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Fattahi Z, Mohseni M, Jalalvand K, Aghakhani Moghadam F, Ghaziasadi A, Keshavarzi F, Yavarian J, Jafarpour A, Mortazavi SE, Ghodratpour F, Behravan H, Khazeni M, Momeni SA, Jahanzad I, Moradi A, Tabarraei A, Azimi SA, Kord E, Hashemi-Shahri SM, Azaran A, Yousefi F, Mokhames Z, Soleimani A, Ghafari S, Ziaee M, Habibzadeh S, Jeddi F, Hadadi A, Abdollahi A, Kaydani GA, Soltani S, Mokhtari-Azad T, Najafipour R, Malekzadeh R, Kahrizi K, Jazayeri SM, Najmabadi H. SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Iran: The dynamics of the epidemic and evidence on two independent introductions. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1375-1386. [PMID: 33835709 PMCID: PMC8251331 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The SARS‐CoV‐2 virus has been rapidly spreading globally since December 2019, triggering a pandemic, soon after its emergence. While Iran was among the first countries confronted with rapid spread of virus in February 2020, no real‐time SARS‐CoV‐2 whole‐genome tracking in early phase of outbreak was performed in the country. To address this issue, we provided 50 whole‐genome sequences of viral isolates ascertained from different geographical locations in Iran during March–July 2020. The corresponding analysis on origins, transmission dynamics and genetic diversity of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus, represented at least two introductions of the virus into the country, constructing two major clusters defined as B.4 and B.1*. The first entry of the virus might have occurred around very late 2019/early 2020, as suggested by the time to the most recent common ancestor, followed by a rapid community transmission that led to dominancy of B.4 lineage in early epidemic till the end of June. Gradually, reduction in dominancy of B.4 occurred possibly as a result of other entries of the virus, followed by surge of B.1* lineages, as of mid‐May. Remarkably, variation tracking of the virus indicated the increase in frequency of D614G mutation, along with B.1* lineages, which showed continuity till October 2020. The increase in frequency of D614G mutation and B.1* lineages from mid‐May onwards predicts a rapid viral transmission that may push the country into a critical health situation followed by a considerable change in composition of viral lineages circulating in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Fattahi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mohseni
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Jalalvand
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azam Ghaziasadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Keshavarzi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Jafarpour
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Elham Mortazavi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, College of Science, University of Science & Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghodratpour
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Behravan
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khazeni
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Booali Laboratory, Qom, Iran
| | | | | | - Abdolvahab Moradi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Sadegh Ali Azimi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Kord
- Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri
- Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Azarakhsh Azaran
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Farid Yousefi
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zakiye Mokhames
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic, Emam Ali Educational and Therapeutic Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Soleimani
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic, Emam Ali Educational and Therapeutic Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Shokouh Ghafari
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Masood Ziaee
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Shahram Habibzadeh
- Department of Infectious Disease, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Farhad Jeddi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Azar Hadadi
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdollahi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam Abbas Kaydani
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saber Soltani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Najafipour
- Cell and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran
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Soosanabadi M, Mirfakhraie R, Atanesyan L, Biglarian A, Aghakhani Moghadam F, Rahimi M, Behjati F, Keyhani E. Application of Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification in Determining the Copy Number Alterations of HER Gene Family Members in Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 8:91-101. [PMID: 31334294 PMCID: PMC6590940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the usability of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for copy number determination of HER gene family members (ERBB1-4) in invasive breast carcinoma and to explore the association of ERBB1-4 gene copy numbers with clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer (BC) patients. METHODS Clinical and immunohistochemical characteristics were assessed in 104 BC patients and the molecular subtype was determined for each tumor sample. Furthermore, HER-2/neu status was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and equivocal results were confirmed by Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The copy numbers of ERBB1-4 genes were determined by MLPA. RESULTS Twenty-five percent of all patients showed ERBB2 gene-amplification by MLPA, whereas 14.4% of cases showed ERBB-2/neu overproduction at the protein level (IHC). Moreover, only 2.9% and 1.9% of patients showed amplification in ERBB1 and ERBB4, respectively. No copy number changes were observed in ERBB3. Our results indicated a significant association between ERBB2 copy number gain and histological grade (p value= 0.01), stage (p value= 0.02), and tumor subtypes (p value= <0.001). In addition, we found MLPA more accurate in assessing HER2 status with 15.4% and 9.6% gene amplification detection in early stages (1, 2A and 2B) and advanced tumor stages (3A, 3B, and 4), respectively, compared to IHC (early stages= 13.5% and advanced stages= 4.7%). CONCLUSION According to our findings, MLPA is a fast, precise and low-cost technique to detect ERBB2 amplification, especially in advanced tumor stages. However, due to infrequent amplification found in ERBB1 and ERBB4 as well as the lack of amplification in ERBB3, their importance in the prognostic evaluation of BC patients remains controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Soosanabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Mirfakhraie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Akbar Biglarian
- Department of Biostatistics and Computer Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Maryam Rahimi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farkhondeh Behjati
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elaheh Keyhani
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Clinical Research Development Center of Rofeideh Rehabilitation Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
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Soghani B, Ebadifar A, Khorram Khorshid HR, Kamali K, Hamedi R, Aghakhani Moghadam F. The study of association between reduced folate carrier 1 ( RFC1) polymorphism and non-syndromic cleft lip/palate in Iranian population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7:263-268. [PMID: 29435434 PMCID: PMC5801538 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2017.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cleft lip/palate is one of the most common congenital defects and is supposed to have multifactorial etiology, including a complex interaction between genetics and environment. Reduced folate carrier 1 (RFC1) gene takes part in folate transportation within the cells. In this study, the association of A80G polymorphism in the RFC1 gene with the non-syndromic cleft lip/palate (nsCL/P) was investigated in Iranian infants for the first time. Methods: In this case-control survey, 122 Iranian infants with nsCL/P and 164 healthy infants were investigated for RFC1 polymorphism by PCR and RFLP methods. The results were statistically compared with control group, odds ratios with 95% CI were estimated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression model and a P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The RFC1 G allele was significantly higher (P=0.001; OR=7, 95% CI: 4.7-10.2) in the cases (60.3%) compared with the controls (17.9%). Not only the RFC1 AG genotype was significantly higher (P<0.001; OR=44, 95% CI: 14.6-133) in cases (67.8%) than the controls (27.4%), but also GG genotype (P<0.001; OR=85, 95% CI: 20.5-352) was much higher in cases (26.4%) than the controls (4.3%). Conclusion: Our study indicated that the RFC1 (A80G) polymorphism was associated with the nsCL/P in Iranian population. Moreover, 80GG homozygosity was significant in the cases. The presence of G allele can be considered as a risk factor for the nsCL/P. Infants with the GG and AG genotypes were more prone to cleft lip/palate as compared to the AA ones. This finding emphasizes the role of RFC1 gene and the intracellular levels of folate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnoosh Soghani
- Dentofacial Deformities Research Center Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Ebadifar
- Dentofacial Deformities Research Center Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Orthodontic, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Behehsti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Koorosh Kamali
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Roya Hamedi
- Dental Carries Prevention Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Saket M, Saliminejad K, Kamali K, Moghadam FA, Anvar NE, Khorram Khorshid HR. BMP2 and BMP4 variations and risk of non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 72:134-137. [PMID: 27591802 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is one of the most common congenital anomalies and arises from the interaction of environmental and genetic factors. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the BMP2 (bone morphogenetic protein 2) and BMP4 (bone morphogenetic protein 4) polymorphisms with non-syndromic CL/P to clarify the potential role of these genes in the etiology of CL/P in Iranian population. DESIGN The allelic and genotypic frequencies of BMP2 rs235768 A>T and BMP4 rs17563 T>C polymorphisms were determined in 107 unrelated Iranian subjects with non-syndromic CL/P and 186 control subjects using PCR and RFLP methods, and the results were compared with healthy controls. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The BMP2 rs235768 AT genotype was significantly higher (P=0.009, OR=3, 95% CI=1.3-7.0) in the CL/P (59.8%) than the control group (33.3%). Similarly, the BMP4 rs17563 TC genotype were significantly higher (P=0.008, OR=3.7, 95% CI=1.4-9.9) in the CL/P (70.0%) than the control group (44.6%). CONCLUSION The BMP2 rs235768 A>T and BMP4 rs17563 T>C polymorphisms could be considered as the risk factor for non-syndromic CL/P in Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Saket
- Department of Genetics, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran
| | - Kioomars Saliminejad
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koorosh Kamali
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nazanin Esmaeili Anvar
- Genetic Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ebadifar A, Hamedi R, KhorramKhorshid HR, Kamali K, Moghadam FA. Parental cigarette smoking, transforming growth factor-alpha gene variant and the risk of orofacial cleft in Iranian infants. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2016; 19:366-73. [PMID: 27279979 PMCID: PMC4887708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the influence of genetic variation of the transforming growth-factor alpha (TGFA) locus on the relationship between smoking and oral clefts. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study 105 Iranian infants with non-syndromic cleft lip/palate and 218 controls with non-cleft birth defects were examined to test for associations among maternal exposures, genetic markers, and oral clefts. Maternal and parental smoking histories during pregnancy were obtained through questionnaire. DNA was extracted from newborn screening blood samples, and genotyping of the BamHI polymorphism in the TGFA gene was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. A number of factors including gender of the newborns, type of oral cleft, consanguinity of the parents, as well as the mother's age and education were evaluated as potential confounders and effect modifiers. RESULTS Maternal smoking, in the absence of paternal smoking, was associated with an increased risk for CL/P (OR = 19.2, 95% CI = [(6.2-59.5)]) and cleft palate only (OR =48.7, 95% CI = [(8-29.3)]). If both parents smoked, risks were generally greater (OR = 55.6, 95% CI = [12-20.25]). Analyses for the risk of clefting from maternal smoking, stratified by the presence or absence of the TGFA/BamH1variant, revealed that the risk of clefting among the infants with the TGFA/BamH1 variant when their mothers smoked cigarettes was much greater than the infants who had non-smoker mothers (P=0.001, OR=10.4,95% CI=[3.2,33.6]). CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that first-trimester maternal smoking and infant TGFA locus mutations are both associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ebadifar
- Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Asghar Ebadifar. Shahid Beheshti Dental School, Evin St., Chamran High Way, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roya Hamedi
- Dental Carries Prevention Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Koorosh Kamali
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aghakhani Moghadam
- Bachelors of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ebadifar A, Hamedi R, Khorram Khorshid HR, Saliminejad K, Kamali K, Aghakhani Moghadam F, Esmaeili Anvar N, Ameli N. Association of Transforming Growth Factor Alpha Polymorphisms with Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and Palate in Iranian Population. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2015; 7:168-72. [PMID: 26605011 PMCID: PMC4629459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is one of the most common congenital anomalies and the etiology of orofacial clefts is multifactorial. Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) is expressed at the medial edge epithelium of fusing palatal shelves during craniofacial development. In this study, the association of two important TGFA gene polymorphisms, BamHI (rs11466297) and RsaI (rs3732248), with CL/P was evaluated in an Iranian population. METHODS The frequencies of BamHI and RsaI variations were determined in 105 unrelated Iranian subjects with nonsyndromic CL/P and 218 control subjects using PCR and RFLP methods, and the results were compared with healthy controls. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The BamHI AC genotype was significantly higher (p=0.016) in the patients (12.4%) than the control group (5.0%). The BamHI C allele was significantly higher (p=0.001; OR=3.4, 95% CI: 1.6-7.4) in the cases (8.0%) compared with the control group (2.5%). CONCLUSION Our study showed that there was an association between the TGFA BamHI variation and nonsyndromic CL/P in Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ebadifar
- Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Department of Orthodontic, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Behehsti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Hamedi
- Department of Orthodontic, Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Roya Hamedi, Ph.D., Department of Orthodontic, Dentofacial Deformity Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Behehsti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Tel: +98 9125576105, E-mail:
| | | | - Kioomars Saliminejad
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koorosh Kamali
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Nazanin Esmaeili Anvar
- Genetic Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazilla Ameli
- Department of Orthodontic, Faculty of Dentistry, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Pazhoomand R, Keyhan E, Banan M, Najmabad H, Karimlou M, Khodadad F, Iraniparast A, Feiz F, Majidzadeh K, Bahman I, Moghadam FA, Sobhani AM, Abedin SS, Muhammadnejad A, Behjat F. Detection of HER2 Status in Breast Cancer: Comparison of Current Methods with MLPA and Real-time RT-PCR. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Pazhoomand R, Keyhani E, Banan M, Najmabadi H, Khodadadi F, Iraniparast A, Feiz F, Majidzadeh K, Bahman I, Moghadam FA, Sobhani AM, Muhammadnejad A, Abedini SS, Behjati F. Detection of HER2 status in breast cancer: comparison of current methods with MLPA and real-time RT-PCR. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:7621-7628. [PMID: 24460343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) status is an important prognostic factor in breast cancer. There is no globally accepted method for determining its status, and which method is most precise is still a matter of debate. We here analyzed HER2 mRNA expression by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and HER2 DNA amplification using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). In parallel, we performed a routine evaluation of HER2 protein by immunohistochemistry (IHC). To assess the accuracy of the RT-PCR and MLPA techniques, a combination of IHC and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used, substituting FISH when the results of IHC were ambiguous (2+) and for those IHC results that disagreed with MLPA and qRT-PCR, this approach being termed IHC-FISH. The IHC results for four samples were not compatible with the MLPA and qRT-PCR results; the MLPA and qRT-PCR results for these samples were confirmed by FISH. The correlations between IHC-FISH and qRT-PCR or MLPA were 0.945 and 0.973, respectively. The ASCO/CAP guideline IHC/FISH correlation with MLPA was (0.827) and with RT-PCR was (0.854). The correlations between the IHC results (0, 1+ as negative, and 3+ as positive) and qRT-PCR and MLPA techniques were 0.743 and 0.831, respectively. Given the shortcomings of IHC analysis and greater correlations between MLPA, qRT-PCR, and FISH methods than IHC analysis alone with each of these three methods, we propose that MLPA and real-time PCR are good alternatives to IHC. However a suitable cut-off point for qRT- PCR is a prerequisite for determining the exact status of HER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Pazhoomand
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran E-mail :
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