Predicting CPAP failure after less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) in preterm infants by machine learning model on vital parameter data: a pilot study

Objective. Less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) has been introduced to preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) support in order to avoid intubation and mechanical ventilation. However, after this LISA procedure, a significant part of infants fails CPAP treatment (CPAP-F) and requires intubation in the first 72 h of life, which is associated with worse complication free survival chances. The aim of this study was to predict CPAP-F after LISA, based on machine learning (ML) analysis of high resolution vital parameter monitoring data surrounding the LISA procedure.Approach. Patients with a gestational age (GA) <32 weeks receiving LISA were included. Vital parameter data was obtained from a data warehouse. Physiological features (HR, RR, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and body temperature) were calculated in eight 0.5 h windows throughout a period 1.5 h before to 2.5 h after LISA. First, physiological data was analyzed to investigate differences between the CPAP-F and CPAP-Success (CPAP-S) groups. Next, the performance of two types of ML models (logistic regression: LR, support vector machine: SVM) for the prediction of CPAP-F were evaluated.Main results. Of 51 included patients, 18 (35%) had CPAP-F. Univariate analysis showed lower SpO2, temperature and heart rate variability (HRV) before and after the LISA procedure. The best performing ML model showed an area under the curve of 0.90 and 0.93 for LR and SVM respectively in the 0.5 h window directly after LISA, with GA, HRV, respiration rate and SpO2as most important features. Excluding GA decreased performance in both models.Significance. In this pilot study we were able to predict CPAP-F with a ML model of patient monitor signals, with best performance in the first 0.5 h after LISA. Using ML to predict CPAP-F based on vital signals gains insight in (possibly modifiable) factors that are associated with LISA failure and can help to guide personalized clinical decisions in early respiratory management.

Subclinical Mastitis and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus caprae and Staphylococcus epidermidis Isolated from Two Italian Goat Herds

A total of 156 goats from 2 commercial dairy goat farms were monitored for intramammary infections during an entire lactation. Most of the infections (80.7%) observed were due to coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) species. In herd 1, nearly all of the infections (96%) were due to CNS species, with Staphylococcus caprae (SCAP) being the most common specific pathogen observed, accounting for about 43% of the infections. In herd 2, the proportion of the infections due to CNS was 67% and Staphylococcus epidermidis (SEPI) was the most common pathogen (48% of infections) and SCAP was not present. Linear somatic cell scores (SCS) were greater in milk from infected udder halves, with an average difference of 0.78 SCS. The SCS for infected udder halves was greater than noninfected for all CNS species, although differences among species were observed. The ranking across CNS species was SCAP > other CNS > SEPI > no infection. However, infections by SEPI tended to be more persistent. Increased SCS was associated with a statistically significant decrease in milk yield, but no effect was observed for intramammary infections (IMI). Ninety-seven isolates of CNS (53 SCAP and 44 SEPI) were investigated for in vitro susceptibility to several antimicrobial agents. Benzylpenicillin was the most effective antimicrobial agent against SCAP and SEPI. A concentration of 0.05 microg/mL was sufficient to inhibit growth of 90% of SCAP colonies, and 0.10 microg/mL yielded a similar effectiveness for SEPI. Amoxicillin and the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were only slightly less effective. Tetracycline (62.5 microg/mL) and tilmicosin (500 microg/mL) were the least effective treatments for SEPI and SCAP, respectively.

Comparison of contaminant and residue levels in organic and conventional milk and meat products from Northern Italy

Due to the growing interest in organic products, a comparison between the chemical safety of organic and conventional products was undertaken. Milk and meat were the products chosen for study. The parameters evaluated to assess chemical safety were organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead, cadmium and mycotoxin contamination. Pesticides and PCBs residues in both organic and conventional milk and meat were lower than legal limits. Lead and cadmium residues were very low and did not differ between organic and conventional products. However, aflatoxin M1 contamination in some but not all samples of organic milk was significantly higher than those of conventional milk, although factors other than organic production might be implicated.

Effects of Silymarin, a Natural Hepatoprotector, in Periparturient Dairy Cows

Silymarin, a natural acknowledged hepatoprotector used in humans to treat liver diseases, has been tested in dairy cows during peripartum, a period during which animals are subject to subclinical fatty liver. Ten grams of silymarin (76% pure extract consisting in flavonolignans, taxifolin, and other trace compounds) per day, was administered as a water suspension by an oral drench to 15 cows from d 10 before expected calving to 15 d after calving. Milk production was measured, and colostrum, milk, and blood samples were analyzed during the experimental period. Treated animals showed the peak of milk production at 55 +/- 1.85 d after calving, 1 wk before the control group (62 +/- 3.27 d); the average peak production was 41.6 +/- 1.05 kg for the treated group vs. 39.1 +/- 1.44 kg for the control; the treated animals maintained a greater milk production than control cows throughout lactation (9922.1 +/- 215.7 vs. 9597.8 +/- 225.4 kg). Milk composition was unaffected by treatment. No silymarin residues were detected in colostrum and all milk samples. After calving, body condition score (BCS) decrease was greater for control compared with treated cows. Glucose, urea, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, beta-hydroxibutyrate (BHBA), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in plasma were unaffected by treatment. Plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) on d-7 were higher in treated cows compared with the control group (741 vs. 181 micromol/L). From this evidence, it is possible to conclude that silymarin beneficially affected lactation performances and body condition of treated animals. Blood and milk parameters do not indicate any adverse effects of feeding this natural compound.

Residues of beta-lactam antibiotics in bovine milk: confirmatory analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry after microbial assay screening

A procedure for the simultaneous determination of the residues of seven beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin G, ampicillin, oxacillin, amoxicillin, dicloxacillin, cephalexin, cephapirin) in bovine raw milk using tandem liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is described. The antibiotics were extracted by an acetic acid solution after centrifugation and filtration. The beta-lactams were separated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used in positive-ion mode as a detector via a Turbo Ionspray interface for electrospray ionization (ESI). The limits of detection and quantitation of the method were below the legal tolerances, except for ampicillin. The method was used to confirm 53 samples found positive by a microbial method (Delvotest SP) at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale per la Lombardia e l'Emilia Romagna of Brescia during 2001. Penicillin G was found in 26 samples at concentrations ranging from less than 4 to 6240+/-550 microg x l(-1). Amoxicillin was found in three samples at concentrations ranging from 8.5+/-0.1 to 53.7+/-2.3 microg x l(-1). Cephapirin was found in two samples at 5.7+/-0.1 and 6.4+/-0.3 microg x l(-1).