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Hage H, Couillaud J, Salamov A, Loussouarn-Yvon M, Durbesson F, Ormeño E, Grisel S, Duquesne K, Vincentelli R, Grigoriev I, Iacazio G, Rosso MN. An HMM approach expands the landscape of sesquiterpene cyclases across the kingdom Fungi. Microb Genom 2023; 9. [PMID: 37073784 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpene cyclases (STC) catalyse the cyclization of the C15 molecule farnesyl diphosphate into a vast variety of mono- or polycyclic hydrocarbons and, for a few enzymes, oxygenated structures, with diverse stereogenic centres. The huge diversity in sesquiterpene skeleton structures in nature is primarily the result of the type of cyclization driven by the STC. Despite the phenomenal impact of fungal sesquiterpenes on the ecology of fungi and their potentials for applications, the fungal sesquiterpenome is largely untapped. The identification of fungal STC is generally based on protein sequence similarity with characterized enzymes. This approach has improved our knowledge on STC in a few fungal species, but it has limited success for the discovery of distant sequences. Besides, the tools based on secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters have shown poor performance for terpene cyclases. Here, we used four sets of sequences of fungal STC that catalyse four types of cyclization, and specific amino acid motives to identify phylogenetically related sequences in the genomes of basidiomycetes fungi from the order Polyporales. We validated that four STC genes newly identified from the genome sequence of Leiotrametes menziesii, each classified in a different phylogenetic clade, catalysed a predicted cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate. We built HMM models and searched STC genes in 656 fungal genomes genomes. We identified 5605 STC genes, which were classified in one of the four clades and had a predicted cyclization mechanism. We noticed that the HMM models were more accurate for the prediction of the type of cyclization catalysed by basidiomycete STC than for ascomycete STC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Hage
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
- Present address: Bioaster, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Couillaud
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
- Present address: Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Chalmers university of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Asaf Salamov
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Margot Loussouarn-Yvon
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
| | | | - Elena Ormeño
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, Avignon Univ, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Sacha Grisel
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
| | - Katia Duquesne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | | | - Igor Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gilles Iacazio
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Rosso
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
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Couillaud J, Amouric A, Courvoisier-Dezord E, Leydet L, Schweitzer N, Rosso MN, Hage H, Loussouarn-Yvon M, Vincentelli R, Petit JL, de Berardinis V, Attolini M, Maresca M, Duquesne K, Iacazio G. In vitro Applications of the Terpene Mini-Path 2.0. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200595. [PMID: 36269004 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In 2019 four groups reported independently the development of a simplified enzymatic access to the diphosphates (IPP and DMAPP) of isopentenol and dimethylallyl alcohol (IOH and DMAOH). The former are the two universal precursors of all terpenes. We report here on an improved version of what we call the terpene mini-path as well as its use in enzymatic cascades in combination with various transferases. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the in vitro utility of the TMP in, i) synthesizing various natural terpenes, ii) revealing the product selectivity of an unknown terpene synthase, or iii) generating unnatural cyclobutylated terpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Couillaud
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13009, Marseille, France.,Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-412 96, SWEDEN
| | - Agnès Amouric
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13009, Marseille, France
| | | | - Létitia Leydet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Schweitzer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Rosso
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Hayat Hage
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Margot Loussouarn-Yvon
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Renaud Vincentelli
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Petit
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Véronique de Berardinis
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Mireille Attolini
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Maresca
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Katia Duquesne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Iacazio
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13009, Marseille, France
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Couillaud J, Duquesne K, Iacazio G. Extension of the Terpene Chemical Space: the Very First Biosynthetic Steps. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100642. [PMID: 34905641 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The structural diversity of terpenes is particularly notable and many studies are carried out to increase it further. In the terpene biosynthetic pathway this diversity is accessible from only two common precursors, i. e. isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Methods recently developed (e. g. the Terpene Mini Path) have allowed DMAPP and IPP to be obtained from a two-step enzymatic conversion of industrially available isopentenol (IOH) and dimethylallyl alcohol (DMAOH) into their corresponding diphosphates. Easily available IOH and DMAOH analogues then offer quick access to modified terpenoids thus avoiding the tedious chemical synthesis of unnatural diphosphates. The aim of this minireview is to cover the literature devoted to the use of these analogues for widening the accessible terpene chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Couillaud
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille, CNRS UMR 7313, Av. Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013, Marseille, France.,Actual address: Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katia Duquesne
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille, CNRS UMR 7313, Av. Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Iacazio
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille, CNRS UMR 7313, Av. Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013, Marseille, France
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Couillaud J, Leydet L, Duquesne K, Iacazio G. The Terpene Mini-Path, a New Promising Alternative for Terpenoids Bio-Production. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121974. [PMID: 34946923 PMCID: PMC8701039 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural compounds and are extremely valuable from an economic point of view due to their extended physicochemical properties and biological activities. Due to recent environmental concerns, terpene extraction from natural sources is no longer considered as a viable option, and neither is the chemical synthesis to access such chemicals due to their sophisticated structural characteristics. An alternative to produce terpenoids is the use of biotechnological tools involving, for example, the construction of enzymatic cascades (cell-free synthesis) or a microbial bio-production thanks to metabolic engineering techniques. Despite outstanding successes, these approaches have been hampered by the length of the two natural biosynthetic routes (the mevalonate and the methyl erythritol phosphate pathways), leading to dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), the two common universal precursors of all terpenoids. Recently, we, and others, developed what we called the terpene mini-path, a robust two enzyme access to DMAPP and IPP starting from their corresponding two alcohols, dimethylallyl alcohol and isopentenol. The aim here is to present the potential of this artificial bio-access to terpenoids, either in vitro or in vivo, through a review of the publications appearing since 2016 on this very new and fascinating field of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Couillaud
- Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 Marseille, ISM2 UMR 7313, Aix-Marseille Université, Av. Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France; (J.C.); (L.L.); (K.D.)
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Létitia Leydet
- Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 Marseille, ISM2 UMR 7313, Aix-Marseille Université, Av. Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France; (J.C.); (L.L.); (K.D.)
| | - Katia Duquesne
- Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 Marseille, ISM2 UMR 7313, Aix-Marseille Université, Av. Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France; (J.C.); (L.L.); (K.D.)
| | - Gilles Iacazio
- Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 Marseille, ISM2 UMR 7313, Aix-Marseille Université, Av. Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France; (J.C.); (L.L.); (K.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Rico J, Duquesne K, Petit JL, Mariage A, Darii E, Peruch F, de Berardinis V, Iacazio G. Exploring natural biodiversity to expand access to microbial terpene synthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:23. [PMID: 30709396 PMCID: PMC6359773 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Terpenes are industrially relevant natural compounds the biosynthesis of which relies on two well-established—mevalonic acid (MVA) and methyl erythritol phosphate (MEP)-pathways. Both pathways are widely distributed in all domains of life, the former is predominantly found in eukaryotes and archaea and the latter in eubacteria and chloroplasts. These two pathways supply isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), the universal building blocks of terpenes. Results The potential to establish a semisynthetic third pathway to access these precursors has been investigated in the present work. We have tested the ability of a collection of 93 isopentenyl phosphate kinases (IPK) from the biodiversity to catalyse the double phosphorylation of isopentenol and dimethylallyl alcohol to give, respectively IPP and DMAPP. Five IPKs selected from a preliminary in vitro screening were evaluated in vivo in an engineered chassis E. coli strain producing carotenoids. The recombinant pathway leading to the synthesis of neurosporene and lycopene, allows a simple colorimetric assay to test the potential of IPKs for the synthesis of IPP and DMAPP starting from the corresponding alcohols. The best candidate identified was the IPK from Methanococcoides burtonii (UniProt ID: Q12TH9) which improved carotenoid and neurosporene yields ~ 18-fold and > 45-fold, respectively. In our lab scale conditions, titres of neurosporene reached up to 702.1 ± 44.7 µg/g DCW and 966.2 ± 61.6 µg/L. A scale up to 4 L in-batch cultures reached to 604.8 ± 68.3 µg/g DCW and 430.5 ± 48.6 µg/L without any optimisation shown its potential for future applications. Neurosporene was almost the only carotenoid produced under these conditions, reaching ~ 90% of total carotenoids both at lab and batch scales thus offering an easy access to this sophisticated molecule. Conclusion IPK biodiversity was screened in order to identify IPKs that optimize the final carotenoid content of engineered E. coli cells expressing the lycopene biosynthesis pathway. By simply changing the IPK and without any other metabolic engineering we improved the neurosporene content by more than 45 fold offering a new biosynthetic access to this molecule of upmost importance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1074-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rico
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.,CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Katia Duquesne
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Petit
- Génomique métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Aline Mariage
- Génomique métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Ekaterina Darii
- Génomique métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Frédéric Peruch
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Véronique de Berardinis
- Génomique métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France.
| | - Gilles Iacazio
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
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Butinar L, Mohorčič M, Deyris V, Duquesne K, Iacazio G, Claeys-Bruno M, Friedrich J, Alphand V. Prevalence and specificity of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases in fungi. Phytochemistry 2015; 117:144-153. [PMID: 26083454 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Out of 107 fungal strains belonging to three phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Zygomycota) and 46 genera, 86 exhibited Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) activity against racemic bicyclo[3.2.0]heptenone. The strains were classified into three "profiles" based on regio- and enantioselectivity. Statistical analyses of our results, extended by literature data, showed that these profiles could be related to the taxonomic classification of the strains, and suggest that the BVMOs from the Zygomycota phylum may be different in their primary structures from established ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Butinar
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Mohorčič
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valérie Deyris
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille UMR7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Katia Duquesne
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille UMR7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Iacazio
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille UMR7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Magalie Claeys-Bruno
- Aix Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Instrumentation et de Sciences Analytiques EA 4672, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Josepha Friedrich
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Véronique Alphand
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille UMR7313, 13397 Marseille, France.
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Zhao W, Kotik M, Iacazio G, Archelas A. Enantioselective Bio-Hydrolysis of Various Racemic and meso
Aromatic Epoxides Using the Recombinant Epoxide Hydrolase Kau2. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201401164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kotik M, Zhao W, Iacazio G, Archelas A. Directed evolution of metagenome-derived epoxide hydrolase for improved enantioselectivity and enantioconvergence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tranchimand S, Faure B, Naubron JV, Alphand V, Archelas A, Iacazio G. Silica-Catalysed and Highly Stereoselective Convergent and Nonconvergent Rearrangements of Menthone Enol Acetate Epoxides: Easy Access to the Four α-Hydroxymenthone Stereoisomers. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pereira L, Coelho A, Viegas C, Ganachaud C, Iacazio G, Tron T, Robalo MP, Martins L. On the Mechanism of Biotransformation of the Anthraquinonic Dye Acid Blue 62 by Laccases. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Martini D, Iacazio G, Ferrand D, Buono G, Triantaphylides C. Optimization of Large Scale Preparation of 13-(S)-Hydroperoxy-9Z, 11E-Octadecadienoic Acid Using Soybean Lipoxygenase. Application to the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of (+)-Coriolic Acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242429409034376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Martini
- Laboratoire de Reactivité et Catalyse, Ura 1410 du CNRS Ensspicam, Av. Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397, Marseille Cedex 13, France
| | - G. Iacazio
- Laboratoire de Reactivité et Catalyse, Ura 1410 du CNRS Ensspicam, Av. Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397, Marseille Cedex 13, France
- Laboratoire de Microbiologic, Faculté des Sciences de St Jérôme, F-13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - D. Ferrand
- Laboratoire de Reactivité et Catalyse, Ura 1410 du CNRS Ensspicam, Av. Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397, Marseille Cedex 13, France
- DPVE/SRV, CE Cadarache 13108 St Paul les Durance, Cedex, France
| | - G. Buono
- Laboratoire de Reactivité et Catalyse, Ura 1410 du CNRS Ensspicam, Av. Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397, Marseille Cedex 13, France
| | - C. Triantaphylides
- Laboratoire de Reactivité et Catalyse, Ura 1410 du CNRS Ensspicam, Av. Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397, Marseille Cedex 13, France
- DPVE/SRV, CE Cadarache 13108 St Paul les Durance, Cedex, France
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Tranchimand S, Ertel G, Gaydou V, Gaudin C, Tron T, Iacazio G. Biochemical and molecular characterization of a quercetinase from Penicillium olsonii. Biochimie 2007; 90:781-9. [PMID: 18206655 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quercetinase (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase, EC 1.13.11.24) is produced by various filamentous fungi when grown on rutin as the sole carbon and energy source. From a rutin based liquid culture of Penicillium olsonii, we purified a quercetinase with a specific activity of 175U mg(-1). The enzyme is a monomeric glycoprotein of approximately 55 kDa, containing 0.9+/-0.1 copper atoms per protein. Its substrate specificity is restricted to the flavonol family of flavonoids. It is completely inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate at a concentration of 100 nM and 1H-2-benzyl-3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinolin is a competitive inhibitor with a K(I) of 4 microM. The cDNA poquer1 was cloned and sequenced. It encodes a 365 amino acids long enzyme with a strong sequence identity with the Aspergillus japonicus quercetinase (Q7SIC2). Like the enzyme from A. japonicus, only one of the two cupin domains of the Penicillium olsonii quercetinase is able to bind a metal atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Tranchimand
- Laboratoire BiosCiences FRE CNRS 3005, case 432, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Saint Jérôme, Aix-Marseille Université, avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 133397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Ghattas W, Hess CR, Iacazio G, Hardré R, Klinman JP, Réglier M. Pathway for the Stereocontrolled Z and E Production of α,α-Difluorine-Substituted Phenyl Butenoates. J Org Chem 2006; 71:8618-21. [PMID: 17064042 DOI: 10.1021/jo061022s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient preparation of pure ethyl Z- and E-alpha,alpha-difluoro-4-phenyl-3-butenoate 1a and 1b together with the corresponding acids 2a and 2b is described. The procedures involve stereocontrolled additions of *CF2CO2Et to phenylacetylene or beta-bromostyrene. Compound 1a is easily obtained by addition of *CF2CO2Et to phenylacetylene via a mechanism where the stereochemistry is controlled by an electron-transfer process to produce predominantly the Z vinyl anion. The product 1b is obtained by *CF2CO2Et addition-elimination to Z- or E-beta-bromostyrenes via a mechanism where the stereochemistry is controlled by steric factors in the conformational equilibration of the intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadih Ghattas
- BioSciences, FRE-CNRS 3005, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Tranchimand S, Tron T, Gaudin C, Iacazio G. First Chemical Synthesis of Three Natural Depsides Involved in Flavonol Catabolism and Related to Quercetinase Catalysis. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910500406534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Tranchimand
- a Laboratoire de Bioinorganique Structurale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques , Université Paul Cézanne Aix‐Marseille III , Marseille Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Tron
- a Laboratoire de Bioinorganique Structurale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques , Université Paul Cézanne Aix‐Marseille III , Marseille Cedex, France
| | - Christian Gaudin
- a Laboratoire de Bioinorganique Structurale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques , Université Paul Cézanne Aix‐Marseille III , Marseille Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Iacazio
- a Laboratoire de Bioinorganique Structurale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques , Université Paul Cézanne Aix‐Marseille III , Marseille Cedex, France
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Hardy M, Ouari O, Charles L, Finet JP, Iacazio G, Monnier V, Rockenbauer A, Tordo P. Synthesis and spin-trapping behavior of 5-ChEPMPO, a cholesteryl ester analogue of the spin trap DEPMPO. J Org Chem 2006; 70:10426-33. [PMID: 16323853 DOI: 10.1021/jo0517390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] 5-(Cholesteryloxyethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methylpyrroline N-oxide (5-ChEPMPO), a DEPMPO analogue bearing a cholesterol group on the phosphorus atom, has been prepared and used to trap peroxyl-, alkoxyl-, thiyl-, and carbon-centered radicals in organic solvent. The important steric hindrance in 5-ChEPMPO does not affect the properties of 5-ChEPMPO in comparison to DEPMPO for the spin trapping of an enantiopure linoleic acid hydroperoxide. The 5-ChEPMPO-OOL spin adduct was observed by ESR and confirmed by ESI-MS/MS experiments. The relaxation terms of the 5-ChEPMPO-lipid peroxyl spin adduct were compared with those of other peroxyl spin adducts, and it was shown that the cholesteryl group has only a weak influence on the exchange rate between adduct conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaël Hardy
- Laboratoire SREP, UMR 6517 CNRS et Universités d'Aix-Marseille 1, 2 et 3, Centre de Saint Jérôme, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Davoine C, Falletti O, Douki T, Iacazio G, Ennar N, Montillet JL, Triantaphylidès C. Adducts of oxylipin electrophiles to glutathione reflect a 13 specificity of the downstream lipoxygenase pathway in the tobacco hypersensitive response. Plant Physiol 2006; 140:1484-93. [PMID: 16500992 PMCID: PMC1435824 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.074690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The response to reactive electrophile species (RES) is now considered as part of the plant response to pathogen and insect attacks. Thanks to a previously established high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methodology, we have investigated the production of oxylipin RES adducts to glutathione (GSH) during the hypersensitive response (HR) of plants. We have observed that RES conjugation to GSH in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves is facile and nonspecific. In cryptogein-elicited tobacco leaves, we show that the oxylipin RES adducts to GSH are produced in correlation with GSH consumption, increase in glutathione S-transferase activity, and the appearance of the cell death symptoms. In this model, the adducts arise mainly from the downstream 13 lipoxygenase (LOX) metabolism, although the induced 9 LOX pathway leads massively to the accumulation of upstream metabolites. The main adducts were obtained from 2-hexenal and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid. They accumulate transiently as 1-hexanol-3-GSH, a reduced adduct, and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid-GSH, respectively. RES conjugation does not initiate cell death but explains part of the GSH depletion that accompanies HR cell death. The nature of these GSH conjugates shows the key role played by the 13 LOX pathway in RES signaling in the tobacco HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Davoine
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Végétale, DSV-Département d'Ecophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie, CEA-Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul Lez Durance cedex, France
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Tranchimand S, Tron T, Gaudin C, Iacazio G. Evaluation of phenolics and sugars as inducers of quercetinase activity inPenicillium olsonii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 253:289-94. [PMID: 16288837 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetinase is produced by various filamentous fungi when grown on rutin as sole carbon and energy source. We investigated on the effect of 10 phenolics and two sugars, structurally related to substrates and products of the rutin catabolic pathway, on the induction of a quercetinase activity in Penicillium olsonii. Neither the sugars (glucose and rhamnose, two constituents of rutin), nor phenolics such as protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid and phloroglucinol were inducers. Rutin (maximum activity 150 nmol/min/mL after 5 days), quercetin (70 nmol/min/mL, 3 days), phloroglucinol carboxylic acid (60 nmol/min/mL, 3 days), 2-protocatechuoylphloroglucinolcarboxylic acid (50 nmol/min/mL, 5 days), 2,6-dihydroxy-carboxylic acid (90 nmol/min/mL, 7 days) and 2,4-dihydroxy-carboxylic acid (30 nmol/min/mL, 7 days) were demonstrated to be quercetinase inducers. We propose that rutin, quercetin and 2-protocatechuoyl-phloroglucinol carboxylic acid, the product of the reaction catalysed by quercetinase, act as inducers after their catabolic transformation in phloroglucinol carboxylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Tranchimand
- Laboratoire de Bioinorganique Structurale, Case 432, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III, avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Davoine C, Douki T, Iacazio G, Montillet JL, Triantaphylidès C. Conjugation of keto fatty acids to glutathione in plant tissues. Characterization and quantification by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2005; 77:7366-72. [PMID: 16285687 DOI: 10.1021/ac051155y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Both biotic and abiotic stress activate the oxylipin pathway in plants. As reactive electrophile species (RES), some oxylipins are expected to bind cellular nucleophiles in a Michaël-type addition reaction. Using the HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry techniques, we have established the analytical basis for the investigation of oxylipin conjugation to glutathione (GSH) in plant extracts. The GSH adducts to the four keto fatty acid isomers issued from both linoleic and linolenic acids were first produced and their mass spectrometric features analyzed in the positive electrospray ionization mode. In all cases, the main fragmentation (MS2 mode) of the pseudomolecular ion leads to the neutral loss of a glutamyl moiety (-129 Da), affording an ion that gives structural information upon an additional fragmentation (MS3 mode). The glutamyl loss was confirmed by the analysis of other GSH adducts to oxylipin RES and appeared as being characteristic of GSH adducts. It is thus proposed to search GSH adducts in plant extracts by HPLC-MS/MS, using initially the neutral loss mode and then the MS2 mode to further characterize the identified compounds. This methodology was successfully applied to the analysis of GSH adducts upon infiltration into leaves of the four previous keto fatty acids at 5 mM, a concentration inducing cell death. The production of GSH adducts to oxylipin RES was observed for the first time in plant tissues. Furthermore, the levels of adduct production explain in part the observed GSH depletion. These results support the role of RES in altering protein activities and cellular redox balance of plant cells, via addition reactions to cellular nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Davoine
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Végétale, CEA/Cadarache, DSV-DEVM, Saint-Paul Lez Durance, France
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Abstract
Various optically active hydroxy derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids were easily oxidised to their corresponding keto derivatives using Dess-Martin periodinane. The reaction was run on the millimolar scale with good yields and without appreciable isomerisation of the surrounding double bonds. Reduction of these keto compounds to yield back the starting alcohols, but now as racemic mixtures, was also conducted using CeCl(3)-NaBH(4), once again without noticeable modification of the stereochemistry of the double bonds. These reactions proved the usefulness of the chemoenzymatic access to oxylipins through the use of lipoxygenases with various regiospecificity, combined with chemical transformations of the formed hydro(pero)xides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Iacazio
- Laboratoire de Bioinorganique Structurale, Case 432, UMR CNRS 6517 Chimie, Biologie et Radicaux libres, Faculté des Sciences de St Jérôme, Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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Iacazio G, Langrand G, Baratti J, Buono G, Triantaphylides C. Preparative, enzymic synthesis of linoleic acid (13S)-hydroperoxide using soybean lipoxygenase-1. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00292a056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Iacazio G, Martini D, Faure B, N'Guyen MH. Isolation and characterisation of 8-hydroxy-3Z,5Z-tetradecadienoic acid, a putative intermediate in Pichia guilliermondii gamma-decalactone biosynthesis from ricinoleic acid. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 209:57-62. [PMID: 12007654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During a screening procedure for the discovery of a strong gamma-decalactone producer from ricinoleic acid, we observed that the yeast Pichia guilliermondii accumulated transiently 8-hydroxy-3Z,5Z-tetradecadienoic acid 1 during gamma-decalactone biosynthesis in the stationary phase of growth. The structural elucidation of 1 was based on nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, ultraviolet and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry experiments. The occurrence of 1 is discussed in relation with previously proposed gamma-decalactone biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Iacazio
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, UMR-CNRS 6116, Faculté des Sciences de Saint Jérôme, case 452, Av. Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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Iacazio G. Isolation and characterisation of 8-hydroxy-3Z,5Z-tetradecadienoic acid, a putative intermediate in Pichia guilliermondii γ-decalactone biosynthesis from ricinoleic acid. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(02)00488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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Anglade J, Hirschler A, Le Petit J, Matheron R, Scarpitta A, Iacazio G. Response of electrically stimulated cells of Pseudomonas oleovorans strain ATCC 29347 suspended in silicone oil. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 199:119-23. [PMID: 11356578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A high intensity direct current was applied for more than 10 min onto a bacterial suspension of Pseudomonas oleovorans ATCC 29347 suspended in silicone oil. The application of a gradually increased electric field from 0 to 2500 V x cm(-1) resulted in a decrease of the optical density of the bacterial suspension and the occurrence of a peak current of several hundred microA for living cells instead of a linear increase (few microA) for killed or lyophilised cells. This procedure is not only a rapid way of investigating the living state of cell cultures but also an efficient experimental tool to study the cellular effects of a controlled electrical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Anglade
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, IMEP, CNRS UPRES A 6116, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Saint-Jérome, Marseille, France.
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Attolini M, Bouguir F, Iacazio G, Peiffer G, Maffei M. Enantioselective synthesis of cyclic dialkyl (3-hydroxy-1-alkenyl) phosphonates by baker's yeast-mediated reduction of the corresponding enones. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)01022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
A new tannase substrate, protocatechuic acid p-nitrophenyl ester, 5, was synthesized using modern synthetic methods. The synthesis was designed to be performed by non-specialized chemists. It only involves four steps, three of which are protection-deprotection, and uses standard methods of separation and purification, such as recrystallization and column chromatography over silica. Under tannase action, protocatechuic acid p-nitrophenyl ester, 5, releases p-nitrophenol, which is easily measured spectrophotometrically either at 350 nm for pH values<6 or at 400 nm for pH values of 6-7 (yellow). The pH-response and the catalytic parameters of a crude Penicillium sp. tannase preparation were determined using 5 as substrate, thus showing the usefulness of this substrate in determining tannase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Iacazio
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Case 452, CNRS UPRESA 6116 Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie, Faculté des Sciences de St Jérôme, Marseille, France. Gilles.Iacazio@Micro bio.U-3mrs.fr
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Iacazio G, Martini D, Sanchez S, Faure B. Enzymatic resolution of syn-2-azido-1,3,4-trihydroxybutane catalysed by lipases in the transesterification mode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)00045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dedeyan B, Klonowska A, Tagger S, Tron T, Iacazio G, Gil G, Le Petit J. Biochemical and molecular characterization of a laccase from Marasmius quercophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:925-9. [PMID: 10698753 PMCID: PMC91924 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.3.925-929.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycete Marasmius quercophilus is commonly found during autumn on the decaying litter of the evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.), a plant characteristic of Mediterranean forest. This white-rot fungus colonizes the leaf surface with rhizomorphs, causing a total bleaching of the leaf. In synthetic liquid media, this white-rot fungus has strong laccase activity. From a three-step chromatographic procedure, we purified a major isoform to homogeneity. The gene encodes a monomeric glycoprotein of approximately 63 kDa, with a 3.6 isoelectric point, that contains 12% carbohydrate. Spectroscopic analysis of the purified enzyme (UV/visible and electron paramagnetic resonance, atomic absorption) confirmed that it belongs to the "blue copper oxidase" family. With syringaldazine as the substrate, the enzyme's pH optimum was 4.5, the optimal temperature was 75 degrees C, and the K(m) was 7.1 microM. The structural gene, lac1, was cloned and sequenced. This gene encodes a 517-amino-acid protein 99% identical to a laccase produced by PM1, an unidentified basidiomycete previously isolated from wastewater from a paper factory in Spain. This similarity may be explained by the ecological distribution of the evergreen oak in Mediterranean forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dedeyan
- Laboratoire de Bioinorganique Structurale, CNRS UMR 6517, Faculté des Sciences de St Jérôme, 13397 Marseille, Cedex 20, France
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Ranchoux M, Brunel JM, Iacazio G, Buono G. Enzymatic desymmetrization of prochiral 2,3-bis(acetoxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene and 2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(98)00027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Martini D, Buono G, Iacazio G. Regiocontrol of Soybean Lipoxygenase Oxygenation. Application to the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Methyl 15(S)-HETE and Methyl 5(S),15(S)-diHETE. J Org Chem 1996; 61:9062-9064. [PMID: 11667901 DOI: 10.1021/jo960239r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Martini
- ENSSPICAM, URA 1410 du CNRS, Av. Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France, and Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences de St Jérôme, Av. Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Martini D, Buono G, Montillet JL, Iacazio G. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of methyl 9(S)-HODE (dimorphecolic acid methyl ester) and methyl 9(S)-HOTE catalysed by barley seed lipoxygenase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(96)00167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Degousée N, Triantaphylidès C, Starek S, Iacazio G, Martini D, Bladier C, Voisine R, Montillet JL. Measurement of thermally produced volatile alkanes: an assay for plant hydroperoxy fatty acid evaluation. Anal Biochem 1995; 224:524-31. [PMID: 7733454 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1995.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A new method designed to monitor lipid peroxidation in plants has been set up with soybean hypocotyl/radicles. The hydroperoxy fatty acids present in situ are converted by rapid thermal treatment (80 s and 210 J g-1) of the biological sample into ethane and n-pentane, which are analyzed by gas chromatography. The method has been directly calibrated by quantification of the hydroperoxy fatty acids by silica-phase HPLC analysis of their reduced hydroxy derivatives. Hypocotyl/radicles from the two soybean cultivars Argenta and Soriano were submitted to various chemical oxidative treatments and were analyzed for both thermally produced volatile alkanes and hydroperoxy fatty acid levels. Our results showed that ethane and n-pentane production are in both cases closely correlated with linolenic as well as linoleic acid hydroperoxide levels (P < 0.001). Within a given plant material, thermal conversion of both hydroperoxides into alkanes occurred with yields which were not dependent on the oxidative treatment. These yields are however functions of the biological material since in Soriano and Argenta cultivars they were around 6 and 25%, respectively. Taking into account the last point, the alkane test cannot be used to directly quantify the absolute lipid hydroperoxide levels of plant tissues but it is convenient to monitor the peroxidative phenomenon as it occurs. The assay is easy and rapid to perform (analysis of 50 samples per day) since no sample preparation is needed, and the low detection limit (20 pmol of alkane g-1) permits the analysis of small samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Degousée
- Centre d'Etudes de Cadarache, Département de Physiologie Végétale et Ecosystèmes, Saint Paul lez Durance, Cedex, France
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Carnell AJ, Iacazio G, Roberts SM, Willetts AJ. Preparation of optically active cyclohexanediols and (+)-α- hydroxycycloheptanone by an enzyme catalysed stereoinversion/oxidation process. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)76545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Iacazio G, Roberts SM. Investigation of the regioselectivity of some esterifications involving methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene D-pyranosides and Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1039/p19930001099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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