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Sorbie GG, Williams AK, Carter SE, Campbell AK, Glen J, Lavallee D, Sculthorpe N, Murray A, Beaumont AJ. Improved Physical Health in Middle-Older Aged Golf Caddies Following 24 Weeks of High-Volume Physical Activity. J Phys Act Health 2024; 21:134-145. [PMID: 37939701 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2023-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physical demands of golf caddying, including walking while carrying a golf bag, may potentially affect body composition, and markers of metabolic, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal health. Therefore, this study examined the impact of 24 weeks of caddying on physical health in middle-older aged males. METHODS Eleven full-time experienced male caddies (age: 59 [8] y; caddying experience: 14 [12] y) were recruited from a local golf course. The following were assessed at preseason and after 24 weeks of caddying (March-September 2022): body composition, heart rate, blood pressure, blood lipids, and performance tests (static and dynamic balance, strength, and submaximal fitness). Physical activity (PA) levels were assessed at preseason and at the mid-point of the caddying season. Across the caddying season, participants completed a monthly average of 24.0 (3.8) rounds. RESULTS Following the caddying season, improvements in static balance (Δ = 13.5 s), dynamic balance (Δ = -1.8 s), and lower back absolute strength (Δ = 112.8 N), and muscle quality (Δ = 2.0 N·kg-1) were observed (all P < .05). Additionally, blood lipids, including total cholesterol (Δ = -0.6 mmol·L-1), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Δ = 0.1 mmol·L-1), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Δ = -0.6 mmol·L-1) (all P < .05), and body composition, including body mass (Δ = -2.7 kg), fat mass (Δ = -1.9 kg), fat percentage (Δ = -1.4%), fat-to-muscle ratio (Δ = -0.03), and body mass index (Δ = -0.9 kg·m-2) (all P < .05) improved. Caddying did not offer beneficial changes to cardiovascular variables or cardiorespiratory fitness (P > .05), while coronary heart disease risk score decreased (Δ = -3.3%) (P < .05). In relation to PA, light- (Δ = 145 min) and moderate-intensity (Δ = 71 min) PA, moderate to vigorous PA (Δ = 73 min), and total PA (Δ = 218 min) between preseason and the mid-point of the caddying season increased, while sedentary time (Δ = -172 min) decreased (all P < .05). CONCLUSION Golf caddying can provide several physical health benefits such as improvements in various markers of cardiometabolic health, lower back absolute strength, and static and dynamic balance. The physical health improvements that caddying offers is likely contributed to by increased PA volume and intensity through walking on the golf course. Therefore, caddying may represent a feasible model for increasing PA volume and intensity and achieve physical health-related benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme G Sorbie
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley K Williams
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie E Carter
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, United Kingdom
| | - Amy K Campbell
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Glen
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - David Lavallee
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Lanarkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Murray
- Medical and Scientific Department, The R&A, St Andrews, United Kingdom
- Sport and Exercise, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J Beaumont
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, United Kingdom
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Williams AK, Glen J, Sorbie GG. The effect of upper body sprint interval training on golf drive performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2022; 62:1427-1434. [PMID: 35470650 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.12944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving golf fitness is one way to improve club head velocity and subsequently golf performance. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of a three-week upper-body sprint training (SIT) program on power output and golf performance. METHODS Eleven golfers (handicap: 5.5 ± 2.8) completed the SIT intervention. This was a self-controlled experiment with three testing points (pre-control, post-control and post-intervention) where subjects completed a ballistic bench press, upper-body Wingate and golf testing session. RESULTS Significant improvements were observed (13.3-15.5%) in peak and mean power production during the Wingate post-intervention in comparison to pre and post-control time points (p < 0.05). This was replicated in peak power for the ballistic bench press for both peak power (p < 0.05), but significance for mean power was only observed between post-control and post-intervention (p < 0.05) (improvements of 6.1-8.5%). These improvements were not seen consistently in golf performance variables measured, with no significance identified for the 7-iron and significant improvements (p < 0.05) observed in Carry Distance (2.2%) and Ball Velocity (1.4%) between pre-control and post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS Lack of golf performance improvements could be because of the natural variation in club-head velocity across sessions or the inability of subjects to utilise their power gains during the golf swing. Longer SIT interventions may be need to observe improvements in golf performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Williams
- School of Social & Health Sciences, Sport and Exercise, Abertay University, Dundee, UK -
| | - Jonathan Glen
- School of Social & Health Sciences, Sport and Exercise, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
| | - Graeme G Sorbie
- School of Social & Health Sciences, Sport and Exercise, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
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Sorbie GG, Glen J, Richardson AK. Positive Relationships Between Golf Performance Variables and Upper Body Power Capabilities. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:S97-S102. [PMID: 32796421 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sorbie GG, Glen J, and Richardson AK Positive relationships between golf performance variables and upper body power capabilities. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S97-S102, 2021-The importance of lower body and trunk strength and power, as well as upper body strength in golf is well documented; however, the relationship between upper body power and golf performance has yet to be determined. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between golf performance and upper body power. Thirteen golfers (mean ± SD: age: 30 ± 7 years and handicap: 6.1 ± 4.9) participated in the study. Club head velocity (CHV) and ball velocity were measured during the golf test. To assess upper body power, subjects completed a ballistic bench press and upper body Wingate test. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to assess the relationships between golf performance and upper body power. The results demonstrated that there were strong relationships between ballistic bench press and CHV and ball velocity when using the driver (r > 0.6-0.7), and moderate-to-strong relationships (r > 0.4-0.6) when using the 7-iron. Strong relationships were found between the upper body Wingate test and CHV and ball velocity (r > 0.5-0.8) when using the driver and 7-iron. As a result of the findings, strength and conditioning coaches may use both the ballistic bench press test and the Wingate test as a primary assessment to measure the effectiveness of upper body training interventions with the aim of improving golf performance. Although, when performing the golf swings at higher velocities (i.e., with the driver), the ballistic bench press may be more beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme G Sorbie
- School of Applied Sciences, Sport and Exercise Science Division, Abertay University, United Kingdom
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Hunter HH, Sorbie GG, Grace FM, Gu Y, Lam WK, Baker JS, Dutheil F, Dias T, Ugbolue UC. An electromyographic assessment pilot study on the reliability of the forearm muscles during multi-planar maximum voluntary contraction grip and wrist articulation in young males. Technol Health Care 2021; 30:713-724. [PMID: 34542047 DOI: 10.3233/thc-212822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electromyographic systems are widely used in scientific and clinical practice. The reproducibility and reliability of these measures are crucial when conducting scientific research and collecting experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Hunter
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Lanarkshire, UK
| | - Graeme G Sorbie
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
| | - Fergal M Grace
- Faculty of Health, Human Movement and Sport Sciences, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co. Ltd, Beijing, China.,Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sports Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Julien S Baker
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, WittyFit, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Faculty of Health, School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tilak Dias
- Advanced Textiles Research Group, School of Art and Design, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ukadike C Ugbolue
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Lanarkshire, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Sorbie GG, Beaumont AJ, Williams AK, Glen J, Hardie SM, Lavallee D. The Impact of the Closure and Reopening of Golf Courses in the United Kingdom on Wellbeing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Study Approach. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:622171. [PMID: 33604568 PMCID: PMC7884885 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.622171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this multi-study was to assess what impact the closure and reopening of golf courses had on: personal competence; sense of belonging; enjoyment; self-esteem; self-confidence; resilience; social connections; wellbeing and life satisfaction (hereafter referred to collectively as "key variables of interest") during the COVID-19 pandemic. Golfers (Study 1: n = 298, Study 2: n = 124) ≥16 years old residing in the UK participated in this study which collected data using online surveys. Study 1 was conducted during a period of quarantine restrictions (4-12th May 2020), whilst study 2 took place following the easing of the COVID-19 quarantine restrictions (6-14th July 2020). Within study 1 and study 2, key variables of interest levels were also collected to investigate the association with golf related activities. The findings of study 1 highlighted that negligible and non-significant correlations were observed between golf physical and sedentary activities and key variables of interest (r < 0.3, p > 0.05) except sense of belonging and sedentary golf activities (r = 0.178, p = 0.003). Study 2 highlighted that sense of belonging, enjoyment and wellbeing were significantly associated with outdoor golf course activity (r = 0.186-0.252, p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, when comparing study 1 and study 2, sense of belonging and life satisfaction significantly improved (p < 0.05, d = 0.2). Based on these findings, playing golf on outdoor golf courses appears to be positively related to sense of belonging, enjoyment and wellbeing. Also, with the reopening of golf courses life satisfaction improved which, together, highlights the beneficial impact that outdoor golf can impart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme G Sorbie
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J Beaumont
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley K Williams
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Glen
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M Hardie
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - David Lavallee
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Williams MJ, Gibson NV, Sorbie GG, Ugbolue UC, Brouner J, Easton C. Activation of the Gluteus Maximus During Performance of the Back Squat, Split Squat, and Barbell Hip Thrust and the Relationship With Maximal Sprinting. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:16-24. [PMID: 33332802 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Williams, MJ, Gibson, N, Sorbie, GG, Ugbolue, UC, Brouner, J, and Easton, C. Activation of the gluteus maximus during performance of the back squat, split squat, and barbell hip thrust and the relationship with maximal sprinting. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 16-24, 2021-The purpose of this research was to compare muscle activation of the gluteus maximus and ground reaction force between the barbell hip thrust, back squat, and split squat and to determine the relationship between these outcomes and vertical and horizontal forces during maximal sprinting. Twelve, male, team sport athletes (age, 25.0 ± 4.0 years; stature, 184.1 ± 6.0 cm; body mass, 82.2 ± 7.9 kg) performed separate movements of the 3 strength exercises at a load equivalent to their individual 3 repetition maximum. The ground reaction force was measured using force plates and the electromyography (EMG) activity of the upper and lower gluteus maximus and was recorded in each leg and expressed as percentage of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Subjects then completed a single sprint on a nonmotorized treadmill for the assessment of maximal velocity and horizontal and vertical forces. Although ground reaction force was lower, peak EMG activity in the gluteus maximus was higher in the hip thrust than in the back squat (p = 0.024; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4-56% MVIC) and split squat (p = 0.016; 95% CI = 6-58% MVIC). Peak sprint velocity correlated with both anterior-posterior horizontal force (r = 0.72) and peak ground reaction force during the barbell hip thrust (r = 0.69) but no other variables. The increased activation of gluteus maximus during the barbell hip thrust and the relationship with maximal running speed suggests that this movement may be optimal for training this muscle group in comparison to the back squat and split squat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Williams
- Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, United Kingdom
- Oriam, Scotland's Sports Performance Center, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom
| | - Neil V Gibson
- Oriam, Scotland's Sports Performance Center, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme G Sorbie
- Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, United Kingdom
- School of Social & Health Sciences, Sport and Exercise, Abertay University, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Ukadike C Ugbolue
- Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James Brouner
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Easton
- Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, United Kingdom
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Sorbie GG, Beaumont AJ, Richardson AK, Glen J, Hardie SM, Lavallee D. Data Report: Golf-Related Engagement During COVID-19 Quarantine Restrictions (4-12th May 2020). Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:112. [PMID: 33345101 PMCID: PMC7739606 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme G Sorbie
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J Beaumont
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley K Richardson
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Glen
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M Hardie
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - David Lavallee
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme G. Sorbie
- School of Social & Health Sciences, Sport and Exercise, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
| | - Chris. Low
- School of Social & Health Sciences, Sport and Exercise, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
| | - Ashley K. Richardson
- School of Social & Health Sciences, Sport and Exercise, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
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Sorbie GG, Williams MJ, Boyle DW, Gray A, Brouner J, Gibson N, Baker JS, Easton C, Ugbolue UC. Intra-session and Inter-day Reliability of the Myon 320 Electromyography System During Sub-maximal Contractions. Front Physiol 2018; 9:309. [PMID: 29651252 PMCID: PMC5884956 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromyography systems are widely used within the field of scientific and clinical practices. The reliability of these systems are paramount when conducting research. The reliability of Myon 320 Surface Electromyography System is yet to be determined. This study aims to determine the intra-session and inter-day reliability of the Myon 320 Surface Electromyography System. Muscle activity from fifteen participants was measured at the anterior deltoid muscle during a bilateral front raise exercise, the vastus lateralis muscle during a squat exercise and the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle during an isometric handgrip task. Intra-session and inter-day reliability was calculated by intraclass correlation coefficient, standard error of measurement and coefficient of variation (CV). The normalized root mean squared (RMS) surface electromyographic signals produced good intra-session and inter-day testing intraclass correlation coefficient values (range: 0.63–0.97) together with low standard error of measurement (range: 1.49–2.32) and CV (range: 95% Confidence Interval = 0.36–12.71) measures for the dynamic-and-isometric contractions. The findings indicate that the Myon 320 Surface Electromyography System produces good to fair reliability when examining intra-session and inter-day reliability. Findings of the study provide evidence of the reliability of electromyography between trials which is essential during clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme G Sorbie
- School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom.,Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Williams
- School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom.,Oriam: Scotland's Sports Performance Centre, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David W Boyle
- School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Gray
- School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
| | - James Brouner
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Gibson
- Oriam: Scotland's Sports Performance Centre, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Julien S Baker
- School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Easton
- School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
| | - Ukadike C Ugbolue
- School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The study aimed to determine whether or not commercial golf gloves influence performance variables and forearm muscle activity during golf play. Fifteen golfers participated in the laboratory based study, each performing 8 golf swings with a Driver and 7-iron whilst wearing a glove and 8 without wearing the glove. Club head speed, ball speed and absolute carry distance performance variables were calculated. Surface electromyography was recorded from the flexor digitorum superficialis and extensor carpi radialis brevis on both forearm muscles. Club head speed, ball speed and absolute carry distance was significantly higher when using the Driver with the glove in comparison to the Driver without the glove (p < 0.05). No significant differences were evident when using the 7-iron and no significant differences were displayed in muscle activity in either of the conditions. Findings from this study suggest that driving performance is improved when wearing a glove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme G Sorbie
- a School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK.,b Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences , Abertay University , Dundee , UK
| | - Paul Darroch
- a School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK
| | - Fergal M Grace
- a School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK.,c Faculty of Health, Human Movement and Sport Sciences , Federation University Australia , Ballarat , Victoria , Australia
| | - Yaodong Gu
- d Faculty of Sports Science , Ningbo University , Ningbo, China
| | - Julien S Baker
- a School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK
| | - Ukadike C Ugbolue
- a School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK.,e Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , UK
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11
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Sorbie GG, Grace FM, Gu Y, Baker JS, Ugbolue UC. Electromyographic analyses of the erector spinae muscles during golf swings using four different clubs. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:717-723. [PMID: 28594287 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1334956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the electromyography (EMG) patterns of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the erector spinae (ES) muscle during the golf swing whilst using four different golf clubs. Fifteen right-handed male golfers performed a total of twenty swings in random order using the driver, 4-iron, 7-iron and pitching-wedge. Surface EMG was recorded from the lead and trail sides of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the ES muscle (T8, L1 and L5 lateral to the spinous-process). Three-dimensional high-speed video analysis was used to identify the backswing, forward swing, acceleration, early and late follow-through phases of the golf swing. No significant differences in muscle-activation levels from the lead and trail sides of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the ES muscle were displayed between the driver, 4-iron, 7-iron and pitching-wedge (P > 0.05). The highest mean thoracic and lumbar ES muscle-activation levels were displayed in the forward swing (67-99% MVC) and acceleration (83-106% MVC) phases of the swing for all clubs tested. The findings from this study show that there were no significant statistical differences between the driver, 4-iron, 7-iron and pitching-wedge when examining muscle activity from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the ES muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme G Sorbie
- a School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK.,b Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences , Abertay University , Dundee , UK
| | - Fergal M Grace
- a School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK.,c Faculty of Health, Human Movement & Sport Sciences , Federation University Australia , Ballarat , Victoria , Australia
| | - Yaodong Gu
- d Faculty of Sports Science , Ningbo University , Ningbo , China
| | - Julien S Baker
- a School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK.,d Faculty of Sports Science , Ningbo University , Ningbo , China
| | - Ukadike C Ugbolue
- a School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK.,e Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , UK
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Sorbie GG, Hunter HH, Grace FM, Gu Y, Baker JS, Ugbolue UC. An electromyographic study of the effect of hand grip sizes on forearm muscle activity and golf performance. Res Sports Med 2016; 24:222-33. [PMID: 27267082 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2016.1191492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The study describes the differences in surface electromyography (EMG) activity of two forearm muscles in the lead and trail arm at specific phases of the golf swing using a 7-iron with three different grip sizes among amateur and professional golfers. Fifteen right-handed male golfers performed five golf swings using golf clubs with three different grip sizes. Surface EMG was used to measure muscle activity of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) on both forearms. There were no significant differences in forearm muscle activity when using the three golf grips within the group of 15 golfers (p > 0.05). When using the undersize grip, club head speed significantly increased (p = 0.044). During the backswing and downswing phases, amateurs produced significantly greater forearm muscle activity with all three grip sizes (p < 0.05). In conclusion, forearm muscle activity is not affected by grip sizes. However, club head speed increases when using undersize grips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme G Sorbie
- a Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Science and Sport , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , United Kingdom
| | - Henry H Hunter
- a Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Science and Sport , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , United Kingdom
| | - Fergal M Grace
- a Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Science and Sport , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , United Kingdom
| | - Yaodong Gu
- b Faculty of Sports Science , Ningbo Univesity , Ningbo , China
| | - Julien S Baker
- a Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Science and Sport , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , United Kingdom
| | - Ukadike Chris Ugbolue
- a Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Science and Sport , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , United Kingdom.,c Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , United Kingdom
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