A High Energy X-ray Diffraction Study of Amorphous Indomethacin

Amorphous pharmaceuticals often possess a wide range of molecular conformations and bonding arrangements. The x-ray pair distribution function (PDF) method is a powerful technique for the characterization of variations in both intra-molecular and inter-molecular packing arrangements. Here, the x-ray PDF of amorphous Indomethacin is shown to be particularly sensitive to the preferred orientations of the chlorobenzyl ring found in isomers in the crystalline state. In some cases, the chlorobenzyl ring has no preferred torsional angle in the amorphous form, while in others evidence of distinct isomer orientations are observed. Amorphous samples with no preferred torsion angles of the chlorobenzyl ring are found to favor enhanced inter-molecular hydrogen bonding, and this is reflected in the intensity of the first sharp diffraction peak. These significant variations in structure rule out amorphous Indomethacin as a possible standard for x-ray PDF measurements. At high humidity, time resolved PDF's for >40 h reveal water molecules forming hydrogen bonds with Indomethacin molecules. A simple linear hydrogen bond model indicates that water molecules in the wet amorphous form have similar hydrogen bond strengths to those found between Indomethacin dimers or chains in the dry amorphous form.

Hard x-ray methods for studying the structure of amorphous thin films and bulk glassy oxides

High-energy photon diffraction minimizes many of the corrections associated with laboratory x-ray diffractometers, and enables structure factor measurements to be made over a wide range of momentum transfers. The method edges us closer toward an ideal experiment, in which coordination numbers can be extracted without knowledge of the sample density. Three case studies are presented that demonstrate new hard x-ray methods for studying the structure of glassy and amorphous materials. First, the methodology and analysis of high-energy grazing incidence on thin films is discussed for the case of amorphous In₂O₃. The connectivity of irregular InO₆polyhedra are shown to exist in face-, edge- and corner-shared configurations in the approximate ratio of 1:2:3. Secondly, the technique of high-energy small and wide angle scattering has been carried out on laser heated and aerodynamically levitated samples of silica-rich barium silicate (20BaO:80SiO₂), from the single phase melt at 1500^oC to the phase separated glass at room temperature. Based on Ba-O coordination numbers of 6 to 7, it is argued that the although the potential of Ba is ionic, it is weak enough to cause the liquid-liquid immiscibility to become metastable. Lastly, high-energy small and wide angle scattering has also been applied to high water content (up to 12 wt.%) samples of hydrous SiO₂glass quenched from 1500^oC at 4 GPa. An increase of Si₁-O₂correlations at 4.3 Å is found to be consistent with an increase in the population of three-membered SiO₄rings at the expense of larger rings.

Reorientation Times for Solid-State Electrolyte Solvents and Electrolytes from NMR Spin-Lattice Relaxation Studies

Ionic and molecular plastic crystals have been studied recently as solid electrolytes or solvents, but the specific role of molecular reorientation has not been clarified. We use NMR spin-lattice relaxation times (T₁ minima) to compare the time scale for magnetic fluctuations in a plastic crystal solvent to the molecular reorientation times, as established by dielectric spectroscopy. We focus on a mixture of succinonitrile and glutaronitrile, in which the rotationally disordered phase is stabilized against crystallization. Reorientation times can then be studied over 13 orders of magnitude, down to the glass transition temperature at 144 K. For each nucleus, ¹H and ¹³C, the most probable magnetic fluctuation time is found to be slightly shorter than the reorientation time, but with practically indistinguishable temperature dependence. This facilitates investigation of the relation of solvent reorientation to ion conductivity relaxation times in ionic conducting systems in which the conductivity swamps the dielectric signature of solvent reorientation.

X-ray Intermolecular Structure Factor(XISF): separation of intra- and intermolecular interactions from total X-ray scattering data

XISFis a MATLAB program developed to separate intermolecular structure factors from total X-ray scattering structure factors for molecular liquids and amorphous solids. The program is built on a trust-region-reflective optimization routine with the r.m.s. deviations of atoms physically constrained.XISFhas been optimized for performance and can separate intermolecular structure factors of complex molecules.

Measurement of conductivity and permittivity on samples sealed in nuclear magnetic resonance tubes

We present a broadband impedance spectroscopy instrument designed to measure conductivity and∕or permittivity for samples that are sealed in glass tubes, such as the standard 5 mm tubes used for nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. The calibrations and corrections required to extract the dielectric properties of the sample itself are outlined. It is demonstrated that good estimates of the value of dc-conductivity can be obtained even without correcting for the effects of glass or air on the overall impedance. The approach is validated by comparing data obtained from samples sealed in nuclear magnetic resonance tubes with those from standard dielectric cells, using glycerol and butylmethylimidazolium-hexafluorophosphate as respective examples of a molecular and an ionic liquid. This instrument and approach may prove useful for other studies of permittivity and conductivity where contact to the metal electrodes or to the ambient atmosphere needs to be avoided.

Total x-ray scattering of spider dragline silk

Total x-ray scattering measurements of spider dragline silk fibers from Nephila clavipes, Argiope aurantia, and Latrodectus hesperus all yield similar structure factors, with only small variations between the different species. Wide-angle x-ray scattering from fibers orientated perpendicular to the beam shows a high degree of anisotropy, and differential pair distribution functions obtained by integrating over wedges of the equatorial and meridian planes indicate that, on average, the majority (95%) of the atom-atom correlations do not extend beyond 1 nm. Futhermore, the atom-atom correlations between 1 and 3 nm are not associated with the most intense diffraction peaks at Q=1-2 Å(-1). Disordered molecular orientations along the fiber axis are consistent with proteins in similar structural arrangements to those in the equatorial plane, which may be associated with the silk's greater flexibility in this direction.

Analysis of high-energy x-ray diffraction data at high pressure: the case of vitreous As2O3 at 32 GPa

The x-ray structure factor of vitreous As₂O₃ has been measured at 32 GPa in a laser-perforated diamond anvil cell using a monochromatic, micro-focused high-energy x-ray beam. The experimental correction procedures are discussed in detail, and they yield reliable data over the range Q = 0.3-13.5 Å^-1. The use of modified form factors to analyse the scattering data is presented to account for charge transfer. Analysis of the radial distribution function yields an increase in the coordination number from 3.1 ± 0.3 oxygen atoms surrounding an arsenic atom at normal pressure to 4.8 ± 0.5 at 32 GPa with only a slight change in the As-O bond length. Substantial structural changes are observed at higher distances, extending up to 18 Å in real space.

Comment on 'Microscopic structural evolution during the liquid-liquid transition in triphenyl phosphite' by R Kurita, Y Shinohara, Y Amemiya and H Tanaka J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 19 (2007) 152101

In the communication by Kurita et al 2007 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 19 152101, peaks in the liquid diffraction pattern of triphenyl phosphite have been attributed to intermolecular phosphor-phosphor distances. Based on our previous neutron and x-ray diffraction studies we argue that this assignment is incorrect and the peak contributions are likely to be much more complex.

Vitrification of a monatomic metallic liquid

Although the majority of glasses in use in technology are complex mixtures of oxides or chalcogenides, there are numerous examples of pure substances-'glassformers'-that also fail to crystallize during cooling. Most glassformers are organic molecular systems, but there are important inorganic examples too, such as silicon dioxide and elemental selenium (the latter being polymeric). Bulk metallic glasses can now be made; but, with the exception of Zr50Cu50 (ref. 4), they require multiple components to avoid crystallization during normal liquid cooling. Two-component 'metglasses' can often be achieved by hyperquenching, but this has not hitherto been achieved with a single-component system. Glasses form when crystal nucleation rates are slow, although the factors that create the slow nucleation conditions are not well understood. Here we apply the insights gained in a recent molecular dynamics simulation study to create conditions for successful vitrification of metallic liquid germanium. Our results also provide micrographic evidence for a rare polyamorphic transition preceding crystallization of the diamond cubic phase.

Orientational Correlations in the Glacial State of Triphenyl Phosphite

Spallation neutron and high-energy X-ray diffraction experiments have been performed to investigate the local structure of the glacial and supercooled liquid states in triphenyl phosphite. The observed diffraction patterns have been interpreted using a Reverse Monte Carlo modeling technique. The results show that the glacial state forms unusually weak intermolecular hydrogen bonds between an oxygen atom connected to a phenyl ring and an adjacent phenyl ring aligned in an approximately antiparallel configuration. The structure is very different from the hexagonal crystal which is characterized by two weaker hydrogen bonds between linear arrays of molecules which are offset from each other and packed in a hexamer arrangement.

Formation and structure of a dense octahedral glass

We have performed in situ x-ray and neutron-diffraction measurements, and molecular dynamics simulations, of GeO2, an archetypal network-forming glass under pressure. Below 5 GPa, additional atoms encroaching on the first tetrahedral shell are seen to be a precursor of local coordination change. Between 6 and 10 GPa, we observe structures with a constant average coordination of approximately 5, indicating a new metastable, intermediate form of the glass. At 15 GPa, the structure of a fully octahedral glass has been measured. This structure is not retained upon decompression and, therefore, must be studied in situ.

Studies on TMPD:TCNB; a donor-acceptor with room temperature paramagnetism and n-pi interaction

A donor-acceptor compound based on N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine and 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TMPD:TCNB) has been synthesized. The crystal structure of the black 1:1 complex formed between TMPD and TCNB has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction at room temperature. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 with cell dimensions: a = 7.4986(15) å, b =7.6772(11) å, c = 8.0764(15) å, alpha = 78.822(12) degrees, beta = 83.3779(19) degrees, gamma = 86.289(17) degrees .TMPD and TCNB molecules are stacked alternately in infinite columns along the a-axis. The structure does not seem to show the usual pi-pi interaction between the two aromatic rings, but indicates an n-pi interaction localized between the nitrogen atoms of the donor and the cyano groups of the acceptor.

Intermediate-range order in permanently densified GeO2 glass

Information about the partial structure factors of densified GeO2 glass has been obtained from neutron and x-ray diffraction measurements. Densification causes a reduction in the length scale of the intermediate range order (IRO). The difference structure factors obtained by combining the x-ray and neutron data so as to eliminate one partial structure factor at a time shows the greatest effects when the Ge-Ge correlations are eliminated and least when O-O correlations are eliminated. This implies that the reduced length scale results from a decrease in the next-nearest neighbor Ge-O and O-O distance caused by a rotation about the Ge-O-Ge bonds and a distortion of the GeO4 tetrahedra.

Electron spin density distribution in the polymer phase of CsC60: assignment of the NMR spectrum

We present high resolution 133Cs-13C double resonance NMR data and 13C-13C NMR correlation spectra of 13C enriched samples of the polymeric phase of CsC60. These data lead to a partial assignment of the lines in the 13C NMR spectrum of CsC60 to the carbon positions on the C60 molecule. A plausible completion of the assignment can be made on the basis of an ab initio calculation. The data support the view that the conduction electron density is concentrated at the C60 "equator," away from the interfullerene bonds.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, NMR Studies, and Thermal Stability of Mixed Iron-Indium Phosphates with Quasi-One-Dimensional Frameworks

The hydrothermal synthesis, single-crystal structure analysis, spectroscopic studies, and thermal stability of the compounds Ca(2)(In(1)(-)(x)()Fe(x)())(PO(4))(HPO(4))(2).H(2)O (0 </= x </= 1) are reported. The framework of these new phases is based on linear chains (//[101]) formed by (MO(6)) octahedra and (PO(4))/(HPO(4)) tetrahedra sharing corners. The (HPO(4)) groups and water molecules link the chains through hydrogen bonding to form layers stacked perpendicular to the c axis. The calcium cations are located between the layers and are coordinated by nine oxide anions. Crystal data: Ca(2)In(PO(4))(HPO(4))(2).H(2)O, space group C2/c (No. 15), a = 7.573(1) Å, b = 15.838(1) Å, c = 9.3126(7) Å, beta = 113.55(1) degrees; Ca(2)(In(0.5)Fe(0.5))(PO(4))(HPO(4))(2).H(2)O, C2/c (No. 15), a = 7.548(2) Å, b = 15.670(3) Å, c = 9.241(2) Å, beta = 113.62(3) degrees; Ca(2)Fe(PO(4))(HPO(4))(2).H(2)O, C2/c (No. 15), a = 7.503(2) Å, b = 15.477(2) Å, c = 9.142(1) Å, beta = 113.60(2) degrees. The phases lose two water molecules between 350 and 600 degrees C to form the series Ca(2)(In(1)(-)(x)()Fe(x)())(PO(4))(P(2)O(7)) (0 </= x </= 1), which are isostructural with Ca(2)V(PO(4))(P(2)O(7)). Solid state magic angle spinning (MAS) (31)P NMR of Ca(2)In(PO(4))(HPO(4))(2).H(2)O confirms two phosphorous moieties in roughly a 2:1 ratio. A CP-MAS buildup study yielded polarization transfer rates (T(IS)(-)(1)) of 2128 and 1597 s(-)(1) for the HPO(4) (-2.4 ppm) and PO(4) (-0.9 ppm) sites, respectively. A (1)H-(31)P WISE experiment indicates the presence of motional narrowing and hydrogen exchange between the water molecules and hydroxyl protons.