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Ghirlanda G, Salafia OS, Paragi Z, Giroletti M, Yang J, Marcote B, Blanchard J, Agudo I, An T, Bernardini MG, Beswick R, Branchesi M, Campana S, Casadio C, Chassande-Mottin E, Colpi M, Covino S, D'Avanzo P, D'Elia V, Frey S, Gawronski M, Ghisellini G, Gurvits LI, Jonker PG, van Langevelde HJ, Melandri A, Moldon J, Nava L, Perego A, Perez-Torres MA, Reynolds C, Salvaterra R, Tagliaferri G, Venturi T, Vergani SD, Zhang M. Compact radio emission indicates a structured jet was produced by a binary neutron star merger. Science 2019; 363:968-971. [PMID: 30792360 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The binary neutron star merger event GW170817 was detected through both electromagnetic radiation and gravitational waves. Its afterglow emission may have been produced by either a narrow relativistic jet or an isotropic outflow. High-spatial-resolution measurements of the source size and displacement can discriminate between these scenarios. We present very-long-baseline interferometry observations, performed 207.4 days after the merger by using a global network of 32 radio telescopes. The apparent source size is constrained to be smaller than 2.5 milli-arc seconds at the 90% confidence level. This excludes the isotropic outflow scenario, which would have produced a larger apparent size, indicating that GW170817 produced a structured relativistic jet. Our rate calculations show that at least 10% of neutron star mergers produce such a jet.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ghirlanda
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Fisica G. Occhialini, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, IT-20126 Milano, Italy.,Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - O S Salafia
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Fisica G. Occhialini, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, IT-20126 Milano, Italy.,Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Z Paragi
- Joint Institute for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands
| | - M Giroletti
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Istituto di Radioastronomia, via Gobetti 101, I40129, Bologna, Italia
| | - J Yang
- Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92, Sweden.,Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - B Marcote
- Joint Institute for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands
| | - J Blanchard
- Joint Institute for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands
| | - I Agudo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008, Granada, Spain
| | - T An
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - M G Bernardini
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Universitè de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institute National de Physique Nucleaire et Physique des Particules (CNRS/IN2P3), place Eugéne Bataillon, F-34085 Montpellier, France
| | - R Beswick
- Electronic Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network/Very Long Baseline Interferometry (e-MERLIN/VLBI) National Facility, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Branchesi
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, Viale F. Crispi 7, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy.,Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, INFN, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - S Campana
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, Italy
| | - C Casadio
- Max Planck Institute fur Radioastronomie, Auf dem Huegel 69, Bonn D-53121, Germany
| | - E Chassande-Mottin
- AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC), Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/ Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (CEA/IRFU), Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - M Colpi
- Dipartimento di Fisica G. Occhialini, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, IT-20126 Milano, Italy.,Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - S Covino
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, Italy
| | - P D'Avanzo
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, Italy
| | - V D'Elia
- Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Via del Politecnico, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - S Frey
- Konkoly Observatory, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (MTA) Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Gawronski
- Centre for Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - G Ghisellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, Italy
| | - L I Gurvits
- Joint Institute for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands.,Department of Astrodynamics and Space Missions, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands
| | - P G Jonker
- Space Research Organisation of the Netherlands (SRON), Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, Post Office Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - H J van Langevelde
- Joint Institute for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands.,Sterrewacht Leiden, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - A Melandri
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, Italy
| | - J Moldon
- Electronic Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network/Very Long Baseline Interferometry (e-MERLIN/VLBI) National Facility, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - L Nava
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, Italy
| | - A Perego
- Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - M A Perez-Torres
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008, Granada, Spain.,Departamento de Física Teórica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50019, Spain
| | - C Reynolds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Astronomy and Space Science, PO Box 1130, Bentley WA 6102, Australia
| | - R Salvaterra
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica cosmica (IASF), via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - G Tagliaferri
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, Italy
| | - T Venturi
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Istituto di Radioastronomia, via Gobetti 101, I40129, Bologna, Italia
| | - S D Vergani
- Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique et Instrumentation (GEPI) Observatoire de Paris, CNRS UMR 8111, Meudon, France
| | - M Zhang
- Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 150 Science 1-Street, Urumqi 831001, China.,Key Laboratory for Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 West Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
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Schellart P, Trinh TNG, Buitink S, Corstanje A, Enriquez JE, Falcke H, Hörandel JR, Nelles A, Rachen JP, Rossetto L, Scholten O, Ter Veen S, Thoudam S, Ebert U, Koehn C, Rutjes C, Alexov A, Anderson JM, Avruch IM, Bentum MJ, Bernardi G, Best P, Bonafede A, Breitling F, Broderick JW, Brüggen M, Butcher HR, Ciardi B, de Geus E, de Vos M, Duscha S, Eislöffel J, Fallows RA, Frieswijk W, Garrett MA, Grießmeier J, Gunst AW, Heald G, Hessels JWT, Hoeft M, Holties HA, Juette E, Kondratiev VI, Kuniyoshi M, Kuper G, Mann G, McFadden R, McKay-Bukowski D, McKean JP, Mevius M, Moldon J, Norden MJ, Orru E, Paas H, Pandey-Pommier M, Pizzo R, Polatidis AG, Reich W, Röttgering H, Scaife AMM, Schwarz DJ, Serylak M, Smirnov O, Steinmetz M, Swinbank J, Tagger M, Tasse C, Toribio MC, van Weeren RJ, Vermeulen R, Vocks C, Wise MW, Wucknitz O, Zarka P. Probing Atmospheric Electric Fields in Thunderstorms through Radio Emission from Cosmic-Ray-Induced Air Showers. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:165001. [PMID: 25955053 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.165001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of radio emission from cosmic ray air showers that took place during thunderstorms. The intensity and polarization patterns of these air showers are radically different from those measured during fair-weather conditions. With the use of a simple two-layer model for the atmospheric electric field, these patterns can be well reproduced by state-of-the-art simulation codes. This in turn provides a novel way to study atmospheric electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schellart
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T N G Trinh
- University of Groningen, KVI Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Buitink
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Astrophysical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Corstanje
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J E Enriquez
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Falcke
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nikhef, Science Park Amsterdam, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - J R Hörandel
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nikhef, Science Park Amsterdam, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Nelles
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J P Rachen
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - L Rossetto
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - O Scholten
- University of Groningen, KVI Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Ter Veen
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - S Thoudam
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - U Ebert
- Center for Mathematics and Computer Science (CWI), PO Box 94079, 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - C Koehn
- Center for Mathematics and Computer Science (CWI), PO Box 94079, 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Rutjes
- Center for Mathematics and Computer Science (CWI), PO Box 94079, 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Alexov
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - J M Anderson
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, DeutschesGeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Department 1: Geodesy and Remote Sensing, Telegrafenberg, A17, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - I M Avruch
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M J Bentum
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - G Bernardi
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - P Best
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, United Kingdom
| | - A Bonafede
- University of Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
| | - F Breitling
- Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
| | - J W Broderick
- Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - M Brüggen
- University of Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H R Butcher
- Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Mt. Stromlo Observatory, via Cotter Road, Weston, Australian Capital Territory 2611, Australia
| | - B Ciardi
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Karl Schwarzschild Straße 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - E de Geus
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- SmarterVision BV, Oostersingel 5, 9401 JX Assen, The Netherlands
| | - M de Vos
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - S Duscha
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - J Eislöffel
- Thüringer Landessternwarte, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany
| | - R A Fallows
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - W Frieswijk
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - M A Garrett
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Grießmeier
- LPC2E, Universíte d'Orleans/CNRS, 45071 Orleans Cedex 2, France
- Station de Radioastronomie de Nancay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, USR 704, Universíte Orleans, OSUC, Route de Souesmes, 18330 Nancay, France
| | - A W Gunst
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - G Heald
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J W T Hessels
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Anton Pannekoek Institute, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Hoeft
- Thüringer Landessternwarte, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany
| | - H A Holties
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - E Juette
- Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - V I Kondratiev
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Astro Space Center of the Lebedev Physical Institute, Profsoyuznaya Street 84/32, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - M Kuniyoshi
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
| | - G Kuper
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - G Mann
- Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
| | - R McFadden
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - D McKay-Bukowski
- Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Tähteläntie 62, 99600 Sodankylä, Finland
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - J P McKean
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Mevius
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Moldon
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - M J Norden
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - E Orru
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - H Paas
- Center for Information Technology (CIT), University of Groningen, PO Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Pandey-Pommier
- Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, Observatoire de Lyon, 9 Avenue Charles André, 69561 Saint Genis Laval Cedex, France
| | - R Pizzo
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - A G Polatidis
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - W Reich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - H Röttgering
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A M M Scaife
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - D J Schwarz
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - M Serylak
- Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - O Smirnov
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
- SKA South Africa, 3rd Floor, The Park, Park Road, Pinelands 7405, South Africa
| | - M Steinmetz
- Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
| | - J Swinbank
- Anton Pannekoek Institute, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Tagger
- LPC2E, Universíte d'Orleans/CNRS, 45071 Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | - C Tasse
- LESIA, UMR CNRS 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - M C Toribio
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - R J van Weeren
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R Vermeulen
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - C Vocks
- Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
| | - M W Wise
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Anton Pannekoek Institute, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - O Wucknitz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - P Zarka
- LESIA, UMR CNRS 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 92195 Meudon, France
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