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Srzich AJ, Cirillo J, Stinear JW, Coxon JP, McMorland AJC, Anson JG. Does hypnotic susceptibility influence information processing speed and motor cortical preparatory activity? Neuropsychologia 2019; 129:179-190. [PMID: 30928337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Responsiveness to suggestions while hypnotized is termed hypnotic susceptibility. An association between reaction time and hypnotic susceptibility has been demonstrated, but whether distinct changes in brain activity accompany this relationship remains unclear. We investigated the effect of hypnotic susceptibility on the speed of information processing and motor cortical preparatory activity. Twenty-one "low" (LowHS) and fifteen "high" (HighHS) hypnotically susceptible right-handed participants performed precued simple (SRT) and choice (CRT) reaction time key-press tasks under hypnotized and non-hypnotized conditions. Force and surface electromyography data were recorded from left and right index fingers. The contingent negative variation (CNV) was derived from electroencephalography data. Mean reaction time and premotor time was shorter in HighHS participants than LowHS participants for both simple and choice reaction time tasks. HighHS participants in the hypnotized state performed fewer errors than HighHS participants in the non-hypnotized state and LowHS participants in either state for the SRT task. HighHS participants made fewer errors overall than LowHS participants for the CRT task. Mean C3/C4 CNV amplitude was larger in HighHS than in LowHS participants. Furthermore, larger CNV amplitude was associated with shorter premotor time. Our findings indicate that shorter reaction time in the high hypnotically susceptible group is associated with a greater change in brain activity during motor preparation. One interpretation is that hypnotic susceptibility and neural mechanisms of arousal and selective attention are linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Srzich
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J Cirillo
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J W Stinear
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J P Coxon
- School of Psychological Sciences Victoria, Australia; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - A J C McMorland
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J G Anson
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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MacDonald HJ, Coxon JP, Stinear CM, Byblow WD. The fall and rise of corticomotor excitability with cancellation and reinitiation of prepared action. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:2707-17. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00366.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sudden cancellation of a motor action, known as response inhibition (RI), is fundamental to human motor behavior. The behavioral selectivity of RI can be studied by cueing cancellation of only a subset of a planned response, which markedly delays the remaining executed components. The present study examined neurophysiological mechanisms that may contribute to these delays. In two experiments, human participants received single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation while performing a bimanual anticipatory response task. Participants performed most trials bimanually (Go trials) and were sometimes cued to cancel the response with one hand while responding with the other (Partial trials). Motor evoked potentials were recorded from left first dorsal interosseous (FDI) as a measure of corticomotor excitability (CME) during Go and Partial trials. CME was temporally modulated during Partial trials in a manner that reflected anticipation, suppression, and subsequent initiation of a reprogrammed response. There was an initial increase in CME, followed by suppression 175 ms after the stop signal, even though the left hand was not cued to stop. A second increase in excitability occurred prior to the (delayed) response. We propose an activation threshold model to account for nonselective RI. To investigate the inhibitory component of our model, we investigated short-latency intracortical inhibition (sICI), but results indicated that sICI cannot fully explain the observed temporal modulation of CME. These neurophysiological and behavioural results indicate that the default mode for reactive partial cancellation is suppression of a unitary response, followed by response reinitiation with an inevitable time delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. J. MacDonald
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J. P. Coxon
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C. M. Stinear
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - W. D. Byblow
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Beets IAM, Gooijers J, Boisgontier MP, Pauwels L, Coxon JP, Wittenberg G, Swinnen SP. Reduced Neural Differentiation Between Feedback Conditions After Bimanual Coordination Training with and without Augmented Visual Feedback. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:1958-69. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Van Impe A, Bruijn SM, Coxon JP, Wenderoth N, Sunaert S, Duysens J, Swinnen SP. Age-related neural correlates of cognitive task performance under increased postural load. Age (Dordr) 2013; 35:2111-24. [PMID: 23274853 PMCID: PMC3824995 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral studies suggest that postural control requires increased cognitive control and visuospatial processing with aging. Consequently, performance can decline when concurrently performing a postural and a demanding cognitive task. We aimed to identify the neural substrate underlying this effect. A demanding cognitive task, requiring visuospatial transformations, was performed with varying postural loads. More specifically, old and young subjects performed mental rotations of abstract figures in a seated position and when standing on a force platform. Additionally, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to identify brain regions associated with mental rotation performance. Old as compared to young subjects showed increased blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses in a frontoparietal network as well as activations in additional areas. Despite this overall increased activation, they could still modulate BOLD responses with increasing task complexity. Importantly, activity in left lingual gyrus was highly predictive (r = -0.83, adjusted R(2) = 0.65) of the older subjects' degree of success in mental rotation performance when shifting from a sitting to a standing position. More specifically, increased activation in this area was associated with better performance, once postural load increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Van Impe
- />Research Center for Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- />Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - S. M. Bruijn
- />Research Center for Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. P. Coxon
- />Research Center for Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - N. Wenderoth
- />Research Center for Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S. Sunaert
- />Department of Radiology, University Hospital, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. Duysens
- />Research Center for Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- />Department of Research, Development and Education, Sint-Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S. P. Swinnen
- />Research Center for Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- />Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- />Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease O&N4, Herestraat 49, box 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Swinnen SP, Vangheluwe S, Wagemans J, Coxon JP, Goble DJ, Van Impe A, Sunaert S, Peeters R, Wenderoth N. Shared neural resources between left and right interlimb coordination skills: the neural substrate of abstract motor representations. Neuroimage 2009; 49:2570-80. [PMID: 19874897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to reveal the shared neural resources between movements performed with effectors of the left versus right body side. Prior to scanning, subjects extensively practiced a complex coordination pattern involving cyclical motions of the ipsilateral hand and foot according to a 90 degrees out-of-phase coordination mode. Brain activity associated with this (nonpreferred) coordination pattern was contrasted with pre-existing isodirectional (preferred) coordination to extract the learning-related brain networks. To identify the principal candidates for effector-independent movement encoding, the conjunction of training-related activity for left and right limb coordination was determined. A dominantly left-lateralized parietal-to-(pre)motor activation network was identified, with activation in inferior and superior parietal cortex extending into intraparietal sulcus and activation in the premotor areas, including inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis). Similar areas were previously identified during observation of complex coordination skills by expert performers. These parietal-premotor areas are principal candidates for abstract (effector-independent) movement encoding, promoting motor equivalence, and they form the highest level in the action representation hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Swinnen
- Laboratory of Motor Control, Research Center for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Prostate cancer incidence is rising, and represents a major public health issue. Bone is by far the most common site for metastases in this disease, accounting for considerable morbidity. Until recently, there have been few viable options for the treatment of patients with hormone-refractory metastatic disease. This review examines the pathophysiology underlying the development of bone metastases. It also summarises some of the clinical approaches for the management of this common condition, focusing on recent evidence supporting the use of zoledronic acid, a member of one of the most promising groups of pharmacological agents, the third-generation bisphosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Coxon
- Department of Urology, St George's Hospital, London, UK.
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Coxon JP, Oades GM, Colston KW, Kirby RS. Erratum: Advances in the use of bisphosphonates in the prostate cancer setting. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2004. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Coxon JP, Harris HJ, Watkin NA. A prospective audit of the implementation of the 2-week rule for assessment of suspected urological cancers. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2004; 85:347-50. [PMID: 14594541 PMCID: PMC1964330 DOI: 10.1308/003588403769162486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION All urology departments are under considerable pressure to comply with the UK Government's implementation of the 2-week rule for suspected cancer referrals. A prospective audit was planned to begin 6 months after introduction of cancer referral guidelines and a central data collection process, to investigate the local workload generated by these referrals, and compliance with the 2-week rule. METHODS Data were collected prospectively over an 8-week period. All referral letters were examined by an independent urologist for any of the criteria defined by the regional tumour working group as suspicious of urological cancer. For suspected cancer referrals, the patient journey was followed to assess efficiency of the referral process. Results were compared with figures for '2-week rule' referrals for the Trust obtained from the UK Department of Health (DoH) website. RESULTS In all, 234 GP referrals were reviewed, 82 fitting regional criteria for suspected cancer. Of these, (i) 13% were either marked urgent with a clear statement of 'cancer' or included a clear request to be seen within 2 weeks; (ii) 23% included no implication of cancer; (iii) 72% were seen in haematuria clinic, median time to clinic visit being 56.5 days, none complying with the 2-week rule; and (iv) of referrals not seen in haematuria clinic, median time to clinic was 21 days, with 34% compliance. With more stringent definitions of a cancer referral, DoH figures for the Trust recorded just 18 referrals over 3 months, with 89% compliance. DISCUSSION GP referral letters meeting guidelines for suspected cancer often failed to imply or mention this. Compliance with the 2-week rule was poor, especially for the haematuria clinic. This is variably attributable to wording of GP letters, communication issues, and the sheer load of patients to be seen. CONCLUSION DoH criteria for cancer referrals grossly underestimate the true magnitude of workload demanded of the service.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Coxon
- Department of Urology, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, Surrey, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Coxon
- Department of Urology, St George's Hospital, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Coxon
- Chiltern Diabetes Centre, Wycombe Hospital, High Wycombe HP11 2TT
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