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Breuer T, Geiger T, Bettinger HF, Witte G. Diels-Alder adduct formation at solid interfaces between fullerenes and acenes. J Phys Condens Matter 2019; 31:034003. [PMID: 30524049 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaf01b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding organic-organic interfaces is rather challenging due to their large complexity regarding morphology, molecular orientation at the interface, interdiffusion, and energetics. One additional important but often neglected aspect are chemical reactions occuring at such interfaces. For solid interfaces between pentacene and Buckminster-Fullerene (C60) recently very efficient Diels-Alder (D-A) adduct formation has been reported. Considering the importance of pentacene/C60 as prototypical donor-acceptor combination to study fundamental processes in organic photovoltaics, understanding this effect is essential. In this work, we provide detailed NEXAFS-based investigations with respect to the temperature-dependence and reaction zone depth of this effect. Moreover, we widely vary the interface morphology and observe that the D-A adduct formation is most efficient for bulk heterojunctions of pentacene and C60. By also investigating further material combinations such as PEN/C60-PCBM and interfaces between C60 and functionalized acenes, we observe trends for the occurrence of the D-A adduct formation correlated with the different chemical properties of the involved compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Breuer
- Department of Physics, Molekulare Festkörperphysik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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Bhakta R, Thomas R, Hipler F, Bettinger HF, Müller J, Ehrhart P, Devi A. MOCVD of TiO2thin films and studies on the nature of molecular mechanisms involved in the decomposition of [Ti(OPri)2(tbaoac)2]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b405963h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hahndorf I, Lee YT, Kaiser RI, Vereecken L, Peeters J, Bettinger HF, Schreiner PR, Schleyer PVR, Allen WD, Schaefer HF. A combined crossed-beam, ab initio, and Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel– Marcus investigation of the reaction of carbon atoms C(3Pj) with benzene, C6H6(X 1A1g) and d6-benzene, C6D6(X 1A1g). J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1418744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Abstract
The gradient corrected Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof density functional in conjunction with a 3-21G basis set and periodic boundary conditions was employed to investigate the geometries and energies of C(2)F fluorinated armchair single wall carbon nanotubes (F-SWNT's) with diameters ranging from 16.4 to 4.2 A [(12,12) to (3,3)] as well as a C(2)F graphene sheet fluorinated on one side only. Using an isodesmic equation, we find that the thermodynamic stability of F-SWNT's increases with decreasing tube diameter. On the other hand, the mean bond dissociation energies of the C-F bonds increase as the tubes become thinner. The C-F bonds in the (5,5) F-SWNT's are about as strong as those in graphite fluoride (CF)(n)() and are also covalent albeit slightly (<0.04 A) stretched. Whereas a fluorine atom is found not to bind covalently to the concave surface of [60]fullerene, endohedral covalent binding is possible inside a (5,5) SWNT despite a diameter similar to that of the C(60) cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Bettinger
- Department of Chemistry, MS-60, Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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Nossal J, Saini RK, Sadana AK, Bettinger HF, Alemany LB, Scuseria GE, Billups WE, Saunders M, Khong A, Weisemann R. Formation, isolation, spectroscopic properties, and calculated properties of some isomers of C(60)H(36). J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:8482-95. [PMID: 11525655 DOI: 10.1021/ja0108180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isomers of C(60)H(36) and He@C(60)H(36) have been synthesized by the Birch or dihydroanthracene reduction of C(60) and isolated by preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography. (3)He, (13)C, and (1)H NMR spectroscopic properties were then determined. A comparison of experimental chemical shifts against those computed using density functional theory (B3LYP) with polarized triple- and double-zeta basis sets for He and C,H, respectively, allowed provisional assignment of structure for several isomers to be made. Theoretical calculations have also been carried out to identify low-energy structures. The transfer hydrogenation method using dihydroanthracene gives a major C(60)H(36) isomer and a minor C(60)H(36) isomer with C(3) symmetry as determined by the (13)C NMR spectrum of C(60)H(36) and the (3)He NMR spectrum of the corresponding sample of (3)He@C(60)H(36). In view of the HPLC retention times and the (3)He chemical shifts observed for the Birch and dihydroanthracene reduction products, the two isomers generated by the latter procedure can be only minor isomers of the Birch reduction. A significant energy barrier apparently exists in the dihydroanthracene reduction of C(60) for the conversion of the C(3) and C(1) symmetry isomers of C(60)H(36) to the T symmetry isomer previously predicted by many calculations to be among the most stable C(60)H(36) isomers. Many of the (1)H NMR signals exhibited by C(60)H(36) (and C(60)H(18), previously reported) are unusually deshielded compared to "ordinary" organic compounds, presumably because the unusual structures of C(60)H(36) and C(60)H(18) result in chemical shift tensors with one or more unusual principal values. Calculations clearly show a relationship between exceptionally deshielded protons beta to a benzene ring in C(60)H(18) and C(60)H(36) and relatively long C-C bonds associated with these protons. The additional information obtained from 1D and 2D (1)H NMR spectra obtained at ultrahigh field strengths (up to 900 MHz) will serve as a critical test of chemical shifts to be obtained from future calculations on different C(60)H(36) isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nossal
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Stahl F, von Ragué Schleyer P, Bettinger HF, Kaiser RI, Lee YT, Schaefer HF. Reaction of the ethynyl radical, C2H, with methylacetylene, CH3CCH, under single collision conditions: Implications for astrochemistry. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1331360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kaiser RI, Asvany O, Lee YT, Bettinger HF, Schleyer PVR, Schaefer HF. Crossed beam reaction of phenyl radicals with unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules. I. Chemical dynamics of phenylmethylacetylene (C6H5CCCH3;X 1A′) formation from reaction of C6H5(X 2A1) with methylacetylene, CH3CCH(X 1A1). J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Balucani N, Asvany O, Chang AHH, Lin SH, Lee YT, Kaiser RI, Bettinger HF, Schleyer PVR, Schaefer HF. Crossed beam reaction of cyano radicals with hydrocarbon molecules. II. Chemical dynamics of 1-cyano-1-methylallene (CNCH3CCCH2; X 1A′) formation from reaction of CN(X 2Σ+) with dimethylacetylene CH3CCCH3 (X 1A1′). J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Balucani N, Asvany O, Chang AHH, Lin SH, Lee YT, Kaiser RI, Bettinger HF, Schleyer PVR, Schaefer HF. Crossed beam reaction of cyano radicals with hydrocarbon molecules. I. Chemical dynamics of cyanobenzene (C6H5CN; X 1A1) and perdeutero cyanobenzene (C6D5CN; X 1A1) formation from reaction of CN(X 2Σ+) with benzene C6H6(X 1A1g), and d6-benzene C6D6(X 1A1g). J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kaiser RI, Hahndorf I, Huang LCL, Lee YT, Bettinger HF, Schleyer PVR, Schaefer HF, Schreiner PR. Crossed beams reaction of atomic carbon, C(3Pj), with d6-benzene, C6D6(X 1A1g): Observation of the per-deutero-1,2-didehydro- cycloheptatrienyl radical, C7D5(X 2B2). J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Beischer NA, Bettinger HF, Fortune DW, Pepperell R. Hydatidiform mole and its complications in the state of Victoria. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1970; 77:263-76. [PMID: 5419894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1970.tb03518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bettinger HF. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN SOMATIC CELLS. Med J Aust 1956. [DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1956.tb36013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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