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Baluku MM, Nansubuga F, Kibanja GM, Ouma S, Balikoowa R, Nansamba J, Ruto G, Kawooya K, Musanje K. Associations of psychological inflexibility with posttraumatic stress disorder and adherence to COVID-19 control measures among refugees in Uganda: The moderating role of coping strategies. J Contextual Behav Sci 2023; 28:278-288. [PMID: 37197224 PMCID: PMC10163792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Refugees are vulnerable to developing mental health problems. The unprecedented appearance and rapid spread of COVID-19 exacerbated this vulnerability, especially in low-income countries where refugees survive on humanitarian aid and live in congested settlements. These appalling living conditions are a stressor, making adherence to COVID-19 control measures impractical and an additional psychological strain for refugees. The present study examined how psychological inflexibility is associated with adherence to COVID-19 control measures. A sample of 352 refugees from Kampala City and Bidibidi settlements were recruited. Refugees with high levels of psychological inflexibility reported higher PTSD symptom severity and low adherence to COVID-19 control measures. Moreover, PTSD severity mediated the association between psychological inflexibility and adherence, while avoidance coping moderated both direct and indirect effects. Interventions for reducing psychological inflexibility and avoidance coping may be essential in boosting adherence to measures relevant to the current and future status of the pandemic, along with other crises that refugees face.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samuel Ouma
- Makerere University, School of Psychology, Uganda
| | | | | | - Grace Ruto
- Makerere University, Research and Innovations Fund (Mak-RIF) Secretariat, Uganda
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Yik M, Mues C, Sze INL, Kuppens P, Tuerlinckx F, De Roover K, Kwok FHC, Schwartz SH, Abu-Hilal M, Adebayo DF, Aguilar P, Al-Bahrani M, Anderson MH, Andrade L, Bratko D, Bushina E, Choi JW, Cieciuch J, Dru V, Evers U, Fischer R, Florez IA, Garðarsdóttir RB, Gari A, Graf S, Halama P, Halberstadt J, Halim MS, Heilman RM, Hřebíčková M, Karl JA, Knežević G, Kohút M, Kolnes M, Lazarević LB, Lebedeva N, Lee J, Lee YH, Liu C, Mannerström R, Marušić I, Nansubuga F, Ojedokun O, Park J, Platt T, Proyer RT, Realo A, Rolland JP, Ruch W, Ruiz D, Sortheix FM, Stahlmann AG, Stojanov A, Strus W, Tamir M, Torres C, Trujillo A, Truong TKH, Utsugi A, Vecchione M, Wang L, Russell JA. On the relationship between valence and arousal in samples across the globe. Emotion 2023; 23:332-344. [PMID: 35446055 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Affect is involved in many psychological phenomena, but a descriptive structure, long sought, has been elusive. Valence and arousal are fundamental, and a key question-the focus of the present study-is the relationship between them. Valence is sometimes thought to be independent of arousal, but, in some studies (representing too few societies in the world) arousal was found to vary with valence. One common finding is that arousal is lowest at neutral valence and increases with both positive and negative valence: a symmetric V-shaped relationship. In the study reported here of self-reported affect during a remembered moment (N = 8,590), we tested the valence-arousal relationship in 33 societies with 25 different languages. The two most common hypotheses in the literature-independence and a symmetric V-shaped relationship-were not supported. With data of all samples pooled, arousal increased with positive but not negative valence. Valence accounted for between 5% (Finland) and 43% (China Beijing) of the variance in arousal. Although there is evidence for a structural relationship between the two, there is also a large amount of variability in this relation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiel Mues
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vincent Dru
- Laboratoire Interactions Cognition Action Emotion (LICAE)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lei Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
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Amongi E, Baguma P, Nansubuga F. Barriers to Accessing Community Based Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Management in Post Conflict Acholi Sub-region. AJP 2022. [DOI: 10.47672/ajp.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The study aimed at assessing barriers in accessing Community-Based Trauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) management in post-conflict Acholi sub-region with interest in providing solutions to those barriers.
Methodology: The study adopted a survey approach which was qualitative. This was done through interviews. This was supplemented by the pragmatic paradigm that concerned assessing effectiveness of community-based TF-CBT. The research design used to assess barriers and facilitators of TF-CBT was cross sectional. The use of cross-sectional survey design involved the elements of comparative, exploratory and descriptive approaches. Sample selection of participants involved organizational staff comprising of, social workers, clinical psychologists, Village Health Team (VHTs). Beneficiaries who included 120 men and 299 women. The 419 beneficiaries were interrogated using a questionnaire, 36 participants for Focused Group Discussions (FGDs), four social workers and, one clinical psychologist and 25 in-depth interviews with beneficiaries.
Findings: Results indicated; limited mobilization, stigmatization, lack of enough human resource, alcoholism, lack of commitment and economic crisis amongst others as barriers to accessing TF-CBT for PTSD management. The study suggests that these can be handled through sensitization, radio talk shows, visiting clients in their homes and increasing number of staff. The study suggests community sensitization, recruiting more staff to handle TF-CBT, visitations by staff to clients, family support from spouses & caregivers and increased infrastructure as the recommended measure to handle this problem.
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Abstract
Purpose: The study aimed at assessing the sources of stress among male and female teachers, coping strategies adopted by the teachers and the effects of stress on the job performance of teachers.
Methodology: The study adopted a survey design with both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study was conducted among secondary school teachers who were picked from both private and government aided schools in Nakawa Division, Kampala District. The sample consisted of 100 teachers who were selected through stratified random sampling that comprised of 50 male and 50 female teachers. Stress among teachers was assessed using a stress scale questionnaire and the coping strategies were assessed using the coping questionnaire developed by Folkman and Lazarus (1988) and open ended questionnaire was used to assess the effects of stress on the performance of teachers. Quantitative data was coded on themes derived from the objectives of the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using factor analysis, t-test and correlation analysis.
Findings: The major sources of stress in terms of factors were work-oriented, personal failure factors and poor working habits factors. In case of coping strategies for social support seeking coping strategy, the main strategy used was “accepted since nothing could be done” and e least used was “avoided stressful work”. Emotional focused coping strategy had “prayed or got involved in other spiritual activities” as main strategy used while “I brought the risk to myself” was the least used strategy. And “kept myself from thinking too much about stress” was main strategy used while “gone on as if nothing had happened” was least used by the teachers in coping with stress. There was a negative relationship between all the three factors of stress indicating that whenever one was stressed, then their performance was negatively affected.
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Nansubuga F, Munene JC, Kikooma J, Nansamba J, Musanje K. An effective learning culture: Using high performance work systems to strengthen the relationship between communities of practice and knowledge creation in Africa. Africa Journal of Management 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23322373.2019.1616493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John C Munene
- School of Psychology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julius Kikooma
- School of Psychology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joyce Nansamba
- School of Psychology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Khamis Musanje
- School of Psychology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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De Bolle M, De Fruyt F, McCrae RR, Löckenhoff CE, Costa PT, Aguilar-Vafaie ME, Ahn CK, Ahn HN, Alcalay L, Allik J, Avdeyeva TV, Bratko D, Brunner-Sciarra M, Cain TR, Chan W, Chittcharat N, Crawford JT, Fehr R, Ficková E, Gelfand MJ, Graf S, Gülgöz S, Hřebíčková M, Jussim L, Klinkosz W, Knežević G, Leibovich de Figueroa N, Lima MP, Martin TA, Marušić I, Mastor KA, Nakazato K, Nansubuga F, Porrata J, Purić D, Realo A, Reátegui N, Rolland JP, Schmidt V, Sekowski A, Shakespeare-Finch J, Shimonaka Y, Simonetti F, Siuta J, Szmigielska B, Vanno V, Wang L, Yik M, Terracciano A. The emergence of sex differences in personality traits in early adolescence: A cross-sectional, cross-cultural study. J Pers Soc Psychol 2015; 108:171-185. [PMID: 25603371 DOI: 10.1037/a0038497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although large international studies have found consistent patterns of sex differences in personality traits among adults (i.e., women scoring higher on most facets), less is known about cross-cultural sex differences in adolescent personality and the role of culture and age in shaping them. The present study examines the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (McCrae, Costa, & Martin, 2005) informant ratings of adolescents from 23 cultures (N = 4,850), and investigates culture and age as sources of variability in sex differences of adolescents' personality. The effect for Neuroticism (with females scoring higher than males) begins to take on its adult form around age 14. Girls score higher on Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness at all ages between 12 and 17 years. A more complex pattern emerges for Extraversion and Agreeableness, although by age 17, sex differences for these traits are highly similar to those observed in adulthood. Cross-sectional data suggest that (a) with advancing age, sex differences found in adolescents increasingly converge toward adult patterns with respect to both direction and magnitude; (b) girls display sex-typed personality traits at an earlier age than boys; and (c) the emergence of sex differences was similar across cultures. Practical implications of the present findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filip De Fruyt
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology
| | | | | | - Paul T Costa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Hyun-Nie Ahn
- Department of Psychology, Ewha Womans University
| | - Lidia Alcalay
- Escuela de Psicologia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu
| | | | | | | | | | - Wayne Chan
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University
| | | | | | - Ryan Fehr
- Foster School of Business, University of Washington
| | - Emília Ficková
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy of Sciences
| | | | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
| | - Sami Gülgöz
- College of Social Science and Humanities, Koç University
| | | | - Lee Jussim
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University
| | - Waldemar Klinkosz
- Department of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
| | | | | | - Margarida P Lima
- Research Centre of the Study and Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention, University of Coimbra
| | - Thomas A Martin
- Department of Philosophy, Religion, and Classical Studies, Susquehanna University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Danka Purić
- Department of Psychology, Belgrade University
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu
| | - Norma Reátegui
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
| | - Jean-Pierre Rolland
- Département de Sciences Psychologiques, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense
| | - Vanina Schmidt
- Research Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires
| | - Andrzej Sekowski
- Department of Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
| | | | | | | | - Jerzy Siuta
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University
| | | | - Vitanya Vanno
- Department of Psychology, Srinakharinwirot University
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychology, Peking University
| | - Michelle Yik
- Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
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Nansubuga F, Munene JC, Ntayi JM. Can reflection boost competences development in organizations? European Journal of Training and Development 2015. [DOI: 10.1108/ejtd-01-2015-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the gaps in some existing competence frameworks and investigate the power of reflection on one’s behavior to improve the process of the competences development.
Design/methodology/approach
– The authors used a correlational design and a quasi-experimental non-equivalent group design involving a baseline assessment (pre-test) of participants’ ability to reflect on their actions instead of applying the standardized competences. Participants were placed in a treatment group and control groups. The treatment group was exposed to a coaching intervention in reflection and operant competence development. Six months later, the authors conducted post-test assessment to assess effect size caused by the coaching intervention regarding the treatment group’s ability to reflect and transform standardized competences into operant competences.
Findings
– The results showed that reflection and operant competences correlates significantly. Second, there was a larger effect size between the pre-test and post-test assessment results for the treatment group implying change in reflective practice and acquisition of operant competences.
Practical implications
– The results demonstrated the need to utilize reflection as a component that will add value to the existing competence frameworks.
Originality/value
– The research adds value to the existing competence development frameworks by introducing reflective practice among managers to create competences that are compatible with the operational context.
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Löckenhoff CE, Chan W, McCrae RR, De Fruyt F, Jussim L, De Bolle M, Costa PT, Sutin AR, Realo A, Allik J, Nakazato K, Shimonaka Y, Hřebíčková M, Graf S, Yik M, Ficková E, Brunner-Sciarra M, Leibovich de Figueora N, Schmidt V, Ahn CK, Ahn HN, Aguilar-Vafaie ME, Siuta J, Szmigielska B, Cain TR, Crawford JT, Mastor KA, Rolland JP, Nansubuga F, Miramontez DR, Benet-Martínez V, Rossier J, Bratko D, Marušić I, Halberstadt J, Yamaguchi M, Knežević G, Martin TA, Gheorghiu M, Smith PB, Barbaranelli C, Wang L, Shakespeare-Finch J, Lima MP, Klinkosz W, Sekowski A, Alcalay L, Simonetti F, Avdeyeva TV, Pramila VS, Terracciano A. Gender Stereotypes of Personality. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022113520075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jüri Allik
- University of Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Estonia
| | | | | | | | - Sylvie Graf
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno
| | - Michelle Yik
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Iris Marušić
- Institute for Social Research in Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lei Wang
- Peking University, Beijing, China
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McCrae RR, Chan W, Jussim L, De Fruyt F, Löckenhoff CE, De Bolle M, Costa PT, Hřebíčková M, Graf S, Realo A, Allik J, Nakazato K, Shimonaka Y, Yik M, Ficková E, Brunner-Sciarra M, Reátigui N, de Figueora NL, Schmidt V, Ahn CK, Ahn HN, Aguilar-Vafaie ME, Siuta J, Szmigielska B, Cain TR, Crawford JT, Mastor KA, Rolland JP, Nansubuga F, Miramontez DR, Benet-Martínez V, Rossier J, Bratko D, Marušić I, Halberstadt J, Yamaguchi M, Knežević G, Purić D, Martin TA, Gheorghiu M, Smith PB, Barbaranelli C, Wang L, Shakespeare-Finch J, Lima MP, Klinkosz W, Sekowski A, Alcalay L, Simonetti F, Avdeyeva TV, Pramila VS, Terracciano A. The Inaccuracy of National Character Stereotypes. J Res Pers 2013; 47:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.006. [PMID: 24187394 PMCID: PMC3811946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Consensual stereotypes of some groups are relatively accurate, whereas others are not. Previous work suggesting that national character stereotypes are inaccurate has been criticized on several grounds. In this article we (a) provide arguments for the validity of assessed national mean trait levels as criteria for evaluating stereotype accuracy; and (b) report new data on national character in 26 cultures from descriptions (N=3,323) of the typical male or female adolescent, adult, or old person in each. The average ratings were internally consistent and converged with independent stereotypes of the typical culture member, but were weakly related to objective assessments of personality. We argue that this conclusion is consistent with the broader literature on the inaccuracy of national character stereotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wayne Chan
- National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lee Jussim
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Filip De Fruyt
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Marleen De Bolle
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul T. Costa
- National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martina Hřebíčková
- Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Yoshiko Shimonaka
- Department of Human Studies, Bunkyo Gakuin University, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Michelle Yik
- Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Emília Ficková
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Norma Reátigui
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Vanina Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Chang-kyu Ahn
- Department of Education, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyun-nie Ahn
- Department of Psychology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Jerzy Siuta
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Thomas R. Cain
- School of Cognitive Science, Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jarret T. Crawford
- Department of Psychology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | - Khairul Anwar Mastor
- Personality Research Group, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Daniel R. Miramontez
- Office of Institutional Research and Planning, San Diego Community College District, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Veronica Benet-Martínez
- ICREA and Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jérôme Rossier
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denis Bratko
- Department of Psychology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iris Marušić
- Institute for Social Research in Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Mami Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Goran Knežević
- Department of Psychology, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danka Purić
- Department of Psychology, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Thomas A. Martin
- Department of Psychology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mirona Gheorghiu
- School of Psychology, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. Smith
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jane Shakespeare-Finch
- School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Margarida P. Lima
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Waldemar Klinkosz
- Department of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sekowski
- Department of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Lidia Alcalay
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Franco Simonetti
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tatyana V. Avdeyeva
- Graduate School of Professional Psychology, University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Antonio Terracciano
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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11
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Chan W, Mccrae RR, De Fruyt F, Jussim L, Löckenhoff CE, De Bolle M, Costa PT, Sutin AR, Realo A, Allik J, Nakazato K, Shimonaka Y, Hřebíčková M, Graf S, Yik M, Brunner-Sciarra M, De Figueroa NL, Schmidt V, Ahn CK, Ahn HN, Aguilar-Vafaie ME, Siuta J, Szmigielska B, Cain TR, Crawford JT, Mastor KA, Rolland JP, Nansubuga F, Miramontez DR, Benet-Martínez V, Rossier J, Bratko D, Marušić I, Halberstadt J, Yamaguchi M, Knežević G, Martin TA, Gheorghiu M, Smith PB, Barbaranelli C, Wang L, Shakespeare-Finch J, Lima MP, Klinkosz W, Sekowski A, Alcalay L, Simonetti F, Avdeyeva TV, Pramila VS, Terracciano A. Stereotypes of age differences in personality traits: universal and accurate? J Pers Soc Psychol 2012; 103:1050-1066. [PMID: 23088227 DOI: 10.1037/a0029712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and Openness. These consensual age group stereotypes correlated strongly with published age differences on the five major dimensions of personality and most of 30 specific traits, using as criteria of accuracy both self-reports and observer ratings, different survey methodologies, and data from up to 50 nations. However, personal stereotypes were considerably less accurate, and consensual stereotypes tended to exaggerate differences across age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Filip De Fruyt
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University
| | - Lee Jussim
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University
| | | | - Marleen De Bolle
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University
| | | | | | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu
| | - Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu
| | | | | | | | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
| | - Michelle Yik
- Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
| | | | | | | | | | - Hyun-Nie Ahn
- Department of Psychology, Ewha Womans University
| | | | - Jerzy Siuta
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel R Miramontez
- Office of Institutional Research and Planning, San Diego Community College District
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychology, Peking University
| | | | - Margarida P Lima
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Coimbra
| | - Waldemar Klinkosz
- Department of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
| | - Andrzej Sekowski
- Department of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
| | - Lidia Alcalay
- Escuela de Psicologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile
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Löckenhoff CE, De Fruyt F, Terracciano A, McCrae RR, De Bolle M, Costa PT, Aguilar-Vafaie ME, Ahn CK, Ahn HN, Alcalay L, Allik J, Avdeyeva TV, Barbaranelli C, Benet-Martinez V, Blatný M, Bratko D, Cain TR, Crawford JT, Lima MP, Ficková E, Gheorghiu M, Halberstadt J, Hrebícková M, Jussim L, Klinkosz W, Knezević G, de Figueroa NL, Martin TA, Marusić I, Mastor KA, Miramontez DR, Nakazato K, Nansubuga F, Pramila VS, Realo A, Rolland JP, Rossier J, Schmidt V, Sekowski A, Shakespeare-Finch J, Shimonaka Y, Simonetti F, Siuta J, Smith PB, Szmigielska B, Wang L, Yamaguchi M, Yik M. Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates. Psychol Aging 2010; 24:941-54. [PMID: 20025408 DOI: 10.1037/a0016901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
College students (N=3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (a) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning; (b) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect; and (c) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure.
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Terracciano A, Abdel-Khalek AM, Ádám N, Adamovová L, Ahn CK, Ahn HN, Alansari BM, Alcalay L, Allik J, Angleitner A, Avia A, Ayearst LE, Barbaranelli C, Beer A, Borg-Cunen MA, Bratko D, Brunner-Sciarra M, Budzinski L, Camart N, Dahourou D, De Fruyt F, de Lima MP, del Pilar GEH, Diener E, Falzon R, Fernando K, Ficková E, Fischer R, Flores-Mendoza C, Ghayur MA, Gülgöz S, Hagberg B, Halberstadt J, Halim MS, Hřebíčková M, Humrichouse J, Jensen HH, Jocic DD, Jónsson FH, Khoury B, Klinkosz W, Knežević G, Lauri MA, Leibovich N, Martin TA, Marušić I, Mastor KA, Matsumoto D, McRorie M, Meshcheriakov B, Mortensen EL, Munyae M, Nagy J, Nakazato K, Nansubuga F, Oishi S, Ojedokun AO, Ostendorf F, Paulhus DL, Pelevin S, Petot JM, Podobnik N, Porrata JL, Pramila VS, Prentice G, Realo A, Reátegui N, Rolland JP, Rossier J, Ruch W, Rus VS, Sánchez-Bernardos ML, Schmidt V, Sciculna-Calleja S, Sekowski A, Shakespeare-Finch J, Shimonaka Y, Simonetti F, Sineshaw T, Siuta J, Smith PB, Trapnell PD, Trobst KK, Wang L, Yik M, Zupančič A, McCrae RR. National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science 2005; 310:96-100. [PMID: 16210536 PMCID: PMC2775052 DOI: 10.1126/science.1117199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a "kernel of truth," or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Terracciano
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Gerontology Research Center, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - A. M. Abdel-Khalek
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 68168, 71962, Kaifan, Kuwait
| | - N. Ádám
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Lóránd Eötvös University, 1075 Budapest, Kazinczy u. 23-25, Hungary
| | - L. Adamovová
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 813 64
| | - C.-k. Ahn
- Department of Education, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - H.-n. Ahn
- Department of Psychology, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - B. M. Alansari
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 68168, 71962, Kaifan, Kuwait
| | - L. Alcalay
- Escuela de Psicologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Vicuna Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - J. Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tiigi 78, Tartu, Estonia, 50410
| | - A. Angleitner
- University of Bielefeld, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 100131, Bielefeld, Germany, D-33501
| | - A. Avia
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L. E. Ayearst
- Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M3J 1P3
| | - C. Barbaranelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Via Dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - A. Beer
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, E11 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242-1407
| | - M. A. Borg-Cunen
- Department of Psychology, University of Malta, Msida MSD 06 Malta
| | - D. Bratko
- Odsjek za Psihologiju, Filozofski Fakultet u Zagrebu, I. Lucica 3, Zagreb, Croatia, 10000
| | - M. Brunner-Sciarra
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Armendáriz 497 Miraflores, Lima, Peru
| | - L. Budzinski
- Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - N. Camart
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Clinique des Faits Culturels, Universite de Paris-X, 200, Avenue de la Republique, Nanterre, France, 92001
| | - D. Dahourou
- Department of Psychology, University of Ouagadougou, 03 B.P. 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - F. De Fruyt
- Department of Psychology, H. Dunantlaan, 2, Ghent, Belgium, B-9000
| | - M. P. de Lima
- Faculdade de Psicologia, Ciencias da Educacao, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - G. E. H. del Pilar
- Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - E. Diener
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL, US, 61820
| | - R. Falzon
- Department of Psychology, University of Malta, Msida MSD 06 Malta
| | - K. Fernando
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - E. Ficková
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 813 64
| | - R. Fischer
- School of Psychology, PO Box 600, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - C. Flores-Mendoza
- U Federal de Minas Gerais, Dept de Psicologia, Sala 4042, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M. A. Ghayur
- Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco; now at Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-4611
| | - S. Gülgöz
- Koç University, Sariyer 80910, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - B. Hagberg
- Unit of Gerontology and Care for the Elderly, Lund University, Box 187, S-222 20 Lund, Sweden
| | - J. Halberstadt
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - M. S. Halim
- Faculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Indonesia Catholic University, Jl. Jenderal Sudirman kav-51, Jakarta Selatan-12930, Indonesia
| | - M. Hřebíčková
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vevří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J. Humrichouse
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, E11 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242-1407
| | - H. H. Jensen
- Department of Health Psychology, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen N, Denmark, DK-2200
| | - D. D. Jocic
- Institute for Psychiatry, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
| | - F. H. Jónsson
- University of Iceland, Faculty of Social Science, Oddi, Sturlugata, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - B. Khoury
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O.Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020 Lebanon
| | - W. Klinkosz
- Catholic University of Lublin, Department of Psychology, A1. Raclawickie 14, Lublin 20-950 Poland
| | - G. Knežević
- Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Cika Ljubina 18-20, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia
| | - M. A. Lauri
- Department of Psychology, University of Malta, Msida MSD 06 Malta
| | - N. Leibovich
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - T. A. Martin
- Department of Psychology, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870
| | - I. Marušić
- Odsjek za Psihologiju, Filozofski Fakultet u Zagrebu, I. Lucica 3, Zagreb, Croatia, 10000
| | - K. A. Mastor
- Center for General Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - D. Matsumoto
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132
| | - M. McRorie
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - B. Meshcheriakov
- Department of Psychology, International University “Dubna,” 19, Universitetskaya str., Dubna, Moscow area, Russia, 141980
| | - E. L. Mortensen
- Department of Health Psychology, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen N, Denmark, DK-2200
| | - M. Munyae
- Center for Continuing Education, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0022, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - J. Nagy
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Lóránd Eötvös University, 1075 Budapest, Kazinczy u. 23-25, Hungary
| | - K. Nakazato
- Department of Psychology, Iwate Prefectural University, 152-52 Sugo, Takizawa, Iwate, 020-0193 Japan
| | - F. Nansubuga
- Department of Organizational Psychology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - S. Oishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, P. O. Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400
| | - A. O. Ojedokun
- Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - F. Ostendorf
- University of Bielefeld, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 100131, Bielefeld, Germany, D-33501
| | - D. L. Paulhus
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - S. Pelevin
- Department of Psychology, International University “Dubna,” 19, Universitetskaya str., Dubna, Moscow area, Russia, 141980
| | - J.-M. Petot
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Clinique des Faits Culturels, Universite de Paris-X, 200, Avenue de la Republique, Nanterre, France, 92001
| | - N. Podobnik
- Psychiatric Hospital of Idrija, Pot Sv. Antona 49 Idrija, 5280 Slovenia
| | - J. L. Porrata
- Escuela Graduada de Administracion Publica, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - V. S. Pramila
- Department of Psychology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - G. Prentice
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - A. Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tiigi 78, Tartu, Estonia, 50410
| | - N. Reátegui
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Armendáriz 497 Miraflores, Lima, Peru
| | - J.-P. Rolland
- Université Paris 10, STAPS Dept, 200 Avenue de la République, Nanterre, France, 92001
| | - J. Rossier
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, BFSH 2 Dorigny, Lausanne, Switzerland, CH-1015
| | - W. Ruch
- Psychologisches Institut, Zürichbergstrasse 43, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - V. S. Rus
- Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - V. Schmidt
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - A. Sekowski
- Catholic University of Lublin, Department of Psychology, A1. Raclawickie 14, Lublin 20-950 Poland
| | - J. Shakespeare-Finch
- School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology; now at School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1342, Launceston, TAS, 7250 Australia
| | - Y. Shimonaka
- Department of Psychology, Bunkyo Gakuin University, 1196, Kamekubo, Oi-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 356-8533 Japan
| | - F. Simonetti
- Escuela de Psicologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Vicuna Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - T. Sineshaw
- Department of Psychology, Ramapo College of New Jersey, 505 Ramapo Valley Road, Mahwah, NJ 07430
| | - J. Siuta
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - P. B. Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - P. D. Trapnell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - K. K. Trobst
- Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M3J 1P3
| | - L. Wang
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - M. Yik
- Division of Social Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - A. Zupančič
- Ministry for Health, Štefanova ulica 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Republic of Slovenia
| | - R. R. McCrae
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Gerontology Research Center, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
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