION Men and women lead different lifestyles and have a different psychological status, with advancing age consequently stressing the need for healthy lifestyle programmes particularly in the case of overweight and obese elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marcellini
- INRCA, Scientific-Technological Area, Center of psycho-social aspects of aging, Ancona, Italy.
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Zobov M, Alesini D, Biagini ME, Biscari C, Bocci A, Boni R, Boscolo M, Bossi F, Buonomo B, Clozza A, Delle Monache GO, Demma T, Di Pasquale E, Di Pirro G, Drago A, Gallo A, Ghigo A, Guiducci S, Ligi C, Marcellini F, Mazzitelli G, Milardi C, Murtas F, Pellegrino L, Preger MA, Quintieri L, Raimondi P, Ricci R, Rotundo U, Sanelli C, Serio M, Sgamma F, Spataro B, Stecchi A, Stella A, Tomassini S, Vaccarezza C, Schioppa M, Esposito M, Branchini P, Iacoangeli F, Valente P, Levichev E, Piminov P, Shatilov D, Smaluk V, Arnaud N, Breton D, Burmistrov L, Stocchi A, Variola A, Viaud BF, Bettoni S, Ohmi K, Teytelman D. Test of "crab-waist" collisions at the DAPhiNE Phi factory. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:174801. [PMID: 20482112 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.174801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The electron-positron collider DAPhiNE, the Italian Phi factory, has been recently upgraded in order to implement an innovative collision scheme based on large crossing angle, small beam sizes at the crossing point, and compensation of beam-beam interaction by means of sextupole pairs creating a "crab-waist" configuration in the interaction region. Experimental tests of the novel scheme exhibited an increase by a factor of 3 in the peak luminosity of the collider with respect to the performances reached before the upgrade. In this Letter we present the new collision scheme, discuss its advantages, describe the hardware modifications realized for the upgrade, and report the results of the experimental tests carried out during commissioning of the machine in the new configuration and standard operation for the users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zobov
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, RM, Italy
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7
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Marcellini F, Giuli C, Papa R, Tirabassi G, Faloia E, Boscaro M, Polito A, Ciarapica D, Zaccaria M, Mocchegiani E. OBESITY AND BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) IN RELATION TO LIFE-STYLE AND PSYCHO-SOCIAL ASPECTS. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 49 Suppl 1:195-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2009.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Marcellini F, Giuli C, Papa R, Gagliardi C, Malavolta M, Mocchegiani E. Psychosocial and biochemical interactions in aging: preliminary results from an Italian old sample of "Zincage" project. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2007; 44 Suppl 1:259-69. [PMID: 17317461 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2007.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of the interactions among biological factors and psychosocial conditions is a very innovative field, because data are lacking in the scientific literature. Among biological aspects, zinc is an essential element in the elderly, especially in relation to one of the proteins, such as albumin, involved in zinc transport into the cells. In this study, the aim is the assessment of the interrelationship between albumin value (used as an index of the body zinc status) and some psychosocial dimensions in elderly Italian sample recruited for ZINCAGE project, supported by the European Commission in the "Sixth Framework Programme". Some tests and questionnaires were administered to older people included in the trial: the "life-style questionnaire"; the mini mental state examination (MMSE); the geriatric depression scale (GDS-15 items). On the basis of the Senieur Protocol for gerontological studies, a sample of 291 Italian healthy old subjects has been recruited in Central Italy and divided into 3 age groups: (a) 125 subjects aged from 65 to 74 years, (b) 89 subjects aged from 75 to 84 years, (c) 77 subjects aged >or=85 years (classified like successful old people). No cognitive impairment assessed by MMSE was observed in 67.5% of the sample; 64.0% had GDS score less than 5, indicating no depression, whereas the prevalence of biological albumin deficiency (<3.5 g/dl) found in Italian old people was 21.0%. Sixty one percent of subjects with albumin deficiency displayed higher values of GDS (>or=5). These preliminary results showed an interrelationship among serum albumin value and psychosocial aspects in Italian old population, suggesting that low albumin values may be involved in impaired psychological dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marcellini
- Social Gerontology Unit, Research Department, INRCA, Via S. Margherita, 5. I-60100 Ancona, Italy
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9
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Tacken M, Marcellini F, Mollenkopf H, Ruoppila I, Széman Z. Use and acceptance of new technology by older people. Findings of the international MOBILATE survey: ‘Enhancing mobility in later life’. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.4017/gt.2005.03.03.002.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Mollenkopf H, Marcellini F, Ruoppila I, Széman Z, Tacken M, Kaspar R, Wahl H. The Role of Driving in Maintaining Mobility in Later Life: A European View. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.4017/gt.2002.01.04.003.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Marcellini F, Mollenkopf H, Spazzafumo L, Ruoppila I. Acceptance and use of technological solutions by the elderly in the outdoor environment: findings from a European survey. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2000; 33:169-77. [PMID: 10923368 DOI: 10.1007/s003910070057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article examines the use and acceptance of ticket machines, automatic teller machines (ATMs) and telephone cards by the elderly in four European regions. The analyses are based on data from an international project entitled "Keeping the Elderly Mobile", collected in Mannheim (former West Germany; N = 404 home-dwelling respondents), Chemnitz (former East Germany; N = 400), Ancona (Italy; N = 600), and Jyväskylä (Finland; N = 618). The random sample was stratified by age and gender in each country. Two generations of men and women (aged 55-74 and 75+ years, respectively) participated in the study. Results show that respondents generally made little use of the three technologies under investigation: in fact, the majority of respondents does not use them at all. The most frequently used devices were ATMs in Chemnitz and ticket machines and telephone cards in Mannheim. On the basis of logistic regression analysis, age was the most important explanatory factor for the three technologies and for all four regions, i.e., the users were mostly the "young-old." Education was a more important variable than gender. In all four regions, the majority of the respondents who used the technologies assessed felt that each of them made life easier; nevertheless, ticket machines make life more difficult to almost every third user in Mannheim. Interesting differences and similarities among the towns were also found. The present study exhibits preliminary results regarding elderly and technology which future research should investigate in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marcellini
- Deutsches Zentrum für Alternsforschung, Universität Heidelberg.
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13
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Marcellini F, Gagliardi C, Spazzafumo L, Mollenkopf H, Ruoppila I. Diffusion and acceptance of technological solutions among the elderly in three European countries. Stud Health Technol Inform 1997; 48:462-4. [PMID: 10186573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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14
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Flaschenträger P, Spazzafumo L, Marcellini F, Mollenkopf H, Ruoppila I. The perception of traffic conditions by elderly people. A comparative study in three European countries. Stud Health Technol Inform 1997; 48:212-6. [PMID: 10186513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Flaschenträger
- Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (Social Science Research Center Berlin)-WZB, Germany
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15
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Mollenkopf H, Marcellini F, Ruoppila I. The outdoor mobility of elderly people--a comparative study in three European countries. Stud Health Technol Inform 1997; 48:204-11. [PMID: 10186512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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16
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Mollenkopf H, Marcellini F, Ruoppila I, Flaschenträger P, Gagliardi C, Spazzafumo L. Outdoor mobility and social relationships of elderly people. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1997; 24:295-310. [PMID: 15374117 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(97)00781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/08/1996] [Accepted: 12/11/1996] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Social relationships and activities are important elements in the quality of life of older people. With advancing age, they are made more difficult through the possible loss of physical functions, through societal processes of differentiation, and through unfavourable environmental and technological conditions. Therefore, mobility becomes a fundamental prerequisite for the participation in social relations and activities. This article presents some initial findings of a project which investigates the mobility needs of the elderly and the main factors hindering their desired mobility in three European countries. It became apparent that there is a clear connection between the social situation of elderly persons and specific mobility patterns: if they are tied into a closely meshed network of family or friends, then they are away from home more frequently than when this is not the case. In addition, individual factors like the age, the health situation and the driving ability of a person are important influences. External factors which restrict the mobility can be found in the respective spatial or technical conditions, on the one hand, and in affecting social interactions in the public sphere on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mollenkopf
- Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (Social Science Research Center Berlin), WZB, Reichpietschufer 50, D-10785 Berlin, Germany.
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