Strong Binding of Phytochemicals to the Catalytic Domain of Tyrosine Hydroxylase as a Trojan Horse Decreases Dopamine in Dopaminergic Cells: Pharmaceutical Considerations in Schizophrenia and Parkinson's Disease

BACKGROUND

Imbalances in dopamine levels result in neurological and psychological disorders such as elevated dopamine in Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE

Despite a considerable number of advertisements claiming Aloe-vera's effectiveness in PD treatment, it has hidden long-term disadvantages for healthy people and PD patients.

METHODS

In the present investigation, the impacts of Aloe-vera on dopaminergic cells were evaluated.

RESULTS

The results indicated that the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) enhancement was in line with the Bax/Bcl2 ratio decrement, reactive oxygen specious (ROS) production, and nonsignificant alteration in the sub-G1phase of the cell cycle. It led to glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) upregulation but did not significantly change the BDNF level involved in depression and motor impairment recovery. These events apparently resulted in the enhancement in dopaminergic cell viability and neurite length and attenuated PI+ cells. However, it also induced neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) overexpression and nitric oxide (NO) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production. Notably, docking results of the catalytic domain in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) with the Aloe-vera constituents showed strong binding of most Aloe-vera constituents with the catalytic domain of TH, even stronger than L-tyrosine as an original substrate. Following the docking results, Aloe-vera downregulated TH protein and attenuated dopamine.

CONCLUSION

It can be hypothesized that Aloe-vera improves PD symptoms through enhancement in antiapoptotic markers and neurotrophic factors, while it suppresses TH and dopamine in the form of a Trojan horse, later resulting in the future deterioration of the disease symptoms. The results provide cues to pharmaceutical companies to use the active components of Aloe-vera as putative agents in neurological and psychiatric disorders and diseases to decrease dopamine in patients with enhanced dopamine levels.

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The World Against Versatile SARS-Cov-2 Nanomachines; Mythological or Reality?

Nanomachines hold promise for the next generation of emerging technology; however, nanomachines are not a new concept, viruses, nature's nanomachines, have already existed for thousands of years. In 2019, the whole world has had to come together to confront a life-threatening nanomachine named "SARS-CoV-2", which causes COVID-19 illness. SARS-CoV-2, a smart nanomachine, attaches itself onto the ACE2 and CD147 receptors present on the cell surfaces of the lungs, kidneys, heart, brain, intestines, and testes, etc. and triggers pathogenesis. Cell entry triggers a cascade of inflammatory responses resulting in tissue damage, with the worst affected cases leading to death. SARS-CoV-2 influences several receptors and signalling pathways; therefore, finding a biomaterial that caps these signalling pathways and ligand sites is of interest. This research aimed to compare the similarities and differences between COVID-19 and its elderly sisters', MERS and SARS. Furthermore, we glanced at emerging therapeutics that carry potential in eliminating SARS-CoV-2, and the tissue damage it causes. Simple prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of COVID-19 infection have been put forward.