Correction to: Mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of severe COVID-19

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s41231-021-00095-0.].

Cilostazol May Improve Maturation Rates and Durability of Vascular Access for Hemodialysis

Cilostazol is effective in controlling pathophysiological pathways similar or identical to those involved in nonmaturation and failure of the arteriovenous access. This case–control study examined whether cilostazol would improve maturation rates and durability of vascular access for hemodialysis. The treatment group included 33 patients who received cilostazol for ≥30 days prior to creation of a dialysis access and continued with cilostazol therapy for ≥60 days after surgery. The matched (gender, age, race, diabetes, and the year of surgery) control group included 116 patients who underwent the same procedure but did not receive cilostazol prior to and at least 3 months after surgery. Primary outcomes were maturation and, for those that matured, time of functioning access, defined as the time from the first use to irreparable failure of the access. Secondary outcomes were time to maturation, complications, and time to first complication. Study group patients were 3.8 times more likely to experience fistula maturation compared to the controls (88% vs 66%, RR = 3.8, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-11.6, P = .016). Fewer patients in the study group had complications (76% vs 92%, P = .025), and the time from construction of the fistula to the first complication was longer (345.6 ± 441 days vs 198.3 ± 185.0 days, P = .025). Time to maturation was similar in both groups (119.3 ± 62.9 days vs 100.2 ± 61.7 days, P = .2). However, once matured, time to failure was significantly longer in the treatment group (903.7 ± 543.6 vs 381.6 ± 317.2 days, P = .001). Multivariate analysis confirmed that the likelihood of maturation was significantly higher in the treatment group patients. These results suggest that dialysis access patients may benefit from preoperative and postoperative cilostazol therapy. If confirmed by a randomized trial, this treatment will have a major beneficial impact on patients dependent on a well-functioning access for their hemodialysis.

Diagnostic Options in Assessing Abdominal Aortic Endograft Infection

Endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms has gained widespread popularity in recent years. Stent grafts have emerged as another option in the surgeon's armamentarium in the treatment of aneurysmal disease. The infectivity of endovascular grafts and therapy for associated graft infections is unknown. Aortic graft infections have the potential for disastrous complications. This report presents a 72-year-old woman with persistent fever and an infected aortic stent graft in the early postoperative period.

Clinical Benefit of Carotid Endarterectomy Based on Duplex Ultrasonography

Carotid endarterectomy has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of stroke caused by carotid artery stenosis in selected patients. Limiting the morbidity and costs of this process without increasing the risks should further improve the benefits of this procedure. Results were prospectively collected from 123 consecutive carotid endarterectomies performed at a community teaching hospital. All patients underwent duplex ultrasonography for preoperative evaluation. Catheter angiography was used on a selective basis. Preferential use of regional anesthetic and selective use of the intensive care unit were applied. The mortality, morbidity, complications, and costs were then compared for the group receiving only preoperative duplex ultrasonography with those undergoing catheter angiography preoperatively. Age, comorbid risk factors, indications for carotid endarterectomy, and incidence of stroke were similar in both patient groups. The rates of mortality, morbidity, and stroke for carotid endarterectomy were low (mortality 0%, morbidity 6.5%, stroke 0.8%). For preoperative evaluation all patients underwent duplex ultrasonography (100%) and 28 (23%) underwent preoperative catheter angiography in addition to duplex ultrasonography. The complication rate associated with catheter angiography was 6/28 (21%). Complications included groin hematoma (7%), pseudoaneurysm (3.6%), bradycardia (7%), and unstable angina (3.6%). Costs for duplex ultrasonography averaged $165 and additional costs incurred by the use of catheter angiography averaged $4,200. Intraoperative assessment of the carotid endarterectomy site did not change based on the use of preoperative catheter angiography. Morbidity, mortality, and stroke rates were the same for the 2 groups. The preoperative use of duplex ultrasonography for the sole evaluation in carotid endarterectomy is well established. The use of preoperative catheter angiography is still preferred by a subset of surgeons. The use of catheter angiography is associated with significant morbidity and additional costs when compared to performing carotid endarterectomy based solely on preoperative duplex ultrasonography. The added costs and morbidity of angiography increase the societal cost of this procedure without significant clinical improvement in patient outcome.

A multidisciplinary approach to carotid paragangliomas

The surgical management of carotid paragangliomas can be problematic. A multidisciplinary approach was used to include vascular surgery, otolaryngology, and neuroradiology to treat these patients over 9 years. From January 1992 to July 2001, a multidisciplinary team evaluated patients with carotid paragangliomas. Analyzed patient data included age, gender, diagnostic evaluation, tumor size, preoperative tumor embolization, operative exposure, need for extracranial arterial sacrifice/reconstruction, postoperative morbidity including cranial nerve dysfunction, and long-term follow-up. Twenty-five carotid paragangliomas in 20 patients underwent multidisciplinary evaluation and management. Average age was 51 years (range, 28-83 years), and 52% were male. Diagnostic evaluation included computed tomography in 76%, magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance angiography in 52%, catheter angiography in 60%, and duplex ultrasonography in 16%. An extended neck exposure was required in 11 cases (44%), mandibulotomy was used once (4%), and mandibular subluxation was never required. The external carotid artery (ECA) was sacrificed in 8 cases (32%). The carotid bifurcation was resected in 1 patient (4%) requiring interposition reconstruction of the internal carotid artery. Preoperative tumor embolization was performed for 13 tumors (52%). Operative blood loss for patients undergoing preoperative embolization (Group I) was comparable to the nonembolized group (group II): group I lost 365 +/-180 mL versus 360 +/- 101 mL for group II (P = .48). This occurred despite larger tumors (group I - 4.2 cm versus group II - 2.1 cm, P = .03) and a higher mean Shamblin class (group I - 2.5 versus group II - 1.45, P = .001) for group I. There were no perioperative mortalities. Transient cranial nerve dysfunction occurred in 13 CBTs (52%), 2 (8%) of which remained present after 4 months. Patients with carotid paragangliomas benefit from a multidisciplinary team approach. Neuroradiology has been used for selective preoperative embolization, which has decreased estimated blood loss during excision of larger complex tumors. A combined surgical team of otolaryngology and vascular surgery provides for exposure of the distal internal carotid artery as high as the skull base, limited permanent cranial nerve dysfunction, and selective early division and excision of the external carotid artery for complete tumor resection.

Blunt injury to the external iliac artery: a case report

Blunt vascular trauma is rare as compared with penetrating vascular trauma. The incidence of iliac artery injury has been reported as low as 0.4 per cent of total arterial trauma. Iliac artery injury in blunt trauma is rare because of its anatomic location and protection by the pelvis. This article presents a case of external iliac artery injury secondary to blunt trauma. A deceleration-type mechanism is suggested that results in the production of an intimal flap and later vessel thrombosis. We discuss the clinical details of presentation and angiographic diagnosis as well as treatment options.

Blunt Injury to the External Iliac Artery: A Case Report

Blunt vascular trauma is rare as compared with penetrating vascular trauma. The incidence of iliac artery injury has been reported as low as 0.4 per cent of total arterial trauma. Iliac artery injury in blunt trauma is rare because of its anatomic location and protection by the pelvis. This article presents a case of external iliac artery injury secondary to blunt trauma. A deceleration-type mechanism is suggested that results in the production of an intimal flap and later vessel thrombosis. We discuss the clinical details of presentation and angiographic diagnosis as well as treatment options.

Carotid thromboendarterectomy for recent total occlusion of the internal carotid artery

BACKGROUND

The efficacy of emergency carotid thromboendarterectomy (CTEA) for acute internal carotid artery (ICA) thrombosis has been questioned. We evaluated the use of CTEA in patients with recent ICA occlusion.

METHODS

From August 1989 to December 1999 patients who underwent urgent CTEA for recent ICA thrombosis were retrospectively evaluated. Patient data analyzed included age, sex, comorbid risk factors, diagnostic evaluation, operative procedure, and long-term follow-up with clinical assessment and carotid duplex scan. Neurologic status was evaluated with the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) before the operation, immediately after the operation, and at 3- to 6-months' follow-up.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine patients underwent emergency ipsilateral CTEA for acute ICA thrombosis over the last 10 years. The average age of the patients was 69.9 +/- 1.7 years, and 66% were men. Patient risk factors included diabetes (7 [24%]), hypertension (21 [72%]), coronary artery disease (8 [29%]), and history of tobacco abuse (20 [69%]). Presenting symptoms included cerebrovascular accident (7 [24%]), transient ischemic attack (nonamaurosis) (10 [34%]), crescendo transient ischemic attack (7 [24%]), stroke in evolution (2 [7%]), and amaurosis fugax (3 [10%]). Diagnostic evaluation included computed tomographic scan (29 [100%]), magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance angiography (4 [14%]), duplex scan evaluation of the carotid arteries (23 [79%]), and cerebral angiography (18 [64%]). Antegrade flow in the ICA was successfully established in 24 (83%) of 29 patients and confirmed with intraoperative angiography or duplex sonography. Postoperative morbidity included 2 hematomas (7%), 4 transient cranial nerve deficits (14%), and 1 conversion to hemorrhagic stroke (3.6%), which resulted in the only death (3.6%). MRS scores averaged 3.4 +/- 0.2 preoperatively. Follow-up averaging 74.1 +/- 21 months (range, 3-140 months) was obtained in 27 (93%) patients. Improvement or deterioration was defined as a change in MRS +/- 1. Immediately postoperatively, 14 (48%) patients were improved, 2 (7%) deteriorated, and 13 (45%) had no change. At 3 to 6 months, 20 (74%) of 27 patients were improved, seven (26%) had no change, and none deteriorated. Of patients with successful CTEA, 23 (96%) of 24 had a patent ICA on follow-up duplex scan evaluation, and there was no evidence of recurrent ipsilateral neurologic events at an average of 49 months.

CONCLUSION

These data support an aggressive early surgical intervention for acute ICA thrombosis in carefully selected patients. In the previous decade we reported a 46% success rate for establishing antegrade flow in the ICA long term. Data from this decade show a 79% (P =.0114) success rate for establishing antegrade flow long term in all patients undergoing emergency CTEA. New and improved imaging modalities have allowed better patient selection, resulting in improved outcomes.

Laparoscopic assisted colectomies versus open colectomy

Minimally invasive techniques are having an impact on a variety of surgical procedures. Before their widespread acceptance as the standard of care, studies need to document their efficacy in comparison to open techniques. This study compared 25 laparoscopic-assisted colectomies to 25 open colectomies all performed within the last five years by the same surgeon. In terms of adequacy of resection, laparoscopic assisted colectomy compared favorably with open colectomy in both length of resection (15.7 cm vs 19.3 cm) and average number of nodes (6 vs 10). In addition to lessening patient discomfort, the other advantages were earlier return of bowel function (regular diet postoperative day 2 vs postoperative day 5) and shorter length of stay (4 vs 8 days). Operating costs were significantly greater, but this was offset by the shorter length of stay. This study supports laparoscopic assisted colectomy as a technically safe procedure with substantial patient benefits.

Experience with desmoid tumor in a community teaching hospital

Desmoid tumors are rare fibroblastic proliferations that occur primarily in the abdomen and extremities. They have an estimated incidence in the United States of two to four per million inhabitants per year. A recent case of desmoid tumor prompted us to review past medical records for previous cases with the same diagnosis. Since 1985, our institution has treated five patients with a total of eight desmoid tumors. Four patients (80%) were female with ages ranging from 24 to 32 years. The other patient was a 22-year-old male with a history of Gardner's syndrome and recurrent desmoid tumors. The majority of our patients were females in the fertile age group, substantiating the hormonal effects believed to play a role in the development of these lesions. In addition, it became obvious that more investigations must be done in appropriate treatment of desmoid tumors and the documentation of these tumors in registries would be of significant benefit.

Stimulation of the active transport of serotonin into mouse platelets by the sulfhydryl oxidizing agent diamide

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of diamide, a reversible sulfhydryl oxidizing agent, on the transport of serotonin (5-HT) by mouse platelets. Diamide produced a concentration-dependent (10-200 microM) stimulation of 5-HT transport that was rapid and sustained over 0-10 minutes of incubation. When platelets were incubated with diamide (10-200 microM) in the presence of glucose, the content of reduced glutathione was significantly decreased only at a final concentration of 200 microM, while washed platelets incubated with diamide (10-200 microM), in the absence of glucose, had a significant concentration-dependent decrease in their content of reduced glutathione. Fluoxetine, an inhibitor of the platelet 5-HT transporter, blocked diamide-induced stimulation of 5-HT transport. The kinetics of 5-HT transport showed that diamide caused a marked increase in the maximal rate of transport (Vmax control = 28.4 +/- 1.4 vs. Vmax diamide = 60.9 +/- 4.1 pM/10(8) platelets/4 min) but did not significantly alter the Km values. Ouabain, an inhibitor of platelet Na(+)-K+ ATPase, blocked the stimulation by diamide in a concentration-dependent manner. Dithiothreitol, a disulfide reducing agent, was able to partially reverse the stimulation of platelet 5-HT transport caused by diamide. This study has shown that diamide can stimulate the active transport of 5-HT by mouse platelets and suggests a possible role for free sulfhydryl groups in the regulation of this process.