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Du S, Wankowicz SA, Yabukarski F, Doukov T, Herschlag D, Fraser JS. Refinement of multiconformer ensemble models from multi-temperature X-ray diffraction data. Methods Enzymol 2023; 688:223-254. [PMID: 37748828 PMCID: PMC10637719 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Conformational ensembles underlie all protein functions. Thus, acquiring atomic-level ensemble models that accurately represent conformational heterogeneity is vital to deepen our understanding of how proteins work. Modeling ensemble information from X-ray diffraction data has been challenging, as traditional cryo-crystallography restricts conformational variability while minimizing radiation damage. Recent advances have enabled the collection of high quality diffraction data at ambient temperatures, revealing innate conformational heterogeneity and temperature-driven changes. Here, we used diffraction datasets for Proteinase K collected at temperatures ranging from 313 to 363 K to provide a tutorial for the refinement of multiconformer ensemble models. Integrating automated sampling and refinement tools with manual adjustments, we obtained multiconformer models that describe alternative backbone and sidechain conformations, their relative occupancies, and interconnections between conformers. Our models revealed extensive and diverse conformational changes across temperature, including increased bound peptide ligand occupancies, different Ca2+ binding site configurations and altered rotameric distributions. These insights emphasize the value and need for multiconformer model refinement to extract ensemble information from diffraction data and to understand ensemble-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie A Wankowicz
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Filip Yabukarski
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Bristol-Myers Squibb, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tzanko Doukov
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Herschlag
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - James S Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Du S, Wankowicz SA, Yabukarski F, Doukov T, Herschlag D, Fraser JS. Refinement of Multiconformer Ensemble Models from Multi-temperature X-ray Diffraction Data. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.05.539620. [PMID: 37205593 PMCID: PMC10187334 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.05.539620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Conformational ensembles underlie all protein functions. Thus, acquiring atomic-level ensemble models that accurately represent conformational heterogeneity is vital to deepen our understanding of how proteins work. Modeling ensemble information from X-ray diffraction data has been challenging, as traditional cryo-crystallography restricts conformational variability while minimizing radiation damage. Recent advances have enabled the collection of high quality diffraction data at ambient temperatures, revealing innate conformational heterogeneity and temperature-driven changes. Here, we used diffraction datasets for Proteinase K collected at temperatures ranging from 313 to 363K to provide a tutorial for the refinement of multiconformer ensemble models. Integrating automated sampling and refinement tools with manual adjustments, we obtained multiconformer models that describe alternative backbone and sidechain conformations, their relative occupancies, and interconnections between conformers. Our models revealed extensive and diverse conformational changes across temperature, including increased bound peptide ligand occupancies, different Ca2+ binding site configurations and altered rotameric distributions. These insights emphasize the value and need for multiconformer model refinement to extract ensemble information from diffraction data and to understand ensemble-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Wankowicz
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Filip Yabukarski
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tzanko Doukov
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Daniel Herschlag
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - James S. Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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Doukov T, Herschlag D, Yabukarski F. Obtaining anomalous and ensemble information from protein crystals from 220 K up to physiological temperatures. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2023; 79:212-223. [PMID: 36876431 PMCID: PMC9986799 DOI: 10.1107/s205979832300089x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray crystallography has been invaluable in delivering structural information about proteins. Previously, an approach has been developed that allows high-quality X-ray diffraction data to be obtained from protein crystals at and above room temperature. Here, this previous work is built on and extended by showing that high-quality anomalous signal can be obtained from single protein crystals using diffraction data collected at 220 K up to physiological temperatures. The anomalous signal can be used to directly determine the structure of a protein, i.e. to phase the data, as is routinely performed under cryoconditions. This ability is demonstrated by obtaining diffraction data from model lysozyme, thaumatin and proteinase K crystals, the anomalous signal from which allowed their structures to be solved experimentally at 7.1 keV X-ray energy and at room temperature with relatively low data redundancy. It is also demonstrated that the anomalous signal from diffraction data obtained at 310 K (37°C) can be used to solve the structure of proteinase K and to identify ordered ions. The method provides useful anomalous signal at temperatures down to 220 K, resulting in an extended crystal lifetime and increased data redundancy. Finally, we show that useful anomalous signal can be obtained at room temperature using X-rays of 12 keV energy as typically used for routine data collection, allowing this type of experiment to be carried out at widely accessible synchrotron beamline energies and enabling the simultaneous extraction of high-resolution data and anomalous signal. With the recent emphasis on obtaining conformational ensemble information for proteins, the high resolution of the data allows such ensembles to be built, while the anomalous signal allows the structure to be experimentally solved, ions to be identified, and water molecules and ions to be differentiated. Because bound metal-, phosphorus- and sulfur-containing ions all have anomalous signal, obtaining anomalous signal across temperatures and up to physiological temperatures will provide a more complete description of protein conformational ensembles, function and energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzanko Doukov
- SMB, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Daniel Herschlag
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Filip Yabukarski
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Yabukarski F, Doukov T, Pinney MM, Biel JT, Fraser JS, Herschlag D. Ensemble-function relationships to dissect mechanisms of enzyme catalysis. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn7738. [PMID: 36240280 PMCID: PMC9565801 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn7738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Decades of structure-function studies have established our current extensive understanding of enzymes. However, traditional structural models are snapshots of broader conformational ensembles of interchanging states. We demonstrate the need for conformational ensembles to understand function, using the enzyme ketosteroid isomerase (KSI) as an example. Comparison of prior KSI cryogenic x-ray structures suggested deleterious mutational effects from a misaligned oxyanion hole catalytic residue. However, ensemble information from room-temperature x-ray crystallography, combined with functional studies, excluded this model. Ensemble-function analyses can deconvolute effects from altering the probability of occupying a state (P-effects) and changing the reactivity of each state (k-effects); our ensemble-function analyses revealed functional effects arising from weakened oxyanion hole hydrogen bonding and substrate repositioning within the active site. Ensemble-function studies will have an integral role in understanding enzymes and in meeting the future goals of a predictive understanding of enzyme catalysis and engineering new enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Yabukarski
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tzanko Doukov
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Margaux M. Pinney
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Justin T. Biel
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - James S. Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Herschlag
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Yabukarski F, Doukov T, Mokhtari DA, Du S, Herschlag D. Evaluating the impact of X-ray damage on conformational heterogeneity in room-temperature (277 K) and cryo-cooled protein crystals. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:945-963. [PMID: 35916220 PMCID: PMC9344472 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322005939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryo-cooling has been nearly universally adopted to mitigate X-ray damage and facilitate crystal handling in protein X-ray crystallography. However, cryo X-ray crystallographic data provide an incomplete window into the ensemble of conformations that is at the heart of protein function and energetics. Room-temperature (RT) X-ray crystallography provides accurate ensemble information, and recent developments allow conformational heterogeneity (the experimental manifestation of ensembles) to be extracted from single-crystal data. Nevertheless, high sensitivity to X-ray damage at RT raises concerns about data reliability. To systematically address this critical issue, increasingly X-ray-damaged high-resolution data sets (1.02–1.52 Å resolution) were obtained from single proteinase K, thaumatin and lysozyme crystals at RT (277 K). In each case a modest increase in conformational heterogeneity with X-ray damage was observed. Merging data with different extents of damage (as is typically carried out) had negligible effects on conformational heterogeneity until the overall diffraction intensity decayed to ∼70% of its initial value. These effects were compared with X-ray damage effects in cryo-cooled crystals by carrying out an analogous analysis of increasingly damaged proteinase K cryo data sets (0.9–1.16 Å resolution). X-ray damage-associated heterogeneity changes were found that were not observed at RT. This property renders it difficult to distinguish real from artefactual conformations and to determine the conformational response to changes in temperature. The ability to acquire reliable heterogeneity information from single crystals at RT, together with recent advances in RT data collection at accessible synchrotron beamlines, provides a strong motivation for the widespread adoption of RT X-ray crystallography to obtain conformational ensemble information.
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Bourhis JM, Yabukarski F, Communie G, Schneider R, Volchkova VA, Frénéat M, Gérard F, Ducournau C, Mas C, Tarbouriech N, Ringkjøbing Jensen M, Volchkov VE, Blackledge M, Jamin M. Structural dynamics of the C-terminal X domain of Nipah and Hendra viruses controls the attachment to the C-terminal tail of the nucleocapsid protein. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pinney MM, Mokhtari DA, Akiva E, Yabukarski F, Sanchez DM, Liang R, Doukov T, Martinez TJ, Babbitt PC, Herschlag D. Parallel molecular mechanisms for enzyme temperature adaptation. Science 2021; 371:371/6533/eaay2784. [PMID: 33674467 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that underly the adaptation of enzyme activities and stabilities to temperature are fundamental to our understanding of molecular evolution and how enzymes work. Here, we investigate the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms of enzyme temperature adaption, combining deep mechanistic studies with comprehensive sequence analyses of thousands of enzymes. We show that temperature adaptation in ketosteroid isomerase (KSI) arises primarily from one residue change with limited, local epistasis, and we establish the underlying physical mechanisms. This residue change occurs in diverse KSI backgrounds, suggesting parallel adaptation to temperature. We identify residues associated with organismal growth temperature across 1005 diverse bacterial enzyme families, suggesting widespread parallel adaptation to temperature. We assess the residue properties, molecular interactions, and interaction networks that appear to underly temperature adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux M Pinney
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Daniel A Mokhtari
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eyal Akiva
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Filip Yabukarski
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - David M Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Photon Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ruibin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Photon Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Tzanko Doukov
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Photon Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Patricia C Babbitt
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Herschlag
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Doukov T, Herschlag D, Yabukarski F. Instrumentation and experimental procedures for robust collection of X-ray diffraction data from protein crystals across physiological temperatures. J Appl Crystallogr 2020; 53:1493-1501. [PMID: 33312102 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720013503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional X-ray diffraction data collected at cryo-temperatures have delivered invaluable insights into the three-dimensional structures of proteins, providing the backbone of structure-function studies. While cryo-cooling mitigates radiation damage, cryo-temperatures can alter protein conformational ensembles and solvent structure. Furthermore, conformational ensembles underlie protein function and energetics, and recent advances in room-temperature X-ray crystallography have delivered conformational heterogeneity information that can be directly related to biological function. Given this capability, the next challenge is to develop a robust and broadly applicable method to collect single-crystal X-ray diffraction data at and above room temperature. This challenge is addressed herein. The approach described provides complete diffraction data sets with total collection times as short as ∼5 s from single protein crystals, dramatically increasing the quantity of data that can be collected within allocated synchrotron beam time. Its applicability was demonstrated by collecting 1.09-1.54 Å resolution data over a temperature range of 293-363 K for proteinase K, thaumatin and lysozyme crystals at BL14-1 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. The analyses presented here indicate that the diffraction data are of high quality and do not suffer from excessive dehydration or radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzanko Doukov
- SMB, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Daniel Herschlag
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Filip Yabukarski
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Jensen MR, Yabukarski F, Communie G, Condamine E, Mas C, Volchkova V, Tarbouriech N, Bourhis JM, Volchkov V, Blackledge M, Jamin M. Structural Description of the Nipah Virus Phosphoprotein and Its Interaction with STAT1. Biophys J 2020; 118:2470-2488. [PMID: 32348724 PMCID: PMC7231922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural characterization of modular proteins containing long intrinsically disordered regions intercalated with folded domains is complicated by their conformational diversity and flexibility and requires the integration of multiple experimental approaches. Nipah virus (NiV) phosphoprotein, an essential component of the viral RNA transcription/replication machine and a component of the viral arsenal that hijacks cellular components and counteracts host immune responses, is a prototypical model for such modular proteins. Curiously, the phosphoprotein of NiV is significantly longer than the corresponding protein of other paramyxoviruses. Here, we combine multiple biophysical methods, including x-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and small angle x-ray scattering, to characterize the structure of this protein and provide an atomistic representation of the full-length protein in the form of a conformational ensemble. We show that full-length NiV phosphoprotein is tetrameric, and we solve the crystal structure of its tetramerization domain. Using NMR spectroscopy and small angle x-ray scattering, we show that the long N-terminal intrinsically disordered region and the linker connecting the tetramerization domain to the C-terminal X domain exchange between multiple conformations while containing short regions of residual secondary structure. Some of these transient helices are known to interact with partners, whereas others represent putative binding sites for yet unidentified proteins. Finally, using NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry, we map a region of the phosphoprotein, comprising residues between 110 and 140 and common to the V and W proteins, that binds with weak affinity to STAT1 and confirm the involvement of key amino acids of the viral protein in this interaction. This provides new, to our knowledge, insights into how the phosphoprotein and the nonstructural V and W proteins of NiV perform their multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filip Yabukarski
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Communie
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Condamine
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Mas
- Integrated Structural Biology Grenoble CNRS, CEA, University Grenoble Alpes, EMBL, Grenoble, France
| | - Valentina Volchkova
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERMU1111-CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Tarbouriech
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bourhis
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Viktor Volchkov
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERMU1111-CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Martin Blackledge
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Jamin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France.
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Pinney MM, Natarajan A, Yabukarski F, Sanchez DM, Liu F, Liang R, Doukov T, Schwans JP, Martinez TJ, Herschlag D. Structural Coupling Throughout the Active Site Hydrogen Bond Networks of Ketosteroid Isomerase and Photoactive Yellow Protein. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9827-9843. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Lamba V, Yabukarski F, Herschlag D. An Activator-Blocker Pair Provides a Controllable On-Off Switch for a Ketosteroid Isomerase Active Site Mutant. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11089-11095. [PMID: 28719738 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Control of enzyme activity is fundamental to biology and represents a long-term goal in bioengineering and precision therapeutics. While several powerful molecular strategies have been developed, limitations remain in their generalizability and dynamic range. We demonstrate a control mechanism via separate small molecules that turn on the enzyme (activator) and turn off the activation (blocker). We show that a pocket created near the active site base of the enzyme ketosteriod isomerase (KSI) allows efficient and saturable base rescue when the enzyme's natural general base is removed. Binding a small molecule with similar properties but lacking general-base capability in this pocket shuts off rescue. The ability of small molecules to directly participate in and directly block catalysis may afford a broad controllable dynamic range. This approach may be amenable to numerous enzymes and to engineering and screening approaches to identify activators and blockers with strong, specific binding for engineering and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Lamba
- Department of Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Chemical Engineering, and ∥Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Filip Yabukarski
- Department of Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Chemical Engineering, and ∥Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel Herschlag
- Department of Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Chemical Engineering, and ∥Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Abstract
Viruses with a nonsegmented negative-sense RNA genome (NNVs) include important human pathogens as well as life-threatening zoonotic viruses. These viruses share a common RNA replication complex, including the genomic RNA and three proteins, the nucleoprotein (N), the phosphoprotein (P), and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L). During genome replication, the RNA polymerase complex first synthesizes positive-sense antigenomes, which in turn serve as template for the production of negative-sense progeny genomes. These newly synthesized antigenomic and genomic RNAs must be encapsidated by N, and the source of soluble, RNA-free N, competent for the encapsidation is a complex between N and P, named the N0-P complex. In this review, we summarize recent progress made in the structural characterization of the different components of this peculiar RNA polymerase machinery. We discuss common features and replication strategies and highlight idiosyncrasies encountered in different viruses, along with the key role of the dual ordered/disordered architecture of protein components and the dynamics of the viral polymerase machinery. In particular, we focus on the N0-P complex and its role in the nucleocapsid assembly process. These new results provide evidence that the mechanism of NC assembly is conserved between the different families and thus support a divergent evolution from a common ancestor. In addition, the successful inhibition of infection due to different NNVs by peptides derived from P suggests that the mechanism of NC assembly is a potential target for antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jamin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| | - F Yabukarski
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Lamba V, Yabukarski F, Pinney M, Herschlag D. Evaluation of the Catalytic Contribution from a Positioned General Base in Ketosteroid Isomerase. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9902-9. [PMID: 27410422 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Proton transfer reactions are ubiquitous in enzymes and utilize active site residues as general acids and bases. Crystal structures and site-directed mutagenesis are routinely used to identify these residues, but assessment of their catalytic contribution remains a major challenge. In principle, effective molarity measurements, in which exogenous acids/bases rescue the reaction in mutants lacking these residues, can estimate these catalytic contributions. However, these exogenous moieties can be restricted in reactivity by steric hindrance or enhanced by binding interactions with nearby residues, thereby resulting in over- or underestimation of the catalytic contribution, respectively. With these challenges in mind, we investigated the catalytic contribution of an aspartate general base in ketosteroid isomerase (KSI) by exogenous rescue. In addition to removing the general base, we systematically mutated nearby residues and probed each mutant with a series of carboxylate bases of similar pKa but varying size. Our results underscore the need for extensive and multifaceted variation to assess and minimize steric and positioning effects and determine effective molarities that estimate catalytic contributions. We obtained consensus effective molarities of ∼5 × 10(4) M for KSI from Comamonas testosteroni (tKSI) and ∼10(3) M for KSI from Pseudomonas putida (pKSI). An X-ray crystal structure of a tKSI general base mutant showed no additional structural rearrangements, and double mutant cycles revealed similar contributions from an oxyanion hole mutation in the wild-type and base-rescued reactions, providing no indication of mutational effects extending beyond the general base site. Thus, the high effective molarities suggest a large catalytic contribution associated with the general base. A significant portion of this effect presumably arises from positioning of the base, but its large magnitude suggests the involvement of additional catalytic mechanisms as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Lamba
- Department of Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemistry, #Department of Chemical Engineering, §Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Filip Yabukarski
- Department of Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemistry, #Department of Chemical Engineering, §Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Margaux Pinney
- Department of Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemistry, #Department of Chemical Engineering, §Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel Herschlag
- Department of Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemistry, #Department of Chemical Engineering, §Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Yabukarski F, Leyrat C, Martinez N, Communie G, Ivanov I, Ribeiro EA, Buisson M, Gerard FC, Bourhis JM, Jensen MR, Bernadó P, Blackledge M, Jamin M. Ensemble Structure of the Highly Flexible Complex Formed between Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Unassembled Nucleoprotein and its Phosphoprotein Chaperone. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:2671-94. [PMID: 27107640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleocapsid assembly is an essential process in the replication of the non-segmented, negative-sense RNA viruses (NNVs). Unassembled nucleoprotein (N(0)) is maintained in an RNA-free and monomeric form by its viral chaperone, the phosphoprotein (P), forming the N(0)-P complex. Our earlier work solved the structure of vesicular stomatitis virus complex formed between an N-terminally truncated N (NΔ21) and a peptide of P (P60) encompassing the N(0)-binding site, but how the full-length P interacts with N(0) remained unknown. Here, we combine several experimental biophysical methods including size exclusion chromatography with detection by light scattering and refractometry, small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with molecular dynamics simulation and computational modeling to characterize the NΔ21(0)-PFL complex formed with dimeric full-length P. We show that for multi-molecular complexes, simultaneous multiple-curve fitting using small-angle neutron scattering data collected at varying contrast levels provides additional information and can help refine structural ensembles. We demonstrate that (a) vesicular stomatitis virus PFL conserves its high flexibility within the NΔ21(0)-PFL complex and interacts with NΔ21(0) only through its N-terminal extremity; (b) each protomer of P can chaperone one N(0) client protein, leading to the formation of complexes with stoichiometries 1N:P2 and 2N:P2; and (c) phosphorylation of residues Ser60, Thr62 and Ser64 provides no additional interactions with N(0) but creates a metal binding site in PNTR. A comparison with the structures of Nipah virus and Ebola virus N(0)-P core complex suggests a mechanism for the control of nucleocapsid assembly that is common to all NNVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Yabukarski
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France
| | - Cedric Leyrat
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France
| | - Nicolas Martinez
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France; Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Communie
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France; Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France
| | - Euripedes A Ribeiro
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France
| | - Marlyse Buisson
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France; Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Francine C Gerard
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bourhis
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France
| | - Malene Ringkjøbing Jensen
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France
| | - Pau Bernadó
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR 5048, Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Blackledge
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France
| | - Marc Jamin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38044, France.
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15
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Natarajan A, Yabukarski F, Lamba V, Schwans JP, Sunden F, Herschlag D. BIOPHYSICS. Comment on "Extreme electric fields power catalysis in the active site of ketosteroid isomerase". Science 2015; 349:936. [PMID: 26315426 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fried et al. (Reports, 19 December 2014, p. 1510) demonstrated a strong correlation between reaction rate and the carbonyl stretching frequency of a product analog bound to ketosteroid isomerase oxyanion hole mutants and concluded that the active-site electric field provides 70% of catalysis. Alternative comparisons suggest a smaller contribution, relative to the corresponding solution reaction, and highlight the importance of atomic-level descriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Natarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Filip Yabukarski
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vandana Lamba
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jason P Schwans
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Fanny Sunden
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Herschlag
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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16
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Communie G, Habchi J, Yabukarski F, Blocquel D, Schneider R, Tarbouriech N, Papageorgiou N, Ruigrok RWH, Jamin M, Jensen MR, Longhi S, Blackledge M. Atomic resolution description of the interaction between the nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein of Hendra virus. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003631. [PMID: 24086133 PMCID: PMC3784471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) is a recently emerged severe human pathogen that belongs to the Henipavirus genus within the Paramyxoviridae family. The HeV genome is encapsidated by the nucleoprotein (N) within a helical nucleocapsid. Recruitment of the viral polymerase onto the nucleocapsid template relies on the interaction between the C-terminal domain, N(TAIL), of N and the C-terminal X domain, XD, of the polymerase co-factor phosphoprotein (P). Here, we provide an atomic resolution description of the intrinsically disordered N(TAIL) domain in its isolated state and in intact nucleocapsids using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Using electron microscopy, we show that HeV nucleocapsids form herringbone-like structures typical of paramyxoviruses. We also report the crystal structure of XD of P that consists of a three-helix bundle. We study the interaction between N(TAIL) and XD using NMR titration experiments and provide a detailed mapping of the reciprocal binding sites. We show that the interaction is accompanied by α-helical folding of the molecular recognition element of N(TAIL) upon binding to a hydrophobic patch on the surface of XD. Finally, using solution NMR, we investigate the interaction between intact nucleocapsids and XD. Our results indicate that monomeric XD binds to N(TAIL) without triggering an additional unwinding of the nucleocapsid template. The present results provide a structural description at the atomic level of the protein-protein interactions required for transcription and replication of HeV, and the first direct observation of the interaction between the X domain of P and intact nucleocapsids in Paramyxoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Communie
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, UVHCI, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, UVHCI, Grenoble, France
- Unit for Virus Host Cell Interactions, Université Grenoble Alpes-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Johnny Habchi
- CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Filip Yabukarski
- Université Grenoble Alpes, UVHCI, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, UVHCI, Grenoble, France
- Unit for Virus Host Cell Interactions, Université Grenoble Alpes-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - David Blocquel
- CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Robert Schneider
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Tarbouriech
- Université Grenoble Alpes, UVHCI, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, UVHCI, Grenoble, France
- Unit for Virus Host Cell Interactions, Université Grenoble Alpes-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Papageorgiou
- CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Rob W. H. Ruigrok
- Université Grenoble Alpes, UVHCI, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, UVHCI, Grenoble, France
- Unit for Virus Host Cell Interactions, Université Grenoble Alpes-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Jamin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, UVHCI, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, UVHCI, Grenoble, France
- Unit for Virus Host Cell Interactions, Université Grenoble Alpes-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Malene Ringkjøbing Jensen
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail: (MJ); (SL)
| | - Sonia Longhi
- CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (MJ); (SL)
| | - Martin Blackledge
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
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17
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Leyrat C, Schneider R, Ribeiro EA, Yabukarski F, Yao M, Gérard FCA, Jensen MR, Ruigrok RWH, Blackledge M, Jamin M. Ensemble structure of the modular and flexible full-length vesicular stomatitis virus phosphoprotein. J Mol Biol 2012; 423:182-97. [PMID: 22789567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoprotein (P) is an essential component of the viral replication machinery of non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses, connecting the viral polymerase to its nucleoprotein-RNA template and acting as a chaperone of the nucleoprotein by preventing nonspecific encapsidation of cellular RNAs. The phosphoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) forms homodimers and possesses a modular organization comprising two stable, well-structured domains concatenated with two intrinsically disordered regions. Here, we used a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering to depict VSV P as an ensemble of continuously exchanging conformers that captures the dynamic character of this protein. We discuss the implications of the dynamics and the large conformational space sampled by VSV P in the assembly and functioning of the viral transcription/replication machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Leyrat
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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18
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Leyrat C, Yabukarski F, Tarbouriech N, Ribeiro EA, Jensen MR, Blackledge M, Ruigrok RWH, Jamin M. Structure of the vesicular stomatitis virus N⁰-P complex. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002248. [PMID: 21960769 PMCID: PMC3178552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication of non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses requires the continuous supply of the nucleoprotein (N) in the form of a complex with the phosphoprotein (P). Here, we present the structural characterization of a soluble, heterodimeric complex between a variant of vesicular stomatitis virus N lacking its 21 N-terminal residues (NΔ21) and a peptide of 60 amino acids (P60) encompassing the molecular recognition element (MoRE) of P that binds RNA-free N (N0). The complex crystallized in a decameric circular form, which was solved at 3.0 Å resolution, reveals how the MoRE folds upon binding to N and competes with RNA binding and N polymerization. Small-angle X-ray scattering experiment and NMR spectroscopy on the soluble complex confirms the binding of the MoRE and indicates that its flanking regions remain flexible in the complex. The structure of this complex also suggests a mechanism for the initiation of viral RNA synthesis. The negative sense RNA genome of the rhabdoviruses is encapsidated by the nucleoprotein, and the replication of the genome requires a continuous supply of RNA-free, monomeric nucleoprotein (N0) to encapsidate the newly synthesized (+)RNA intermediate antigenomes and (−)RNA genomes. In this process, the viral phosphoprotein acts as a chaperone, forming a heterodimeric complex, named N0-P, which prevents nascent N molecules from self-assembling and from binding to cellular RNAs. We reconstructed the N0-P complex of the prototype rhabdovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and characterized its structure by crystal X-ray diffraction and solution experiments. Our results show how the N-terminal region of the phosphoprotein folds upon binding to the RNA-free nucleoprotein and how it prevents the non-specific encapsidation of host-cell RNA. This complex is soluble and heterodimeric, but by forcing it to polymerize into a crystal it associated into a circular decamer of heterodimers very similar to the previously crystallized decameric N-RNA ring. On the basis of our results, we propose a model that explains the role of the phosphoprotein in the encapsidation of newly synthesized RNA and in the initiation of RNA synthesis by the viral polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Leyrat
- UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, Grenoble, France
| | - Filip Yabukarski
- UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Tarbouriech
- UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, Grenoble, France
| | - Euripedes A. Ribeiro
- UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, Grenoble, France
- UMR 5075 CEA-CNRS-UJF, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Martin Blackledge
- UMR 5075 CEA-CNRS-UJF, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Rob W. H. Ruigrok
- UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Jamin
- UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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