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Structure of a model TiO 2 photocatalytic interface. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:461-466. [PMID: 27842073 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of water with TiO2 is crucial to many of its practical applications, including photocatalytic water splitting. Following the first demonstration of this phenomenon 40 years ago there have been numerous studies of the rutile single-crystal TiO2(110) interface with water. This has provided an atomic-level understanding of the water-TiO2 interaction. However, nearly all of the previous studies of water/TiO2 interfaces involve water in the vapour phase. Here, we explore the interfacial structure between liquid water and a rutile TiO2(110) surface pre-characterized at the atomic level. Scanning tunnelling microscopy and surface X-ray diffraction are used to determine the structure, which is comprised of an ordered array of hydroxyl molecules with molecular water in the second layer. Static and dynamic density functional theory calculations suggest that a possible mechanism for formation of the hydroxyl overlayer involves the mixed adsorption of O2 and H2O on a partially defected surface. The quantitative structural properties derived here provide a basis with which to explore the atomistic properties and hence mechanisms involved in TiO2 photocatalysis.
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A Quantitative Structural Investigation of the 0.1 wt % Nb-SrTiO 3(001)/H 2O Interface. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2014; 118:10980-10988. [PMID: 25009688 PMCID: PMC4073637 DOI: 10.1021/jp5034118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface X-ray diffraction has been employed to elucidate the structure of the interface between a well-characterized (001) surface of 0.1 wt % Nb-SrTiO3 and liquid H2O. Results are reported for the clean surface, the surface in contact with a drop of liquid water, and the surface after the water droplet has been removed with a flow of nitrogen. The investigation revealed that the clean surface, prepared via annealing in 1 × 10-2 mbar O2 partial pressure, is unreconstructed and rough on a short length scale. The surface is covered with large terraces, the topmost layer of which is either TiO2 or SrO with an area ratio of about 7/3. For the surface in contact with water, our results reveal that associative H2O adsorption is favored for the TiO2-terminated terrace whereas adsorption is dissociative for the SrO-terminated terrace, which validates recent first-principles calculations. After removal of the water droplet, the surface largely resembles the water-covered surface but now with a disordered overlayer of water present on the surface.
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Structure determination of adsorbates on single crystal electrodes with X-ray standing waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19870910411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Cu(111) in chloride containing acidic electrolytes: Coadsorption of an oxygenated species. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Tuning the structure of ultrathin BaTiO3 films on Me(001) (Me=Fe, Pd, Pt) surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:105501. [PMID: 25166678 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using surface x-ray diffraction in combination with ab initio calculations, we demonstrate that the atomic structure of ultrathin BaTiO3 (BTO) films grown on Me(001) surfaces (Me=Fe, Pd, Pt) depends on subtle modifications of the interface chemical composition. A complete reversal of the surface termination from a BaO- [BTO on Fe(001)] to a TiO2-terminated film [BTO on Pt(001)] is observed which goes in parallel with the adsorption of submonolayer amounts of oxygen at metal hollow sites of the interface. Our results may suggest a new route to an overall control of both the surface and the interface geometry in BaTiO3/metal contacts.
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Atomic structure and crystalline order of graphene-supported ir nanoparticle lattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:065503. [PMID: 23432271 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.065503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present the atomic structure of Ir nanoparticles with 1.5 nm diameter at half height and three layers average height grown on graphene/Ir(111). Using surface x-ray diffraction, we demonstrate that Ir nanoparticles on graphene/Ir(111) form a crystallographic superlattice with high perfection. The superlattice arrangement allows us to obtain detailed information on the atomic structure of the nanoparticles themselves, such as size, shape, internal layer stacking and strain. Our experiments disclose that the nanoparticles reside epitaxially on top of the graphene moiré structure on Ir(111), resulting in significant lateral compressive intraparticle strain. Normal incidence x-ray standing wave experiments deliver additional information on the particle formation induced restructuring of the graphene layer.
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7
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Bulk electronic structure of quasicrystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:216403. [PMID: 23215602 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.216403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We use hard x-ray photoemission to resolve a controversial issue regarding the mechanism for the formation of quasicrystalline solids, i.e., the existence of a pseudogap at the Fermi level. Our data from icosahedral fivefold Al-Pd-Mn and Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystals demonstrate the presence of a pseudogap, which is not observed in surface sensitive low energy photoemission because the spectrum is affected by a metallic phase near the surface. In contrast to Al-Pd-Mn, we find that in Al-Cu-Fe the pseudogap is fully formed; i.e., the density of states reaches zero at E(F) indicating that it is close to the metal-insulator phase boundary.
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Orientational ordering of nonplanar phthalocyanines on Cu(111): strength and orientation of the electric dipole moment. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:156102. [PMID: 21568579 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.156102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the orientational ordering of molecular dipoles and the associated electronic properties, we studied the adsorption of chlorogallium phthalocyanine molecules (GaClPc, Pc=C32N8H16(-2) on Cu(111) by using the x-ray standing wave technique, photoelectron spectroscopy, and quantum mechanical calculations. We find that for submonolayer coverages on Cu(111) the majority of GaClPc molecules adsorb in a Cl-down configuration by forming a covalent bond to the substrate. For bilayer coverages the x-ray standing wave data indicate a coexistence of the Cl-down and Cl-up configurations on the substrate. The structural details established for both cases and supplementary calculations of the adsorbate system allow us to analyze the observed change of the work function.
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Copper-phthalocyanine based metal-organic interfaces: the effect of fluorination, the substrate, and its symmetry. J Chem Phys 2011; 133:214703. [PMID: 21142310 DOI: 10.1063/1.3509394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic interfaces based on copper-phthalocyanine monolayers are studied in dependence of the metal substrate (Au versus Cu), of its symmetry [hexagonal (111) surfaces versus fourfold (100) surfaces], as well as of the donor or acceptor semiconducting character associated with the nonfluorinated or perfluorinated molecules, respectively. Comparison of the properties of these systematically varied metal-organic interfaces provides new insight into the effect of each of the previously mentioned parameters on the molecule-substrate interactions.
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Site-specific geometric and electronic relaxations at organic-metal interfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:046103. [PMID: 20867867 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.046103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between the geometric and electronic structures of Zn-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and F16ZnPc on Cu(111) were studied by x-ray standing wave and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We found evidence for a distortion of the planar molecules upon adsorption, with the central Zn atom in the molecule protruding towards the substrate. This modifies the energy levels of both the molecule and the substrate, which appear as interface states. The site-specific geometric and electronic relaxations are an important effect for organic-metal interface energetics.
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11
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The Adsorption and Growth of Copper on As-Terminated GaAs(001): Physical Vapour versus Electrochemical Deposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2007.221.9-10.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of copper deposited from an effusion cell in ultra high vacuum and electrodeposited from aqueous solution on As-terminated GaAs(001) is investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray diffraction, as well as X-ray standing waves in combination with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The analysis of the adsorbate is performed in situ with the samples either in ultra high vacuum or in aqueous electrolyte under potential control. Deposited as Cu ions from sulphuric acid solution, submonolayer coverages of Cu diffuse into the GaAs interface region assumimg predominantly Ga substitutional positions. Different positions with lower symmetry are occupied by Cu if submonolayer are deposited at room temperature in ultra high vacuum. At higher coverage, epitaxial Cu clusters grow by electrodeposition on the As-terminated GaAs(001), but with the Cu lattice of the islands rotated and inclined with respect to the GaAs substrate lattice, leading in total to eight equivalent domains. At comparable coverage, no epitaxial growth was observed for Cu deposited in ultra high vacuum.
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Wurtzite-type CoO nanocrystals in ultrathin ZnCoO films. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:156102. [PMID: 19518654 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.156102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Surface x-ray diffraction experiments reveal that, in cobalt-doped ZnO films two to five monolayers thick, Wurtzite-type CoO nanocrystals are coherently embedded within a hexagonal boron-nitride- (h-BN)-type ZnO matrix, supporting the model of a phase separation. First-principles calculations confirm that, in contrast with ZnO, the formation of h-BN-type CoO is unfavorable in the ultrathin film limit. Our results are important for understanding magnetic properties of transition metal-doped semiconductors in general.
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Abstract
Surface x-ray diffraction has been employed to elucidate the surface structure of the (011)-(2 x 1) termination of rutile TiO2. The data are inconsistent with previously proposed structures. Instead, an entirely unanticipated geometry emerges from the structure determination, which is terminated by zigzag rows of twofold coordinated oxygen atoms asymmetrically bonded to fivefold titanium atoms. The energetic stability of this structure is demonstrated by ab initio total energy calculations.
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Initial corrosion observed on the atomic scale. Nature 2006; 439:707-10. [PMID: 16467834 DOI: 10.1038/nature04465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Corrosion destroys more than three per cent of the world's GDP. Recently, the electrochemical decomposition of metal alloys has been more productively harnessed to produce porous materials with diverse technological potential. High-resolution insight into structure formation during electrocorrosion is a prerequisite for an atomistic understanding and control of such electrochemical surface processes. Here we report atomic-scale observations of the initial stages of corrosion of a Cu3Au111 single crystal alloy within a sulphuric acid solution. We monitor, by in situ X-ray diffraction with picometre-scale resolution, the structure and chemical composition of the electrolyte/alloy interface as the material decomposes. We reveal the microscopic structural changes associated with a general passivation phenomenon of which the origin has been hitherto unclear. We observe the formation of a gold-enriched single-crystal layer that is two to three monolayers thick, and has an unexpected inverted (CBA-) stacking sequence. At higher potentials, we find that this protective passivation layer dewets and pure gold islands are formed; such structures form the templates for the growth of nanoporous metals. Our experiments are carried out on a model single-crystal system. However, the insights should equally apply within a crystalline grain of an associated polycrystalline electrode fabricated from many other alloys exhibiting a large difference in the standard potential of their constituents, such as stainless steel (see ref. 5 for example) or alloys used for marine applications, such as CuZn or CuAl.
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Following adsorption kinetics at electrolyte/metal interfaces through crystal truncation scattering: sulfur on Au(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:075506. [PMID: 12633245 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.075506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Combining electrochemical methods, in situ scanning tunneling microscopy, and surface x-ray diffraction allowed study of the structure and kinetics of S/Au(111) electrodes in aqueous electrolytes under potential control. Integrated intensities of a particular crystal truncation rod at anti-Bragg conditions were used to trace the sulfur adsorption and desorption as a function of electrode potential in real time. The S desorption is a first order process and the adsorption follows a Langmuir isotherm. A weakly bound S layer is found on the surface before charge transfer, and then specific adsorption occurs.
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Anomalous isotopic effect on the lattice parameter of silicon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:285901. [PMID: 12513163 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.285901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The difference Delta(a)=a(30)-a(28) of the lattice parameter of 30Si and 28Si crystals is measured over a temperature range from 4.7 to 700 K. In disagreement with existing knowledge, the strongest isotopic effect is not detected at the lowest achieved temperature T=4.7 K. An anomalous behavior is observed: The relative difference |Delta(a)/a| attains its maximum value of 56.8(5) ppm at T=75(10) K. The anomalous behavior is attributed to the influence of phonon modes with negative Grüneisen parameters. At T=700 K the effect still amounts to 30% of the maximal value. The experimental data are consistent with an approach based on the density-functional perturbation theory.
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Isotopic mass and lattice constants of Si and Ge: X-ray standing wave measurements. Acta Crystallogr A 2002. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767302093236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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19
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X-ray standing wave microscopy permits chemical microanalysis with atomic resolution. Acta Crystallogr A 2002. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767302087810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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20
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X-ray standing wave analysis of the effect of isotopic composition on the lattice constants of Si and Ge. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:5329-5332. [PMID: 11384490 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.5329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The x-ray standing wave (XSW) technique is used to measure the isotopic mass dependence of the lattice constants of Si and Ge. Backreflection allows substrates of moderate crystallinity to be used while high order reflection yields high accuracy. The XSW, generated by the substrate, serves as a reference for the lattice planes of an epilayer of different isotopic composition. Employing XSW and photoemission, the position of the surface planes is determined from which the lattice constant difference Deltaa is calculated. Scaled to DeltaM = 1 amu we find (Deltaa/a) of -0.36x10(-5) and -0.88x10(-5) for Ge and -1.8x10(-5) and -3.0x10(-5) for Si at 300 and 30 K, respectively.
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Subsurface dimerization in III-V semiconductor (001) surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:3586-3589. [PMID: 11328029 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.3586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2000] [Revised: 01/17/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present the atomic structure of the c(8 x 2) reconstructions of InSb-, InAs-, and GaAs-(001) surfaces as determined by surface x-ray diffraction using direct methods. Contrary to common belief, group III dimers are not prominent on the surface, instead subsurface dimerization of group III atoms takes place in the second bilayer, accompanied by a major rearrangement of the surface atoms above the dimers to form linear arrays. By varying the occupancies of four surface sites the (001)-c(8 x 2) reconstructions of III-V semiconductors can be described in a unified model.
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Abstract
The molecular volume of crystals depends on their isotopic masses. This influence originates from the zero-point motion and the resulting small differences in lattice constants. This effect was measured with high precision by using an x-ray standing wave. The standing wave is generated during Bragg reflection and thus is in phase with the planes of the substrate crystal, which is covered with a homoepitaxial film that has a different isotopic composition than the substrate. The positions of the surface planes of the film with respect to the substrate planes are revealed by the photoelectrons excited by the maxima of the standing wave. For germanium-76 on natural germanium(111), a difference in lattice constant of -1.1 x 10(-5) and -2.5 x 10(-5) at 300 and 54 kelvin, respectively, was found. The results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
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Orientational Changes in the ab plane of YBA2Cu3O7−δ Films on Different Substrates. J Appl Crystallogr 1996. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889895011289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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27
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Surface energy and stability of stress-driven discommensurate surface structures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:16373-16376. [PMID: 9981033 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.16373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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28
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Hydrogen adsorption on the GaAs(001)-(2 x 4) surface: A scanning-tunneling-microscopy study. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:16337-16340. [PMID: 9981024 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.16337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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29
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Possible mechanism for the room-temperature stabilization of the Ge(111) T>300 degreesC phase by Ga. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:1948-1958. [PMID: 9981263 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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30
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Microscopic structure of the GaAs(001)-(6 x 6) surface derived from scanning tunneling microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:13880-13882. [PMID: 9978212 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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31
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Microscopic structure of the discommensurate phases in Ge(111)/Ga. II. Domain superstructure and discommensurations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:9965-9972. [PMID: 9977671 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.9965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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32
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Microscopic structure of the discommensurate phases in Ge(111)/Ga. I. Atomic structure within domains. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:9952-9964. [PMID: 9977670 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.9952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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33
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Two-dimensional structural modulation in epitaxial CaF2 overlayers on Si(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:2430-2433. [PMID: 10055878 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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34
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Gallium-induced perturbations of the Ge(111)-c(2 x 8) reconstruction. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:10319-10325. [PMID: 10005140 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.10319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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35
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Microscopic structure, discommensurations, and tiling of Si(111)/Cu-"5 x 5". PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 46:1860-1863. [PMID: 10003842 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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X-ray-standing-wave analysis of Pb on epitaxial Ge(111) on Si(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 45:13721-13724. [PMID: 10001469 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.45.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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38
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X-ray-standing-wave analysis of noncommensurate adsorbate stuctures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 44:13666-13670. [PMID: 9999571 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.44.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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40
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Structure and vibrations of chemically produced Au55 clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1990; 42:3312-3316. [PMID: 9995846 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.42.3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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41
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CaF2/Si heteroepitaxy: Importance of stoichiometry, interface bonding, and lattice mismatch. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1990; 41:5315-5318. [PMID: 9994395 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.41.5315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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42
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Comment on "Evidence of eightfold coordination for Co atoms at the CoSi2/Si(111) interface". PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 64:980. [PMID: 10042131 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.64.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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X-ray standing wave analysis of highly perfect cu crystals and electrodeposited submonolayers of cd and tl on cu surfaces. JOURNAL OF X-RAY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1990; 2:214-239. [PMID: 21307556 DOI: 10.3233/xst-1990-2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Experimental requirements for measuring the structure and coverage of adsorbates in the monolayer regime on single crystals with x-ray standing wavefields are discussed in detail along with a thorough description of the theory. The near-surface region of Cu crystals was probed depth selectively by detecting K as well as L fluorescence as a function of fluorescence escape angle. The effects of crystalline imperfections and of dispersive crystal arrangements on the spatial resolution of standing wave measurements are described. Copper crystals with (111) and (100) surface orientation were used as substrates for electrodeposition of Cd and Tl from an aqueous electrolyte using cyclic voltammetry. Submonolayer amounts of Cd and Tl deposited in the underpotential range were investigated on the emerged electrodes with x-ray standing waves keeping the samples under atmospheric pressure, in air, or in inert atmosphere.
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X-ray standing-wave analysis with high reflection order and near-normal incidence. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 40:4216-4219. [PMID: 9992406 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.40.4216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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45
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Structural properties of epitaxial NiSi2 on Si(111) investigated with x-ray standing waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 39:10254-10260. [PMID: 9947807 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.39.10254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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46
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X-ray standing-wave and tunneling-microscope location of gallium atoms on a silicon surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 39:1298-1301. [PMID: 9948317 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.39.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Monolayer growth and structure of Ga on Si(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1988; 38:7885-7888. [PMID: 9945535 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.38.7885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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X-ray standing-wave fluorescence analysis of electrodeposited Tl on clean and oxygen-reconstructed Cu(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1985; 32:5502-5505. [PMID: 9937786 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.32.5502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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