1
|
Chan JK, Parasurama S, Atlas R, Xu R, Jongebloed UA, Alexander B, Langenhan JM, Thornton JA, Riffell JA. Olfaction in the Anthropocene: NO 3 negatively affects floral scent and nocturnal pollination. Science 2024; 383:607-611. [PMID: 38330103 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi0858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
There is growing concern about sensory pollutants affecting ecological communities. Anthropogenically enhanced oxidants [ozone (O3) and nitrate radicals (NO3)] rapidly degrade floral scents, potentially reducing pollinator attraction to flowers. However, the physiological and behavioral impacts on pollinators and plant fitness are unknown. Using a nocturnal flower-moth system, we found that atmospherically relevant concentrations of NO3 eliminate flower visitation by moths, and the reaction of NO3 with a subset of monoterpenes is what reduces the scent's attractiveness. Global atmospheric models of floral scent oxidation reveal that pollinators in certain urban areas may have a reduced ability to perceive and navigate to flowers. These results illustrate the impact of anthropogenic pollutants on an animal's olfactory ability and indicate that such pollutants may be critical regulators of global pollination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - S Parasurama
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - R Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - R Xu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - U A Jongebloed
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - B Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - J M Langenhan
- Department of Chemistry, Seattle University, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - J A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - J A Riffell
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Haskins JD, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Lee BH, Shah V, Wolfe GM, DiGangi J, Fibiger D, McDuffie EE, Veres P, Schroder JC, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Weinheimer A, Sparks T, Cohen RC, Campos T, Sullivan A, Guo H, Weber R, Dibb J, Greene J, Fiddler M, Bililign S, Jaeglé L, Brown SS, Thornton JA. Anthropogenic control over wintertime oxidation of atmospheric pollutants. Geophys Res Lett 2019; 46:14826-14835. [PMID: 33012881 PMCID: PMC7526063 DOI: 10.1029/2019gl085498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
During winter in the mid-latitudes, photochemical oxidation is significantly slower than in summer and the main radical oxidants driving formation of secondary pollutants, such as fine particulate matter and ozone, remain uncertain, owing to a lack of observations in this season. Using airborne observations, we quantify the contribution of various oxidants on a regional basis during winter, enabling improved chemical descriptions of wintertime air pollution transformations. We show that 25-60% of NOx is converted to N2O5 via multiphase reactions between gas-phase nitrogen oxide reservoirs and aerosol particles, with ~93% reacting in the marine boundary layer to form >2.5 ppbv ClNO2. This results in >70% of the oxidizing capacity of polluted air during winter being controlled, not by typical photochemical reactions, but from these multiphase reactions and emissions of volatile organic compounds, such as HCHO, highlighting the control local anthropogenic emissions have on the oxidizing capacity of the polluted wintertime atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Haskins
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - B. H. Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - V. Shah
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - G. M. Wolfe
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - J. DiGangi
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA USA
| | - D. Fibiger
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO USA
| | - E. E. McDuffie
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO USA
| | - P. Veres
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J. C. Schroder
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - P. Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - D. A. Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - J. L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - A. Weinheimer
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO USA
| | - T. Sparks
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley CA USA
| | - R. C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley CA USA
| | - T. Campos
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO USA
| | - A. Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - H. Guo
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - R. Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - J. Dibb
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| | - J. Greene
- Department of Physics, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC USA
| | - M. Fiddler
- Department of Physics, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC USA
| | - S. Bililign
- Department of Physics, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC USA
| | - L. Jaeglé
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - S. S. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO USA
| | - J. A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wolfe GM, Kaiser J, Hanisco TF, Keutsch FN, de Gouw JA, Gilman JB, Graus M, Hatch CD, Holloway J, Horowitz LW, Lee BH, Lerner BM, Lopez-Hilifiker F, Mao J, Marvin MR, Peischl J, Pollack IB, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Thornton JA, Veres PR, Warneke C. Formaldehyde production from isoprene oxidation across NO x regimes. Atmos Chem Phys 2016; 16:2597-2610. [PMID: 29619046 PMCID: PMC5879783 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-2597-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The chemical link between isoprene and formaldehyde (HCHO) is a strong, non-linear function of NOx (= NO + NO2). This relationship is a linchpin for top-down isoprene emission inventory verification from orbital HCHO column observations. It is also a benchmark for overall photochemical mechanism performance with regard to VOC oxidation. Using a comprehensive suite of airborne in situ observations over the Southeast U.S., we quantify HCHO production across the urban-rural spectrum. Analysis of isoprene and its major first-generation oxidation products allows us to define both a "prompt" yield of HCHO (molecules of HCHO produced per molecule of freshly-emitted isoprene) and the background HCHO mixing ratio (from oxidation of longer-lived hydrocarbons). Over the range of observed NOx values (roughly 0.1 - 2 ppbv), the prompt yield increases by a factor of 3 (from 0.3 to 0.9 ppbv ppbv-1), while background HCHO increases by a factor of 2 (from 1.6 to 3.3 ppbv). We apply the same method to evaluate the performance of both a global chemical transport model (AM3) and a measurement-constrained 0-D steady state box model. Both models reproduce the NOx dependence of the prompt HCHO yield, illustrating that models with updated isoprene oxidation mechanisms can adequately capture the link between HCHO and recent isoprene emissions. On the other hand, both models under-estimate background HCHO mixing ratios, suggesting missing HCHO precursors, inadequate representation of later-generation isoprene degradation and/or under-estimated hydroxyl radical concentrations. Detailed process rates from the box model simulation demonstrate a 3-fold increase in HCHO production across the range of observed NOx values, driven by a 100% increase in OH and a 40% increase in branching of organic peroxy radical reactions to produce HCHO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Wolfe
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T. F. Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - F. N. Keutsch
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J. A. de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J. B. Gilman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M. Graus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C. D. Hatch
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, AR, USA
| | - J. Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L. W. Horowitz
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - B. H. Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B. M. Lerner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F. Lopez-Hilifiker
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J. Mao
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - M. R. Marvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J. Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - I. B. Pollack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J. M. Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T. B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J. A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P. R. Veres
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C. Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Mohr C, D'Ambro EL, Lutz A, Riedel TP, Gaston CJ, Iyer S, Zhang Z, Gold A, Surratt JD, Lee BH, Kurten T, Hu WW, Jimenez J, Hallquist M, Thornton JA. Molecular Composition and Volatility of Organic Aerosol in the Southeastern U.S.: Implications for IEPOX Derived SOA. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:2200-9. [PMID: 26811969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements as part of the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) during which atmospheric aerosol particles were comprehensively characterized. We present results utilizing a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsol coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). We focus on the volatility and composition of isoprene derived organic aerosol tracers and of the bulk organic aerosol. By utilizing the online volatility and molecular composition information provided by the FIGAERO-CIMS, we show that the vast majority of commonly reported molecular tracers of isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX) derived secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is derived from thermal decomposition of accretion products or other low volatility organics having effective saturation vapor concentrations <10(-3) μg m(-3). In addition, while accounting for up to 30% of total submicrometer organic aerosol mass, the IEPOX-derived SOA has a higher volatility than the remaining bulk. That IEPOX-SOA, and more generally bulk organic aerosol in the Southeastern U.S. is comprised of effectively nonvolatile material has important implications for modeling SOA derived from isoprene, and for mechanistic interpretations of molecular tracer measurements. Our results show that partitioning theory performs well for 2-methyltetrols, once accretion product decomposition is taken into account. No significant partitioning delays due to aerosol phase or viscosity are observed, and no partitioning to particle-phase water or other unexplained mechanisms are needed to explain our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F D Lopez-Hilfiker
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - C Mohr
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - E L D'Ambro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - A Lutz
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg , 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - T P Riedel
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - C J Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - S Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - A Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - J D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - B H Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - T Kurten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - W W Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - J Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - M Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg , 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wolfe GM, Kaiser J, Hanisco TF, Keutsch FN, de Gouw JA, Gilman JB, Graus M, Hatch CD, Holloway J, Horowitz LW, Lee BH, Lerner BM, Lopez-Hilifiker F, Mao J, Marvin MR, Peischl J, Pollack IB, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Thornton JA, Veres PR, Warneke C. Formaldehyde production from isoprene oxidation across NO x regimes. Atmos Chem Phys 2016. [PMID: 29619046 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-2597-] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemical link between isoprene and formaldehyde (HCHO) is a strong, non-linear function of NOx (= NO + NO2). This relationship is a linchpin for top-down isoprene emission inventory verification from orbital HCHO column observations. It is also a benchmark for overall photochemical mechanism performance with regard to VOC oxidation. Using a comprehensive suite of airborne in situ observations over the Southeast U.S., we quantify HCHO production across the urban-rural spectrum. Analysis of isoprene and its major first-generation oxidation products allows us to define both a "prompt" yield of HCHO (molecules of HCHO produced per molecule of freshly-emitted isoprene) and the background HCHO mixing ratio (from oxidation of longer-lived hydrocarbons). Over the range of observed NOx values (roughly 0.1 - 2 ppbv), the prompt yield increases by a factor of 3 (from 0.3 to 0.9 ppbv ppbv-1), while background HCHO increases by a factor of 2 (from 1.6 to 3.3 ppbv). We apply the same method to evaluate the performance of both a global chemical transport model (AM3) and a measurement-constrained 0-D steady state box model. Both models reproduce the NOx dependence of the prompt HCHO yield, illustrating that models with updated isoprene oxidation mechanisms can adequately capture the link between HCHO and recent isoprene emissions. On the other hand, both models under-estimate background HCHO mixing ratios, suggesting missing HCHO precursors, inadequate representation of later-generation isoprene degradation and/or under-estimated hydroxyl radical concentrations. Detailed process rates from the box model simulation demonstrate a 3-fold increase in HCHO production across the range of observed NOx values, driven by a 100% increase in OH and a 40% increase in branching of organic peroxy radical reactions to produce HCHO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Wolfe
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T F Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - F N Keutsch
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J B Gilman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Graus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C D Hatch
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, AR, USA
| | - J Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L W Horowitz
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - B H Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B M Lerner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F Lopez-Hilifiker
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Mao
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - M R Marvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - I B Pollack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J M Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P R Veres
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Warneke C, Trainer M, de Gouw JA, Parrish DD, Fahey DW, Ravishankara AR, Middlebrook AM, Brock CA, Roberts JM, Brown SS, Neuman JA, Lerner BM, Lack D, Law D, Hübler G, Pollack I, Sjostedt S, Ryerson TB, Gilman JB, Liao J, Holloway J, Peischl J, Nowak JB, Aikin K, Min KE, Washenfelder RA, Graus MG, Richardson M, Markovic MZ, Wagner NL, Welti A, Veres PR, Edwards P, Schwarz JP, Gordon T, Dube WP, McKeen S, Brioude J, Ahmadov R, Bougiatioti A, Lin JJ, Nenes A, Wolfe GM, Hanisco TF, Lee BH, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Thornton JA, Keutsch FN, Kaiser J, Mao J, Hatch C. Instrumentation and Measurement Strategy for the NOAA SENEX Aircraft Campaign as Part of the Southeast Atmosphere Study 2013. Atmos Meas Tech 2016. [PMID: 29619117 DOI: 10.5194/amt-2015-388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural emissions of ozone-and-aerosol-precursor gases such as isoprene and monoterpenes are high in the southeast of the US. In addition, anthropogenic emissions are significant in the Southeast US and summertime photochemistry is rapid. The NOAA-led SENEX (Southeast Nexus) aircraft campaign was one of the major components of the Southeast Atmosphere Study (SAS) and was focused on studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions to form secondary pollutants. During SENEX, the NOAA WP-3D aircraft conducted 20 research flights between 27 May and 10 July 2013 based out of Smyrna, TN. Here we describe the experimental approach, the science goals and early results of the NOAA SENEX campaign. The aircraft, its capabilities and standard measurements are described. The instrument payload is summarized including detection limits, accuracy, precision and time resolutions for all gas-and-aerosol phase instruments. The inter-comparisons of compounds measured with multiple instruments on the NOAA WP-3D are presented and were all within the stated uncertainties, except two of the three NO2 measurements. The SENEX flights included day- and nighttime flights in the Southeast as well as flights over areas with intense shale gas extraction (Marcellus, Fayetteville and Haynesville shale). We present one example flight on 16 June 2013, which was a daytime flight over the Atlanta region, where several crosswind transects of plumes from the city and nearby point sources, such as power plants, paper mills and landfills, were flown. The area around Atlanta has large biogenic isoprene emissions, which provided an excellent case for studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions. In this example flight, chemistry in and outside the Atlanta plumes was observed for several hours after emission. The analysis of this flight showcases the strategies implemented to answer some of the main SENEX science questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Trainer
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D D Parrish
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D W Fahey
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A M Middlebrook
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - C A Brock
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J M Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S S Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J A Neuman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - B M Lerner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D Lack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D Law
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - G Hübler
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - I Pollack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S Sjostedt
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - T B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J B Gilman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Liao
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J B Nowak
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - K Aikin
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - K-E Min
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - R A Washenfelder
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M G Graus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Richardson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Z Markovic
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - N L Wagner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A Welti
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - P R Veres
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - P Edwards
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J P Schwarz
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - T Gordon
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - W P Dube
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Brioude
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - R Ahmadov
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | | | - J J Lin
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - A Nenes
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece
- National Observatory of Athens, Greece
| | - G M Wolfe
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- University of Maryland Baltimore County
| | - T F Hanisco
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - B H Lee
- University of Washington, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - F N Keutsch
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - J Kaiser
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - J Mao
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA, Princeton, NJ
- Princeton University
| | - C Hatch
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Ave., Conway, AR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Warneke C, Trainer M, de Gouw JA, Parrish DD, Fahey DW, Ravishankara AR, Middlebrook AM, Brock CA, Roberts JM, Brown SS, Neuman JA, Lerner BM, Lack D, Law D, Hübler G, Pollack I, Sjostedt S, Ryerson TB, Gilman JB, Liao J, Holloway J, Peischl J, Nowak JB, Aikin K, Min KE, Washenfelder RA, Graus MG, Richardson M, Markovic MZ, Wagner NL, Welti A, Veres PR, Edwards P, Schwarz JP, Gordon T, Dube WP, McKeen S, Brioude J, Ahmadov R, Bougiatioti A, Lin JJ, Nenes A, Wolfe GM, Hanisco TF, Lee BH, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Thornton JA, Keutsch FN, Kaiser J, Mao J, Hatch C. Instrumentation and Measurement Strategy for the NOAA SENEX Aircraft Campaign as Part of the Southeast Atmosphere Study 2013. Atmos Meas Tech 2016; 9:3063-3093. [PMID: 29619117 PMCID: PMC5880326 DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-3063-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural emissions of ozone-and-aerosol-precursor gases such as isoprene and monoterpenes are high in the southeast of the US. In addition, anthropogenic emissions are significant in the Southeast US and summertime photochemistry is rapid. The NOAA-led SENEX (Southeast Nexus) aircraft campaign was one of the major components of the Southeast Atmosphere Study (SAS) and was focused on studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions to form secondary pollutants. During SENEX, the NOAA WP-3D aircraft conducted 20 research flights between 27 May and 10 July 2013 based out of Smyrna, TN. Here we describe the experimental approach, the science goals and early results of the NOAA SENEX campaign. The aircraft, its capabilities and standard measurements are described. The instrument payload is summarized including detection limits, accuracy, precision and time resolutions for all gas-and-aerosol phase instruments. The inter-comparisons of compounds measured with multiple instruments on the NOAA WP-3D are presented and were all within the stated uncertainties, except two of the three NO2 measurements. The SENEX flights included day- and nighttime flights in the Southeast as well as flights over areas with intense shale gas extraction (Marcellus, Fayetteville and Haynesville shale). We present one example flight on 16 June 2013, which was a daytime flight over the Atlanta region, where several crosswind transects of plumes from the city and nearby point sources, such as power plants, paper mills and landfills, were flown. The area around Atlanta has large biogenic isoprene emissions, which provided an excellent case for studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions. In this example flight, chemistry in and outside the Atlanta plumes was observed for several hours after emission. The analysis of this flight showcases the strategies implemented to answer some of the main SENEX science questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Trainer
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D D Parrish
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D W Fahey
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A M Middlebrook
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - C A Brock
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J M Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S S Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J A Neuman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - B M Lerner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D Lack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - D Law
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - G Hübler
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - I Pollack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S Sjostedt
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - T B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J B Gilman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Liao
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J B Nowak
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - K Aikin
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - K-E Min
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - R A Washenfelder
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M G Graus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Richardson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - M Z Markovic
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - N L Wagner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - A Welti
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - P R Veres
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - P Edwards
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J P Schwarz
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - T Gordon
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - W P Dube
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - S McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - J Brioude
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - R Ahmadov
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | | | - J J Lin
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - A Nenes
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece
- National Observatory of Athens, Greece
| | - G M Wolfe
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- University of Maryland Baltimore County
| | - T F Hanisco
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - B H Lee
- University of Washington, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - F N Keutsch
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - J Kaiser
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - J Mao
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA, Princeton, NJ
- Princeton University
| | - C Hatch
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Ave., Conway, AR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brune WH, Baier BC, Thomas J, Ren X, Cohen RC, Pusede SE, Browne EC, Goldstein AH, Gentner DR, Keutsch FN, Thornton JA, Harrold S, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Wennberg PO. Ozone production chemistry in the presence of urban plumes. Faraday Discuss 2016; 189:169-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00204d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ozone pollution affects human health, especially in urban areas on hot sunny days. Its basic photochemistry has been known for decades and yet it is still not possible to correctly predict the high ozone levels that are the greatest threat. The CalNex_SJV study in Bakersfield CA in May/June 2010 provided an opportunity to examine ozone photochemistry in an urban area surrounded by agriculture. The measurement suite included hydroxyl (OH), hydroperoxyl (HO2), and OH reactivity, which are compared with the output of a photochemical box model. While the agreement is generally within combined uncertainties, measured HO2 far exceeds modeled HO2 in NOx-rich plumes. OH production and loss do not balance as they should in the morning, and the ozone production calculated with measured HO2 is a decade greater than that calculated with modeled HO2 when NO levels are high. Calculated ozone production using measured HO2 is twice that using modeled HO2, but this difference in calculated ozone production has minimal impact on the assessment of NOx-sensitivity or VOC-sensitivity for midday ozone production. Evidence from this study indicates that this important discrepancy is not due to the HO2 measurement or to the sampling of transported plumes but instead to either emissions of unknown organic species that accompany the NO emissions or unknown photochemistry involving nitrogen oxides and hydrogen oxides, possibly the hypothesized reaction OH + NO + O2 → HO2 + NO2.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wagner NL, Riedel TP, Roberts JM, Thornton JA, Angevine WM, Williams EJ, Lerner BM, Vlasenko A, Li SM, Dubé WP, Coffman DJ, Bon DM, de Gouw JA, Kuster WC, Gilman JB, Brown SS. The sea breeze/land breeze circulation in Los Angeles and its influence on nitryl chloride production in this region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
10
|
Abbatt JPD, Lee AKY, Thornton JA. Quantifying trace gas uptake to tropospheric aerosol: recent advances and remaining challenges. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6555-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
11
|
Powell RC, Tomasch GA, Kim YW, Thornton JA, Greene JE. Growth of High-Resistivity Wurtzite and Zincblende Structure Single Crystal Gan by Reactive-Ion Molecular Beam Epitaxy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-162-525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTEpitaxial GaN films have been grown at temperatures between 600 and 900 °C by reactive-ion molecular-beam epitaxy. Ga was provided by evaporation from an effusion cell while nitrogen was supplied from a low-energy, single-grid, ion source. The average energy per accelerated N incident at the growing film surface was ≈ 19 eV. Films deposited on Al2O3(0112) and MgO(100)l×l substrates had wurtzite (a-GaN) and metastable zincblende (α-GaN) structures, respectively. The lattice constants were a = 0.3192 nm and c = 0.5196 nm for α;-GaN and a = 0.4531 nm for β -GaN. The room-temperature optical bandgap Eg of zincblende GaN, 3.30 eV, was found to be 0.11 eV lower than that of the hexagonal polymorph α-GaN. All films were n-type with electron carrier concentrations which decreased from 4×1018 to 8×1013 cm−3 with increasing incident N2+/Ga flux ratios between 0.63 and 3.9. Resistivities <106Ω-cm were achieved.
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Day DA, Wooldridge PJ, Dillon MB, Thornton JA, Cohen RC. A thermal dissociation laser-induced fluorescence instrument for in situ detection of NO2, peroxy nitrates, alkyl nitrates, and HNO3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Day
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - P. J. Wooldridge
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - M. B. Dillon
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - J. A. Thornton
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - R. C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thornton JA. Ozone production rates as a function of NOxabundances and HOxproduction rates in the Nashville urban plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Holland PC, Thornton JA, Ciali L. The influence of associability changes in negative patterning and other discriminations. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 2001. [PMID: 11056886 DOI: 10.1037//0097-7403.26.4.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Normal rats showed faster learning of a serial negative patterning (NP) discrimination (X+, A+, X-->A-) than of a comparable feature negative (FN) discrimination (A+, X-->A-). This advantage was absent in rats with lesions of the amygdala central nucleus. Earlier data indicated that this brain lesion interferes with surprise-induced increases in attention specified by the Pearce-Hall model (J. M. Pearce & G. Hall, 1980). In the NP task, but not the FN task, omission of the reinforcer after X on X-->A- trials was surprising. A variation of the NP task (NPX), in which X was reinforced on both X+ and X-->A- trials, was learned more rapidly than the NP task. Lesioned rats were unimpaired in learning the NPX task. Evaluation of the lesion effects and the results of posttraining transfer tests suggested that the NP advantage involved attentional processes, whereas the NPX advantage was based on the acquisition of inhibitory control by aspects of excitation conditioned to X.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C Holland
- Department of Psychology: Experimental, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0086, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rowland DL, Thornton JA. Testing and analytical procedures for laboratory studies involving nonresponders during a limited observation period: an illustration using male sexual behavior in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2001; 68:403-9. [PMID: 11325392 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In many laboratory studies, a subpopulation of subjects fails to exhibit the response under investigation during the period of observation. For example, within any population of male rats, there is significant variation in the expression of sexual behavior in the presence of a receptive female. Some males may never display the full sequence of behaviors leading to ejaculation within the typical time frame of the testing session, with the resulting lack of behavioral response presenting problems in the analysis of the data. Conventional strategies range from screening such males from the study or dropping them from the analysis to constructing new variables based on estimates from existing parameters or increasing the length of the test session to capture sexual responses in a greater portion of males. Herein, we present an alternative strategy for analyzing data where outcomes are absent due to the limited observation period. Survival regression analysis enables inclusion of all subjects in the analysis whether or not they have shown the behavior of interest. Use of such a strategy not only has potential to reveal new results but also guards against bias from excluding nonresponders from the study or dropping more males from one experimental condition than another. Furthermore, this procedure can be helpful in generating the conditional probability (increase, decrease, or constant) of the response with the passage of time based on the hazard function and in estimating parameters for establishing an optimal behavioral test length for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Rowland
- Department of Psychology, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN 46383, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Holland PC, Thornton JA, Ciali L. The influence of associability changes in negative patterning and other discriminations. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 2000; 26:462-76. [PMID: 11056886 DOI: 10.1037/0097-7403.26.4.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Normal rats showed faster learning of a serial negative patterning (NP) discrimination (X+, A+, X-->A-) than of a comparable feature negative (FN) discrimination (A+, X-->A-). This advantage was absent in rats with lesions of the amygdala central nucleus. Earlier data indicated that this brain lesion interferes with surprise-induced increases in attention specified by the Pearce-Hall model (J. M. Pearce & G. Hall, 1980). In the NP task, but not the FN task, omission of the reinforcer after X on X-->A- trials was surprising. A variation of the NP task (NPX), in which X was reinforced on both X+ and X-->A- trials, was learned more rapidly than the NP task. Lesioned rats were unimpaired in learning the NPX task. Evaluation of the lesion effects and the results of posttraining transfer tests suggested that the NP advantage involved attentional processes, whereas the NPX advantage was based on the acquisition of inhibitory control by aspects of excitation conditioned to X.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C Holland
- Department of Psychology: Experimental, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0086, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Thornton JA, Malkova L, Murray EA. Rhinal cortex ablations fail to disrupt reinforcer devaluation effects in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Behav Neurosci 1999. [PMID: 9733208 DOI: 10.1037//0735-7044.112.4.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that excitotoxic lesions of the amygdala attenuate reinforcer devaluation effects in monkeys and rats. Because the rhinal (i.e., entorhinal and perirhinal) cortex has prominent reciprocal connections with the amygdala and has been suggested to store knowledge about objects, it is possible that it too composes part of the critical circuitry subserving learning about objects and their associated reinforcement value. To test this possibility, rhesus monkeys with rhinal cortex removals as well as unoperated controls were tested using a reinforcer devaluation procedure. Monkeys with rhinal cortex removals and controls, unlike those with amygdala lesions, tended to avoid displacing objects overlying a devalued food. These results indicate that the rhinal cortex is not a critical part of the neural circuitry mediating the effects of reinforcer devaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Thornton
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4415, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Monkeys with removals of medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures are widely recognized as valid models of human global anterograde amnesia, a syndrome that arises consequent to damage to a finite set of brain structures situated in the medial temporal lobe and/or medial diencephalon. However, a comparison of memory deficits in human and nonhuman primates with MTL damage has presented a long-standing puzzle. Whereas amnesic patients are impaired in learning object discrimination problems, monkeys with MTL damage are typically not. One possible explanation for this difference is that object discrimination tasks for humans and monkeys differ in that the former but not the latter requires the use of contextual information. If this analysis is correct, monkeys with MTL damage might be disadvantaged in learning to discriminate similar objects presented in different contexts. To test this possibility, we evaluated the effects of excitotoxic lesions of one of the MTL structures, the hippocampus, on the rate of learning of discrimination problems embedded within unique contexts. Monkeys with hippocampal lesions were impaired relative to controls in learning object discrimination problems of this type. These findings strongly support the idea that the difference in the effect on object memory of MTL damage in human and nonhuman primates is due to a difference in the opportunity to employ contextual cues rather than to a difference in the organization of memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Y Doré
- Ecole de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Studies have shown that excitotoxic lesions of the amygdala attenuate reinforcer devaluation effects in monkeys and rats. Because the rhinal (i.e., entorhinal and perirhinal) cortex has prominent reciprocal connections with the amygdala and has been suggested to store knowledge about objects, it is possible that it too composes part of the critical circuitry subserving learning about objects and their associated reinforcement value. To test this possibility, rhesus monkeys with rhinal cortex removals as well as unoperated controls were tested using a reinforcer devaluation procedure. Monkeys with rhinal cortex removals and controls, unlike those with amygdala lesions, tended to avoid displacing objects overlying a devalued food. These results indicate that the rhinal cortex is not a critical part of the neural circuitry mediating the effects of reinforcer devaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Thornton
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4415, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thornton JA, Rothblat LA, Murray EA. Rhinal cortex removal produces amnesia for preoperatively learned discrimination problems but fails to disrupt postoperative acquisition and retention in rhesus monkeys. J Neurosci 1997; 17:8536-49. [PMID: 9334426 PMCID: PMC6573729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To test whether the rhinal cortex (i.e., entorhinal and perirhinal cortex) plays a time-limited role in information storage, eight rhesus monkeys were trained to criterion on two sets of 60 object discrimination problems, one set at each of two different time periods separated by 15 weeks. After the monkeys had learned both sets, two groups balanced for preoperative acquisition rates were formed. One group received bilateral ablation of the rhinal cortex (n = 4), and the other was retained as an unoperated control group (n = 4). After a 2 week rest period, monkeys were assessed for retention of the object discrimination problems. Retention was significantly poorer in monkeys with removals of the rhinal cortex relative to the controls (68 vs 91%). Although both groups showed slightly better retention of problems from the more recently learned set, there was no evidence of a differential effect of the cortical removal across sets (i.e., no temporal gradient). In addition, the monkeys with rhinal cortex lesions subsequently learned three new sets of 10 object discrimination problems as quickly as the controls did, thus ruling out the possibility of a gross impairment in visual perception or discrimination abilities. Furthermore, they retained these postoperatively learned object discriminations as well as the controls did. The findings indicate that the rhinal cortex is critical for the storage and/or retrieval of object discrimination problems that were learned up to 16 weeks before rhinal cortex ablation; however, in the absence of the rhinal cortex, efficient learning and retention of new discrimination problems can still occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Thornton
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Houtwsmuller EJ, Thornton JA, Rowland DL. Using a Regression Approach to Study the Influence of Male Fetuses on the Genital Morphology of Neonatal Female Rats. Multivariate Behav Res 1997; 32:77-94. [PMID: 26751107 DOI: 10.1207/s15327906mbr3201_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Among newborn female rats considerable variability is found in genital morphology (e.g., anogenital distance, AGD). Presumably, such differences are related to prenatal androgen exposure, with greater exposure resulting in larger AGD's and thus in a trend toward masculinization. The source of prenatal androgen in female fetuses is unclear, but a role for male uterine mates has been implicated. The present study investigated the effect of a number of prenatal factors related to number and position of males in utero on female AGD in two strains of rats. Because such prenatal factors often show systematic covariance, a methodology was used that enabled statistical control over variables that could not be /experimentally controlled. Results confirmed the importance of caudal males to Female AGD,and identified two additional intra-uterine variables salient to female genital masculinization, namely the distance of the female fetus from the nearest caudal male, and the overall number of males sharing the same uterine horn. An increase in number of adjacent males was, contrary to previous reports, associated with a decrease in AGD, but this effect was limited to one strain. There was considerable variation in AGD across the two strains, and, more importantly, across litters, suggesting the importance of factors impacting the litter as a whole rather than specific individuals within the litter.
Collapse
|
23
|
Thornton JA. Rebuilding Resources Ecosystem Rehabilitation. Vol. 1. Policy Issues M. K. Wali Ecosystem Rehabilitation. Vol. 2. Ecosystem Analysis and Synthesis M. K. Wali. Bioscience 1993. [DOI: 10.2307/1312028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
24
|
Aun C, Houghton IT, Chan K, Carley RH, Salmon NP, Lams YM, Thornton JA. A comparison of alfentanil requirements in European and Asian patients during general anaesthesia. Anaesth Intensive Care 1988; 16:396-404. [PMID: 3148286 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x8801600403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alfentanil requirements were compared in thirty-six Asian and forty-three European patients during general anaesthesia with muscle relaxants. Alfentanil infusion at 5 micrograms/kg/min was started immediately after induction with thiopentone and alcuronium. The infusion rate was reduced to 0.5 microgram/kg/min after ten minutes. An incremental dose of 5 micrograms/kg/min for five minutes was given on each occasion when anaesthesia was clinically judged to be inadequate. Recovery parameters were recorded. Pharmacokinetics were also studied in five Europeans, four Chinese and four Nepalese. The dosage of alfentanil required was comparable in both Asian and European patients, but recovery was slower in the Asian patients. The elimination half-life in the Chinese and the Nepalese were both significantly shorter than that of the Europeans (P less than 0.05), but at the time of recovery of spontaneous ventilation, the mean plasma concentrations were not significantly different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Aun
- Department of Anaesthesia, Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yoganathan S, Houghton IT, Graveston NH, Thornton JA. Ventilatory effects of isoflurane: a comparison with halothane in a draw-over system. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 1988; 134:27-30. [PMID: 3351793 DOI: 10.1136/jramc-134-01-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Halothane and isoflurane were studied using a draw-over anaesthetic system in two groups each of 25 patients to compare the ventilatory effects of the two agents in field anaesthesia. Respiratory variables were measured and it was confirmed that isoflurane is a more potent respiratory depressant than halothane, but satisfactory anaesthesia for short procedures was possible.
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Abstract
In a double-blind trial, 50 patients were randomly allocated to receive up to 0.29 mg/kg diazepam (Valium 5 mg/ml) or 0.14 mg/kg of midazolam (midazolam hydrochloride 5 mg/ml) intravenously at a first session of conservative dentistry, the alternative being administered at the second session. Good operating conditions were reported under each sedative and no important physiological differences were observed. Most patients failed to return to 'street fitness' 30 minutes after either session of treatment. Previous reports of reduced incidence of venous thrombophlebitis with midazolam were not convincingly confirmed in this trial, but data quality was poor. For about half the patients, the amnesic effect was stronger following midazolam.
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Edwards RW, Thornton JA. Lake McIlwaine (The Eutrophication and Recovery of a Tropical African Man-Made Lake). J Appl Ecol 1984. [DOI: 10.2307/2403063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
30
|
Waters HM, Thornton JA, Delamore IW. Serum ferritin estimation: comparative studies of a new non-isotopic kit. Med Lab Sci 1984; 41:127-33. [PMID: 6379359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
31
|
Abstract
The objective of this double blind study was to compare the sedation following the intravenous injections of midazolam in three dose levels (0.07, 0.10 and 0.15 mg/kg), and to assess the time taken after each dose to return to street fitness. Recovery was monitored by measurement of reaction time. The mean results for each dose were compared against placebo and each other using the Student's t-test. All doses gave a significant (p less than 0.05) lengthening of reaction time compared to placebo. The two highest doses gave similar results when compared to 0.07 mg/kg, but not when compared to each other. Reaction times always returned to control values within 3 hours of injection. The Deletion of Ps test was also employed. A significant correlation was found between the results of reaction time testing and the Deletion of Ps test.
Collapse
|
32
|
Borland CW, Herbert P, Pereira NH, Thornton JA, Williams N, Thornton JG. Evaluation of a new range of air drawover vaporizers. The 'PAC' series--laboratory and 'field' studies. Anaesthesia 1983; 38:852-61. [PMID: 6414329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1983.tb12250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The 'Ether Pac' and 'Fluo Pac' temperature compensated vaporizers have been evaluated in the laboratory and the 'field'. Rigorous testing has demonstrated that these vaporizers are robust and reliable. Shaking, tilting and overturning do not significantly affect their performance. Both vaporizers deliver lower concentrations of the vapour than the setting on the vaporizers at low tidal volumes (100 ml). The 'Ether Pac' vaporizer output declines progressively with ambient temperatures below 23 degrees C and a similar result occurs with the 'Fluo Pac' at temperatures below 20 degrees C. Clinical trials in Nepal, Kenya, Burma and the UK have demonstrated that, when halothane is used, oxygen enrichment is necessary during spontaneous and controlled ventilation. When ether is used with controlled ventilation oxygen enrichment is probably not necessary even with ambient pressures as low as 619 mmHg.
Collapse
|
33
|
Thornton JA. Examinations in anaesthesia-part 1. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 1983; 30:62-3. [PMID: 6882970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
34
|
McCormack T, Simms JM, Johnson AG, Thornton JA. Oesophageal varices: evaluation of injection sclerotherapy without general anaesthesia using the flexible fibreoptic gastroscope. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1983; 65:207. [PMID: 6859787 PMCID: PMC2494283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
|
35
|
|
36
|
Thornton JA. Mortality and the surgical patient. NATNEWS 1983; 20:11-2. [PMID: 6551671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
|
37
|
Abstract
A total intravenous anaesthetic technique using etomidate, fentanyl and neuromuscular blocking drugs with artificial ventilation of the lungs has been used in 90 patients undergoing elective general and gynaecological surgery. A two-step schedule was used, based on a pharmacokinetic model for rapidly eliminated, intravenously administered drugs. Etomidate 100 micrograms/kg/minute with fentanyl 1 microgram/kg/minute were given for 10 minutes, followed by a maintenance dose at a rate of one-tenth this amount. Concurrent evaluation of the technique led to variations in the adjuvant drugs used (atropine, droperidol and neuromuscular blocking agent). The basic dose schedule provided adequate surgical anaesthesia for 76% of patients (although dose adjustments were used in the remainder), with recovery times of 10 minutes or less in 57% of patients. No further opiate analgesia was needed in 40% of patients postoperatively. Those patients given atropine intravenously prior to induction had a significantly lower incidence of nausea and vomiting postoperatively.
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Abstract
This communication reviews the mechanisms involved in anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions to intravenous drugs used in anaesthesia. Although the mechanisms involved are pertinent to other drugs and substances used in clinical practice, the use of the intravenous route makes this a particularly worrying problem in anaesthetic practice. Despite the similarity of the clinical manifestations to those expected from immediate immunological hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis), relatively few reactions involve antibodies. Instead, a variety of mechanisms occur where activation of the blood inflammatory response systems, particularly complement, may be either primary or secondary to activation of the coagulation or fibrinolytic cascades of the blood clotting mechanisms. Immediate anaphylactoid reactions, manifest in the release of vasoactive substances such as histamine, may therefore pose very minor problems compared with coagulation problems arising in the peri- and post-operative period. It is important to discover the mechanism of all adverse reactions not only if these are to be avoided in the reactants in the future but also because of the necessity for devising suitable prophylactic and therapeutic measures for general use. The practical problems of such investigations are explored with particular reference to the laboratory investigation of subclinical reactions in terms of plasma histamine release and changes in blood leucocyte distribution.
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Welchew EA, Thornton JA. Continuous thoracic epidural fentanyl. A comparison of epidural fentanyl with intramuscular papaveretum for postoperative pain. Anaesthesia 1982; 37:309-16. [PMID: 7091604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1982.tb01105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A prospective open trial was conducted to compare the analgesic and side-effects of continuously infused fentanyl into the thoracic epidural space with those of intramuscular papaveretum given 4 hourly as required. It was demonstrated that during the first 24 hours after upper abdominal surgery thoracic epidural fentanyl produced better analgesia with less sedation than intramuscular papaveretum. However, the epidural group suffered more nausea. Likewise, postoperative respiratory function tests were statistically significantly better in those patients who received epidural fentanyl. Despite a significantly greater volume of nasogastric aspirate during the period of study, the epidural fentanyl group also had a significantly greater urine output than did the patients receiving papaveretum. Hypotension and respiratory depression were not problems, but pruritus occurred in two patients given fentanyl. It is concluded that epidural fentanyl delivered by continuous infusion offers significant advantages over a conventional intramuscular narcotic regime.
Collapse
|
42
|
Chikwanha R, Nduku WK, Thornton JA. The sediments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7983-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
|
43
|
Thornton JA, Sharman EM. Supernumerary senior house offices in anaesthesia: a review of a regional training scheme, 1962-1972. Anaesthesia 1981; 36:970-4. [PMID: 7304888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1981.tb08660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The Sheffield Regional Hospital Board, which became the Trent Regional Health Authority in 1974, initiated a scheme for training of Senior House Officers in anaesthesia in 1962; between 1962 and 1972, 73 graduates passed through the scheme of whom 29 (40%)* held consultant posts at the time of the review (mid 1979), another 8 (11%)* were senior registrars and on the way to consultant status. None of the 16 overseas graduates had achieved consultant status although one was a senior registrar. Twenty-six (35-6%)* of the 73 doctors (15(20-5%)* United Kingdom or Republic of Ireland graduates and 11 (15-1%)* from overseas) are thought to have left the practice of anaesthesia although some of these were not traced and may indeed be practising, and some of the females have indicated an intention to return to the specialty when their children are older.
Collapse
|
44
|
Waters HM, Thornton JA, Stevens RF, Gowenlock AH, Maciver JE, Delamore IW. Comparative studies of a new commercial kit for the estimation of vitamin B12 in serum. J Clin Pathol 1981; 34:972-8. [PMID: 7276223 PMCID: PMC494208 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.34.9.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A commercial kit method (Technia Diagnostics) for the estimation of serum vitamin B12 claiming certain practical advantages was examined. Analytical and clinical performance were compared with a non-commercial radioisotope B12 method, previously compared to other commercial radioisotope B12 methods. The kit's analytical performance in our hands was satisfactory, although the within-batch precision and recovery of added cyanocobalamin were disappointing. Clinical performance was comparable with the non-commercial B12 method. Establishment of suitable reference ranges as a prerequisite to diagnostic use is apparent.
Collapse
|
45
|
Thornton JA, Waters HM. Comparative studies of a commercial kit for the estimation of serum ferritin. Med Lab Sci 1980; 37:275-83. [PMID: 7219097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
46
|
Dixon RA, Bennett NR, Harrison MJ, Kenyon C, Thornton JA. I.v. flunitrazepam and i.v. diazepam in conservative dentistry. A cross-over trial. Br J Anaesth 1980; 52:517-26. [PMID: 6104497 DOI: 10.1093/bja/52.5.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In a randomized cross-over trial in 82 outpatients aged 15-45 yr undergoing conservative dentistry, a solution of flunitrazepam 0.25 mg ml-1 i.v. (average dose 0.014 mg kg-1) was compared with a solution of diazepam 5 mg ml-1 i.v. (0.29 mg kg-1). Cardiovascular changes, operating conditions and side-effects were similar. Forty minutes after the start of injection, about 85% of all patients could not remember the local anaesthetic injection. Thirty minutes after the end of treatment, only 25% of all patients had recovered. One week later, most patients receiving each drug had only vague memories of their treatment; they had felt more relaxed immediately after the i.v. injection than before. Drowsiness was equally common after flunitrazepam and diazepam. Ataxia was more prolonged with flunitrazepam but arm pain and venous thrombophlebitis were less frequent.
Collapse
|
47
|
Dawson DW, Delamore IW, Fish DI, Flaherty TA, Gowenlock AH, Hunt LP, Hyde K, MacIver JE, Thornton JA, Waters HM. An evaluation of commercial radioisotope methods for the determination of folate and vitamin B12. J Clin Pathol 1980; 33:234-42. [PMID: 7381023 PMCID: PMC1146046 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.33.3.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Five commercial kits for the determination of folate and six kits for the determination of vitamin B12 were investigated. Their performance has been compared with microbiological methods for the two vitamins and with a non-commercial radioisotopic method for B12. The results show the importance of the determination of the reference range for an individual laboratory for each method. The precision of the kits varied appreciably, as did their performance using specimens from patients with different haematological disorders. In particular, certain kits failed to detect all patients with pernicious anaemia. The relative accuracy of the kits was assessed. Various factors which should be taken into account in the final selection of a satisfactory kit are discussed.
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
|
50
|
Thornton JA. Emergencies in the dental surgery. Practitioner 1978; 220:759-64. [PMID: 662806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|