Increased vesicular dynamics and nanoscale clustering of IL-2 after T cell activation

T cells coordinate intercellular communication through the meticulous regulation of cytokine secretion. Direct visualization of vesicular transport and intracellular distribution of cytokines provides valuable insights into the temporal and spatial mechanisms involved in regulation. Employing Jurkat E6-1 T cells and interleukin-2 (IL-2) as a model system, we investigated vesicular dynamics using single-particle tracking and the nanoscale distribution of intracellular IL-2 in fixed T cells using superresolution microscopy. Live-cell imaging revealed that in vitro activation resulted in increased vesicular dynamics. Direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy and 3D structured illumination microscopy revealed nanoscale clustering of IL-2. In vitro activation correlated with spatial accumulation of IL-2 nanoclusters into more pronounced and elongated clusters. These observations provide visual evidence that accelerated vesicular transport and spatial concatenation of IL-2 clusters at the nanoscale may constitute a potential mechanism for modulating cytokine release by Jurkat T cells.

Quantitative Superresolution Imaging of F-Actin in the Cell Body and Cytoskeletal Protrusions Using Phalloidin-Based Single-Molecule Labeling and Localization Microscopy

We present single-molecule labeling and localization microscopy (SMLLM) using dye-conjugated phalloidin to achieve enhanced superresolution imaging of filamentous actin (F-actin). We demonstrate that the intrinsic phalloidin dissociation enables SMLLM in an imaging buffer containing low concentrations of dye-conjugated phalloidin. We further show enhanced single-molecule labeling by chemically promoting phalloidin dissociation. Two benefits of phalloidin-based SMLLM are better preservation of cellular structures sensitive to mechanical and shear forces during standard sample preparation and more consistent F-actin quantification at the nanoscale. In a proof-of-concept study, we employed SMLLM to super-resolve F-actin structures in U2OS and dendritic cells (DCs) and demonstrate more consistent F-actin quantification in the cell body and structurally delicate cytoskeletal proportions, which we termed membrane fibers, of DCs compared to direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). Using DC2.4 mouse dendritic cells as the model system, we show F-actin redistribution from podosomes to actin filaments and altered prevalence of F-actin-associated membrane fibers on the culture glass surface after lipopolysaccharide exposure. While our work demonstrates SMLLM for F-actin, the concept opens new possibilities for protein-specific single-molecule labeling and localization in the same step using commercially available reagents.

Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy Using Time-Lapse Imaging of Single-Antibody Labeling

In single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), immunofluorescence (IF) staining affects the quality of the reconstructed superresolution images. However, optimizing IF staining remains challenging because IF staining is a one-step, irreversible process. Sample labeling through reversible binding presents an alternative strategy, but such techniques require significant technological advancements to enhance the dissociation of labels without sacrificing their binding specificity. In this article, we introduce time-lapse imaging of single-antibody labeling. Our versatile technique utilizes commercially available dye-conjugated antibodies. The method controls the antibody concentrations to capture single-antibody labeling of subcellular targets, thereby achieving SMLM through the labeling process. We further demonstrate dual-color single-antibody labeling to enhance the sample labeling density. The new approach allows the evaluation of antibody binding at the single-antibody level and within the cellular environment. This comprehensive guide offers step-by-step instructions for time-lapse imaging of single-antibody labeling experiments and enables the application of the single-antibody labeling technique to a wide range of targets. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Sample preparation for single-antibody labeling Basic Protocol 2: Data acquisition for single-molecule localization microscopy Alternate Protocol: Dual-color single-antibody labeling using OptoSplit II equation Basic Protocol 3: Image analysis.

Superresolution Imaging with Single-Antibody Labeling

We present a versatile single-molecule localization microscopy technique utilizing time-lapse imaging of single-antibody labeling. By performing single-molecule imaging in the subminute time scale and tuning the antibody concentration to create sparse single-molecule binding, we captured antibody labeling of subcellular targets to generate superresolution images. Single-antibody labeling enabled dual-target superresolution imaging using dye-conjugated monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. We further demonstrate a dual-color strategy to increase the sample labeling density. Single-antibody labeling paves a new way to evaluate antibody binding for superresolution imaging in the native cellular environment.

Caveolin-1 controls mitochondrial damage and ROS production by regulating fission - fusion dynamics and mitophagy

As essential regulators of mitochondrial quality control, mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy play key roles in maintenance of metabolic health and cellular homeostasis. Here we show that knockdown of the membrane-inserted scaffolding and structural protein caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and expression of tyrosine 14 phospho-defective Cav-1 mutant (Y14F), as opposed to phospho-mimicking Y14D, altered mitochondrial morphology, and increased mitochondrial matrix mixing, mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamics as well as mitophagy in MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells. Further, we found that interaction of Cav-1 with mitochondrial fusion/fission machinery Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and Dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1) was enhanced by Y14D mutant indicating Cav-1 Y14 phosphorylation prevented Mfn2 and Drp1 translocation to mitochondria. Moreover, limiting mitochondrial recruitment of Mfn2 diminished formation of the PINK1/Mfn2/Parkin complex required for initiation of mitophagy resulting in accumulation of damaged mitochondria and ROS (mtROS). Thus, these studies indicate that phospho-Cav-1 may be an important switch mechanism in cancer cell survival which could lead to novel strategies for complementing cancer therapies.

Fluorescent Artificial Antigens Revealed Extended Membrane Networks Utilized by Live Dendritic Cells for Antigen Uptake

Dendritic cells (DCs) can infiltrate tight junctions of the epithelium to collect remote antigens during immune surveillance. While elongated membrane structures represent a plausible structure to perform this task, their functional mechanisms remain elusive owing to the lack of high-resolution characterizations in live DCs. Here, we developed fluorescent artificial antigens (FAAs) based on quantum dots coated with polyacrylic acid. Single-particle tracking of FAAs enables us to superresolve the membrane fiber network responsible for the antigen uptake. Using the DC2.4 cell line as a model system, we discovered the extensive membrane network approaching 200 μm in length with tunnel-like cavities about 150 nm in width. The membrane fiber network also contained heterogeneous circular migrasomes. Disconnecting the membrane network from the cell body decreased the intracellular FAA density. Our study enables mechanistic investigations of DC membrane networks and nanocarriers that target this mechanism.

Chaotropic Perturbation of Noncovalent Interactions of the Hemagglutinin Tag Monoclonal Antibody Fragment Enables Superresolution Molecular Census

Antibody-antigen interactions represent one of the most exploited biomolecular interactions in experimental biology. While numerous techniques harnessed immobilized antibodies for nanoscale fluorescence imaging, few utilized their reversible binding kinetics. Here, we investigated noncovalent interactions of the monoclonal hemagglutinin (HA) epitope tag antibody, 12CA5, in the fixed cellular environment. We observed that the use of a chaotropic agent, potassium thiocyanate (KSCN), promoted the dissociation of the 12CA5 antibody fragment (Fab), which already displayed faster dissociation compared to its immunoglobulin G (IgG) counterpart. Molecular dynamic simulations revealed notable root-mean-square deviations and destabilizations in the presence of KSCN, while the hydrogen-bonding network remained primarily unaffected at the antigen-binding site. The reversible interactions enabled us to achieve a superresolution molecular census of local populations of 3xHA tagged microtubule fibers with improved molecular quantification consistency compared to single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) techniques utilizing standard immunofluorescence staining for sample labeling. Our technique, termed superresolution census of molecular epitope tags (SR-COMET), highlights the utilization of reversible antibody-antigen interactions for SMLM-based quantitative superresolution imaging.