Chemical and microbial changes of stingray fish (Trygon sephen) during soaking in salt solution before smoking process

The salting process at a fisherman's level is still traditional and does not yet have a standard for salt concentration and soaking time, thus affecting the freshness and quality of fish for further processing. For this reason, it is necessary to conduct research that can maintain the quality of fish before the smoking process to ensure results can be recommended for fellow fishermen. This research aimed to find the best quality of lowsalted stingray fish (Trygon sephen) treated with different salt solution concentrations and soaking time durations before the smoking process. This study used three levels of salt solution concentration (10%, 20%, and 30% w/v, respectively) as the first factor and soaking time duration (1 hr, 2 hrs, and 3 hrs) as the second factor. Chemical and microbial analyses of samples were performed during treatment to investigate their quality. The results showed that stingray fish soaked in 10% salt solution for 1 hr was the best treatment. In this treatment, the pH, total plate count (TPC), total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), and trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) values were 6.92, 4.98×105 CFU/g, 6.12 mg N/100 g, and 5.56 mg N/100 g, respectively. Meanwhile, protein loss in this treatment was 2.66. In conclusion, treatment with 10% salt solution for 1 hr could be used in stingray fish considering that this treatment resulted in good quality with the lowest protein loss. Furthermore, this treatment is used as a reference for the smoking process because the concentration of the salt solution is low and the soaking time duration is short.

Proactive risk mitigation strategies and building strategic resilience in the food supply chain: a review

Risk management is very important in supporting business sustainability. The choice of risk mitigation strategy is very crucial. An alternative strategy that is considered very effective in managing risk is a proactive strategy. This review was aimed to find out the strategy of risk mitigation proactive in general supply chain, resilience strategy in the food supply chain, and the relationship between proactive risk mitigation strategies and supply chain resilience strategies. Supply chain resilience is the focal point of management to be task-oriented towards improvement, determination and continuity. Therefore, the mitigation process is an inseparable part of building supply chain resilience. The role of risk management provides important value for the company, there are four elements used to build or develop supply chain resilience, including supply chain (re-) engineering, collaboration, agility and risk awareness. Supply chain resilience strategies are reviewed on 3R aspects, which are ready, response and recover.

Antioxidant increase by response surface optimization and Bayesian neural network modelling of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) freezing

Pumpkin antioxidants have been found to benefit diabetics. This current study was attempted to optimize slow freezing treatment for a pumpkin to obtain maximum antioxidant gain using response surface methodology (RSM) and Bayesian regularized neural network (BRANN) approaches. A central composite design was used to generate the freezing experiment and to examine response change as a function of temperature and freezing time. Feedforward neural networks with a 2-15-1 structure were developed and trained using the Bayesian regularization algorithm. The results showed that the freezing data were well fitted to quadratic models generating R2 for total phenolic compounds (TPC), flavonoid of 0.850 and 0.857 respectively. The RSM optimized freezing of -20oC for 9 hrs were well confirmed to produce an increase in TPC and flavonoid by 54.44% and 60.4% respectively. The BRANN performances were found to be similar to that of RSM. While overfitting was mitigated during the supervised training, the BRANN model served excellent predictive and confirmatory tool for the optimization. In conclusion, slow freezing at -20oC for 9 hrs significantly increases TPC and flavonoid of pumpkin. This novel process may be adopted to provide healthier pumpkins food products for targeted consumers.

Optimization of sustainability, selling price, and minimum cost transportation in supply chain management of free-range meat chicken in Pasuruan Regency, Indonesia

The purpose of the study was to analyze the sustainability of supply of free-range meat chicken in Pasuruan Regency, Indonesia and to obtain an optimization model of selling price and transportation costs of the free-range meat chicken. Artificial neural networks was used to analyse the sustainability of free-range meat chicken supply while linear programming was used to optimize the selling price. In addition, Vogel’s approximation was used to obtain the minimum total cost of transportation. The outcome of the analysis showed that the availability of free-range meat chicken in 2022 was estimated around 40, 016.67 tons with a selling price of IDR 28,100/kg. The minimum overall transportation cost was IDR 3,807,000/quintal.

Identification of activities of the supply chain management of small and medium-sized enterprise meat chicken producers in Pasuruan district, Indonesia

Meat chicken producers in Pasuruan district, Indonesia are constantly unable to meet the high demands of consumers. This study was aimed to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of the supply chain management activities of small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) meat chicken producers in Pasuruan district and identify the dominant factors. Data from fifty respondents were analyzed with the SWOT analysis and the analytical hierarchy process to determine the dominant factors of the supply chain management activities. The outcome of the study showed that by increasing the number of transportation and machine usage can be the strengthening strategy for continuous system improvement of SME meat chicken producers.

Classification of product life cycle cluster to improve the performance of SMEs apple chips

Improved performance of apple chip SMEs in Malang Raya is strongly influenced by groups based on the product life cycle classification. The purpose of this study was to classify apple chip SMEs based on the results of the classification at the product life cycle stage, determine the prediction of apple chip sales and improve the performance of apple chip SMEs in Malang Raya. The research location was in Malang Raya area which consists of Malang Regency, Malang City, and Batu City. Data collection was obtained from thirty-one respondents who were the owners of apple chips SMEs in Malang Raya. Data analysis for cluster classification used the product life cycle stage and performance improvement using artificial neural networks for prediction of sales production and determination of dominant variables based on Cronbach's alpha and dominant indicators based on corrected item-total correlations. The results showed that stage 1 was 2 SMEs, stage 2 was 16 SMEs, stage 3 was 11 SMEs and stage 2 was SMEs. Improving the performance of apple chip SMEs in Malang Raya through sales predictions in 2019-2023 is more focused on improving innovation through the ability to see the development of consumer tastes and follow the development of technology related to product processing and marketing.

The strategy for improving the competitiveness of SMEs apple chips in Malang Raya by using the concept of the house model

Apple chips SMEs in Malang Raya play an important role in national economic growth. The present study was aimed to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities with threats, and determine the strategy of increasing the competitiveness of apple chips SMEs in Malang Raya. The research location was in Malang Raya area consists of Malang Regency, Malang City, and Batu City. Data collection was obtained from thirty-one respondents who were owners of apple chips SMEs in Malang Raya. The data analysis technique used in this study was a SWOT analysis to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats on the house model concept to determine the strategy to increase the competitiveness of apple chip SMEs in Malang Raya. The SWOT analysis showed that the business position of the apple chip SMEs are in the strength-opportunity strategy quadrant which includes, improving the quality of the apple chips, adding variations of apple chips products, extending the validity period of the home industry production permit and halal certificate if it has expired, as well as increasing the number of apple chips production. The results of the main performance index weigh for the pillar positions of the house model on the strategy of increasing competitiveness for product variables at 0.726, human resource improvement variables at 0.198, and marketing institutional variables at 0.076.

Self-consistent iteration procedure in analyzing reflectivity and spectroscopic ellipsometry data of multilayered materials and their interfaces

For multilayered materials, reflectivity depends on the complex dielectric function of all the constituent layers, and a detailed analysis is required to separate them. Furthermore, for some cases, new quantum states can occur at the interface which may change the optical properties of the material. In this paper, we discuss various aspects of such analysis, and present a self-consistent iteration procedure, a versatile method to extract and separate the complex dielectric function of each individual layer of a multilayered system. As a case study, we apply this method to LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure in which we are able to separate the effects of the interface from the LaAlO3 film and the SrTiO3 substrate. Our method can be applied to other complex multilayered systems with various numbers of layers.

Cationic-vacancy-induced room-temperature ferromagnetism in transparent, conducting anatase Ti1-xTaxO2 (x~0.05) thin films

We report room-temperature ferromagnetism (FM) in highly conducting, transparent anatase Ti(1-x)Ta(x)O(2) (x∼0.05) thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition on LaAlO(3) substrates. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), X-ray diffraction, proton-induced X-ray emission, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry indicated negligible magnetic contaminants in the films. The presence of FM with concomitant large carrier densities was determined by a combination of superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, electrical transport measurements, soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (SXMCD), XAS and optical magnetic circular dichroism, and was supported by first-principles calculations. SXMCD and XAS measurements revealed a 90 per cent contribution to FM from the Ti ions, and a 10 per cent contribution from the O ions. RBS/channelling measurements show complete Ta substitution in the Ti sites, though carrier activation was only 50 per cent at 5 per cent Ta concentration, implying compensation by cationic defects. The role of the Ti vacancy (V(Ti)) and Ti(3+) was studied via XAS and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, respectively. It was found that, in films with strong FM, the V(Ti) signal was strong while the Ti(3+) signal was absent. We propose (in the absence of any obvious exchange mechanisms) that the localized magnetic moments, V(Ti) sites, are ferromagnetically ordered by itinerant carriers. Cationic-defect-induced magnetism is an alternative route to FM in wide-band-gap semiconducting oxides without any magnetic elements.

Room-temperature ferromagnetism of Cu-doped ZnO films probed by soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism

We report direct evidence of room-temperature ferromagnetic ordering in O-deficient ZnO:Cu films by using soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and x-ray absorption. Our measurements have revealed unambiguously two distinct features of Cu atoms associated with (i) magnetically ordered Cu ions present only in the oxygen-deficient samples and (ii) magnetically disordered regular Cu2+ ions present in all the samples. We find that a sufficient amount of both oxygen vacancies (V(O)) and Cu impurities is essential to the observed ferromagnetism, and a non-negligible portion of Cu impurities is uninvolved in the magnetic order. Based on first-principles calculations, we propose a microscopic "indirect double-exchange" model, in which alignments of localized large moments of Cu in the vicinity of the V(O) are mediated by the large-sized vacancy orbitals.

Experimental proof of a structural origin for the shadow fermi surface of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta

By combining surprising new results from a full polarization analysis of nodal angle-resolved photoemission data from pristine and modulation-free Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8+delta) with structural information from LEED and ab initio one-step photoemission simulations, we prove that the shadow Fermi surface in these systems is of structural origin, being due to orthorhombic distortions from tetragonal symmetry present both in surface and bulk. Consequently, one of the longest standing open issues in the investigation of the Fermi surface of these widely studied systems finally meets its resolution.