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Legge EJ, Ali MM, Abbasi HY, Reed BP, Brennan B, Matjačić L, Tehrani Z, Stolojan V, Silva SRP, Guy OJ, Pollard AJ. Understanding the bonding mechanisms of organic molecules deposited on graphene for biosensing applications. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:174703. [PMID: 34742208 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is an ideal material for biosensors due to the large surface area for multiple bonding sites, the high electrical conductivity allowing for high sensitivity, and the high tensile strength providing durability in fabricated sensor devices. For graphene to be successful as a biosensing platform, selectivity must be achieved through functionalization with specific chemical groups. However, the device performance and sensor sensitivity must still be maintained after functionalization, which can be challenging. We compare phenyl amine and 1,5-diaminonaphthalene functionalization methods for chemical vapor deposition grown graphene, both used to obtain graphene modified with amine groups-which is required for surface attachment of highly selective antibody bio-receptors. Through atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of co-located areas, the chemistry, thickness, and coverage of the functional groups bound to the graphene surface have been comprehensively analyzed. We demonstrate the modification of functionalized graphene using AFM, which unexpectedly suggests the removal of covalently bonded functional groups, resulting in a "recovered" graphene structure with reduced disorder, confirmed with Raman spectroscopy. This removal explains the decrease in the ID/IG ratio observed in Raman spectra from other studies on functionalized graphene after mechanical strain or a chemical reaction and reveals the possibility of reverting to the non-functionalized graphene structure. Through this study, preferred functionalization processes are recommended to maintain the performance properties of graphene as a biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad M Ali
- Centre of NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Hina Y Abbasi
- Centre of NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamen P Reed
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Brennan
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Lidija Matjačić
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Zari Tehrani
- Centre of NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Vlad Stolojan
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - S Ravi P Silva
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Guy
- Centre of NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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Abbasi HY, Tehrani Z, Devadoss A, Ali MM, Moradi-Bachiller S, Albani D, Guy OJ. Graphene based electrochemical immunosensor for the ultra-sensitive label free detection of Alzheimer's beta amyloid peptides Aβ(1-42). Nanoscale Adv 2021; 3:2295-2304. [PMID: 36133757 PMCID: PMC9419744 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00801j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An immunosensor capable of high sensitivity detection of beta-amyloid peptides, shown to be a reliable biomarker for Alzheimer's disease, has been developed using screen printed graphene electrodes (SPGEs) modified with ultra-thin layers of polymerised 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (pDAN). Electropolymerization of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) was performed to coat the graphene screen printed electrodes in a continuous polymer layer with controlled thickness. The surface characteristics of pristine graphene and polymer modified graphene electrodes were examined using Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effects of polymer thickness on the electron transfer rates were investigated. An immunosensor for selective detection of beta amyloid peptides Aβ(1-42) was developed via biofunctionalization of the pDAN modified SPGE with the anti-beta amyloid antibody used as the peptide bioreceptor. The immunosensor has been used for specific detection of Aβ(1-42) with a linear range of 1 pg mL-1 to 1000 pg mL-1 and showed 1.4 pg mL-1 and 4.25 pg mL-1 detection and quantification limit, respectively. The biosensor was further validated for the analysis of spiked human plasma. The immunosensor enables rapid, accurate, precise, reproducible and highly sensitive detection of Aβ(1-42) using a low-cost SPGE platform, which opens the possibilities for diagnostic ex vivo applications and research-based real time studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Y Abbasi
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK +44 (0) 1792 606475 +44 (0) 1792 513181
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Zari Tehrani
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK +44 (0) 1792 606475 +44 (0) 1792 513181
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Anitha Devadoss
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK +44 (0) 1792 606475 +44 (0) 1792 513181
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Muhammad Munem Ali
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK +44 (0) 1792 606475 +44 (0) 1792 513181
| | - Soraya Moradi-Bachiller
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Via La Masa 19 20156 Milan Italy
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Via La Masa 19 20156 Milan Italy
| | - Owen J Guy
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK +44 (0) 1792 606475 +44 (0) 1792 513181
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
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Walters F, Ali MM, Burwell G, Rozhko S, Tehrani Z, Daghigh Ahmadi E, Evans JE, Abbasi HY, Bigham R, Mitchell JJ, Kazakova O, Devadoss A, Guy OJ. A Facile Method for the Non-Covalent Amine Functionalization of Carbon-Based Surfaces for Use in Biosensor Development. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E1808. [PMID: 32927839 PMCID: PMC7559712 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Affinity biosensors based on graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) or resistor designs require the utilization of graphene's exceptional electrical properties. Therefore, it is critical when designing these sensors, that the electrical properties of graphene are maintained throughout the functionalization process. To that end, non-covalent functionalization may be preferred over covalent modification. Drop-cast 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) was investigated as a quick and simple method for the non-covalent amine functionalization of carbon-based surfaces such as graphene, for use in biosensor development. In this work, multiple graphene surfaces were functionalized with DAN via a drop-cast method, leading to amine moieties, available for subsequent attachment to receptor molecules. Successful modification of graphene with DAN via a drop-cast method was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy and real-time resistance measurements. Successful attachment of receptor molecules also confirmed using the aforementioned techniques. Furthermore, an investigation into the effect of sequential wash steps which are required in biosensor manufacture, on the presence of the DAN layer, confirmed that the functional layer was not removed, even after multiple solvent exposures. Drop-cast DAN is thus, a viable fast and robust method for the amine functionalization of graphene surfaces for use in biosensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ffion Walters
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (M.M.A.); (Z.T.); (E.D.A.); (J.E.E.); (H.Y.A.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Muhammad Munem Ali
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (M.M.A.); (Z.T.); (E.D.A.); (J.E.E.); (H.Y.A.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Gregory Burwell
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (G.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Sergiy Rozhko
- National Physical Laboratory, Quantum Metrology Institute, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK; (S.R.); (O.K.)
| | - Zari Tehrani
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (M.M.A.); (Z.T.); (E.D.A.); (J.E.E.); (H.Y.A.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Ehsaneh Daghigh Ahmadi
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (M.M.A.); (Z.T.); (E.D.A.); (J.E.E.); (H.Y.A.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Jon E. Evans
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (M.M.A.); (Z.T.); (E.D.A.); (J.E.E.); (H.Y.A.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Hina Y. Abbasi
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (M.M.A.); (Z.T.); (E.D.A.); (J.E.E.); (H.Y.A.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Ryan Bigham
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (G.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Jacob John Mitchell
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (M.M.A.); (Z.T.); (E.D.A.); (J.E.E.); (H.Y.A.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Olga Kazakova
- National Physical Laboratory, Quantum Metrology Institute, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK; (S.R.); (O.K.)
| | - Anitha Devadoss
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (M.M.A.); (Z.T.); (E.D.A.); (J.E.E.); (H.Y.A.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Owen J. Guy
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (M.M.A.); (Z.T.); (E.D.A.); (J.E.E.); (H.Y.A.); (J.J.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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