Ultrasonic power improvement of flumequine degradation effectiveness in aqueous solution via direct and indirect action of mechanical acoustic wave

The current research work aimed to describe the roles of ultrasonic power under sono-Fenton process in the degradation of flumequine (FLU) in water. For this purpose, the effects of some parameters including temperature, ferrous ion concentration, chemical oxidant concentration (S₂O₈^2- and Cl^-) and the initial pH value of the reaction kinetics were investigated. Results showed that the degradation of FLU antibiotic was accelerated by ultrasonic irradiation and the presence of an inorganic oxidant. The sono-generation of active species such as hydroxyl radicals (HO and HOO) and sulfate radicals (SO₄^-) as strong oxidizing agents improved the FLU degradation. In fact, the peroxydisulfate anion (S₂O₈^2-) has been identified as among parameters that enhanced the degradation process. Under optimal conditions, 98% of the flumequine removal was carried out within 80 min at 60 °C.

Sono-Fenton process for metronidazole degradation in aqueous solution: Effect of acoustic cavitation and peroxydisulfate anion

The present work investigates the application of an improved treatment approach based on the ultrasound irradiation as clean technology driven Fenton in the presence of peroxydisulfate anion (S2O8(2-)) for the removal of metronidazole (MTZ) from aqueous solution. The sono-generation of sulfate radicals (SO4(-)) as a stronger oxidizing agent from S2O8(2-) (redox potential of 2.6V) has improved the degradation of MTZ. However, no studies have focused on the removal of MTZ using peroxydisulfate anion under sono-Fenton process. The MTZ concentration measurement during the processing allowed the evaluation of the kinetics of organic matter decay. The results have shown that the degradation of MTZ dependent on Fe(2+)/H2O2 molar ratio, temperature and S2O8(2-) concentration. The MTZ concentration decay follows pseudo first-order kinetics, within the range studied. Sono-Fenton process using low iron and hydrogen peroxide doses was proved to be an efficient method for the elimination of MTZ with high degradation rates. At optimum conditions, 96% of MTZ removal was achieved at 60°C in the presence of 1mM of S2O8(2-).

Green condensation reaction of aromatic aldehydes with active methylene compounds catalyzed by anion-exchange resin under ultrasound irradiation

To realize a practical and green chemistry, two important challenges need to be addressed, namely the effective process for the activation of reaction and efficient, eco-friendly and robust chemical methods for the reaction conversion to target products via highly selective catalytic and reactions. Ultrasonic energy promotes the conversion process through its special cavitational effects. Combined with anion-exchange resin as a heterogeneous, reusable and efficient catalyst, Ultrasonic energy enhances the Knoevenagel condensation and leads to reduced reaction time at lower reaction temperature with less amounts of solvent and catalyst.