[Retrospectively detectable carcinomas: review of the literature]

Retrospectively visible cancers are defined as interval cancers or screen-detected cancers (missed cancers) which are judged visible on prior screening mammogram. There are two kinds of retrospectively visible cancers: "actionable" cancers and nonspecific findings that do not warrant recall in normal practice. Nonspecific findings are twice more frequent than actionable cancers. The rate of missed breast cancers in screening is estimated at 25% (13-41%). Missed breast cancers are masses or calcifications. Masses are twice more frequent than calcifications. Missed breast cancers result from detection errors (location in retroglandular region or at the edge of glandular tissue, architectural distorsion) and interpretation errors (findings judged as benign). Detection errors could be limited by double reading and CAD, interpretation errors by better knowledge of BIRADS classification which needs specific training.

PMS-601, a new platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication and potentiates zidovudine activity in macrophages

We assessed the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) activity in vitro of new platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists, as PAF and viral replication are thought to be involved in HIV neuropathogenesis. We found that PMS-601 inhibited proinflammatory cytokine synthesis and HIV replication in macrophages and potentiated the antiretroviral activity of zidovudine. These results suggest that PMS-601 is of potential value as an adjuvant treatment for HIV infection.

[Antiretroviral ant anti-inflammatory properties of a novel platelet activation factor antagonist, PMS-601]

The platelet-activating factor (PAF) plays a major role in neuropathogenesis associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by enhancing the inflammatory syndrome and viral replication, particularly in cells of the macrophage lineage, and its neurotoxic properties. We therefore evaluated the ability of PAF-R antagonists to inhibit HIV-1 replication and down-modulate the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators in healthy or HIV-1-infected macrophages. PMS-601 demonstrated the highest anti-HIV activity. Considering its mode of action and anti-inflammatory properties, PMS-601 interferes with early and late steps of the HIV biological cycle and decreases the synthesis of PAF, TNF-alpha, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta and RANTES. Altogether, these results suggest that PAF-receptor antagonists, and particularly PMS-601, could be of potential value as treatment adjuvants in HIV infection.