The intra-operative radius joystick test to diagnose complete disruption of the interosseous membrane

Disruption of the interosseous membrane is easily missed in patients with Essex-Lopresti syndrome. None of the imaging techniques available for diagnosing disruption of the interosseous membrane are completely dependable. We undertook an investigation to identify whether a simple intra-operative test could be used to diagnose disruption of the interosseous membrane during surgery for fracture of the radial head and to see if the test was reproducible. We studied 20 cadaveric forearms after excision of the radial head, ten with and ten without disruption of the interosseous membrane. On each forearm, we performed the radius joystick test: moderate lateral traction was applied to the radial neck with the forearm in maximal pronation, to look for lateral displacement of the proximal radius indicating that the interosseous membrane had been disrupted. Each of six surgeons (three junior and three senior) performed the test on two consecutive days. Intra-observer agreement was 77% (95% confidence interval (CI) 67 to 85) and interobserver agreement was 97% (95% CI 92 to 100). Sensitivity was 100% (95% CI 97 to 100), specificity 88% (95% CI 81 to 93), positive predictive value 90% (95% CI 83 to 94), and negative predictive value 100%). This cadaveric study suggests that the radius joystick test may be useful for detecting disruption of the interosseous membrane in patients undergoing open surgery for fracture of the radial head and is reproducible. A confirmatory study in vivo is now required.

Do less medialized reverse shoulder prostheses increase motion and reduce notching?

BACKGROUND

Cuff tear arthropathy is the primary indication for total reverse shoulder arthroplasty. In patients with pseudoparalytic shoulders secondary to irreparable rotator cuff tear, reverse shoulder arthroplasty allows restoration of active anterior elevation and painless shoulder. High rates of glenoid notching have also been reported. We designed a new reverse shoulder arthroplasty with a center of rotation more lateral than the Delta prosthesis to address this problem.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES

Does reduced medialization of reverse shoulder arthroplasty improve shoulder motion, decrease glenoid notching, or increase the risk of glenoid loosening?

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed 76 patients with 76 less medialized reverse shoulder prostheses implanted for pseudoparalytic shoulder with rotator cuff deficiency between October 2003 and May 2006. Shoulder motion, Constant-Murley score, and plain radiographs were analyzed. Minimum followup was 24 months (mean, 44 months; range, 24-60 months).

RESULTS

The absolute Constant-Murley score increased from 24 to 59, representing an increase of 35 points. The range of active anterior elevation increased by 61°, and the improvement in pain was 10 points. The gain in external rotation with elbow at the side was 15°, while external rotation with 90° abduction increased by 30°. Followup showed no glenoid notching and no glenoid loosening with these less medialized reverse prostheses.

CONCLUSIONS

Less medialization of reverse shoulder arthroplasty improves external and medial rotation, thus facilitating the activities of daily living of older patients. The absence of glenoid notching and glenoid loosening hopefully reflects longer prosthesis survival, but longer followup is necessary to confirm these preliminary observations.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Results of latissimus dorsi tendon transfer in primary or salvage reconstruction of irreparable rotator cuff tears

INTRODUCTION

This study intends to evaluate latissimus dorsi tendon transfer outcomes inpatients with irreparable rotator cuff tears, irrespective of the fact that this procedure had been used primarily in 17 patients (Group I) or as a revision of a previously shoulder surgery in eight patients (Group II).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Twenty-five patients (14 males and 11 females), mean age 55.8 years were treated using this procedure. Tears involved both supraspinatus and infraspinatus in 21 cases. The latissimus dorsi flap was harvested through an axillary approach and reattached on the greater tuberosity, using suture anchors. Outcome was assessed at a mean follow-up duration of 22 months (12 to 60 months) based on objective measures (Constant and Murley scores) as well as on subjective criteria (patient's satisfaction).

RESULTS

Active forward elevation (AFE) improvement as well as external rotation and absolute Constant score gains were all significant. This amelioration was more important in patients with a preoperative AFE below 80 grades and this without any significant difference between group I and II. Subjectively, 84% of the Group I patients were satisfied with their outcome versus 50% of patients in Group II.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

In patients with irreparable rotator cuff tears, clinical results of latissimus dorsi tendon transfer showed significant pain level reduction, and gains in active range of motion both in forward elevation and external rotation. We did not find a significant difference between primary or revision repairs.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV retrospective therapeutic study.

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty: does reduced medialisation improve radiological and clinical results?

The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the effect of the reduced medialisation of the Arrow reverse shoulder prosthesis on short-term clinical and radiological results. The clinical and radiological results of 47 Delta III reverse prostheses and 49 Arrow reverse prostheses were retrospectively compared at a minimum of twelve months follow-up. There was a significant increase (p < 1.10(-4)) in range of motion from the preoperative range in the two groups except for internal rotation in the Delta III group (p = 0.1). Radiological analysis on anteroposterior view in neutral position showed greater lateralisation (p < 0.001) with the Arrow prosthesis. Scapular notching was noted in 32 patients with a Delta III prosthesis, and in no instance with an Arrow prosthesis. Complication rates were 14.9% for the Delta group and 10.2% for the Arrow group. The design features of the Arrow prosthesis--reduced medialisation of the center of rotation with lateralisation of the humerus--were found to be associated with slight improvement in range of motion and absence of scapular notching.

Osteomyelitis of the rib due to Streptococcus pneumoniae: a very rare condition in children

Rib osteomyelitis is a rare disease. We present a previously unreported case of Streptococcus pneumoniae osteomyelitis of the rib. A 4-month-old-infant presented with fever, irritability and abdominal tenderness. Pericostal collection was discovered incidentally on ultrasound; it was first drained by needle aspiration and appropriate antibiotic therapy was given, with resolution of fever in 24 h, but recurrence of symptoms 4 days later, with swelling over the affected rib. Surgical drainage with resection of the infected portion of the rib were done followed by a prolonged course of intravenous and then oral antibiotics, without any recurrence at 6 months follow-up. A review of the pertinent literature was made. This case demonstrates that the spectrum of pathogens potentially responsible for rib osteomyelitis may be broader than previously reported. The management and outcome are similar to rib osteomyelitis due to any other bacteria.