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Vuori S, Colinet P, Lehtiö JP, Lemiere A, Norrbo I, Granström M, Konu J, Ågren G, Laukkanen P, Petit L, Airaksinen AJ, van Goethem L, Le Bahers T, Lastusaari M. Reusable radiochromic hackmanite with gamma exposure memory. Mater Horiz 2022; 9:2773-2784. [PMID: 36069965 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00593j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Radiochromic films are used as position-sensitive dose meters in e.g. medical physics and radiation processing. The currently available films like those based on lithium-10,12-pentacosdiynoate or leucomalachite green are either toxic or non-reusable, or both. There is thus a great need for a sustainable solution for radiochromic detection. In the present work, we present a suitable candidate: hackmanite with the general formula Na8Al6Si6O24(Cl,S)2. This material is known as a natural intelligent material capable of changing color when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or X-rays. Here, we show for the first time that hackmanites are also radiochromic when exposed to alpha particles, beta particles (positrons) or gamma radiation. Combining experimental and computational data we elucidate the mechanism of gamma-induced radiochromism in hackmanites. We show that hackmanites can be used for gamma dose mapping in high dose applications as well as a memory material that has the one-of-a-kind ability to remember earlier gamma exposure. In addition to satisfying the requirements of sustainability, hackmanites are non-toxic and the films made of hackmanite are reusable thus showing great potential to replace the currently available radiochromic films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Vuori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
- University of Turku Graduate School (UTUGS), Doctoral Programme in Physical and Chemical Sciences (PCS), FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Pauline Colinet
- Laboratoire de Chimie, University of Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5182, Lyon, France.
| | - Juha-Pekka Lehtiö
- University of Turku Graduate School (UTUGS), Doctoral Programme in Physical and Chemical Sciences (PCS), FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Arnaud Lemiere
- Photonics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Isabella Norrbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | | | - Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Göran Ågren
- FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-90182 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pekka Laukkanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Laeticia Petit
- Photonics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anu J Airaksinen
- Department of Chemistry, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Ludo van Goethem
- Mineralogical Society of Antwerp, Boterlaarbaan 225, 2100 Deurne, Belgium
| | - Tangui Le Bahers
- Laboratoire de Chimie, University of Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5182, Lyon, France.
| | - Mika Lastusaari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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Kukkonen E, Lahtinen E, Myllyperkiö P, Haukka M, Konu J. Nonlinear optical properties of diaromatic stilbene, butadiene and thiophene derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00456e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stilbene and butadiene derivatives display NLO activity with SHG intensities up to 32 times to that of urea for 2-chloro-3,4-dimethoxy-4′-nitrostilbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa Kukkonen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Jyväskylä
- FI-40014 Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Elmeri Lahtinen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Jyväskylä
- FI-40014 Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Pasi Myllyperkiö
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- FI-40014 Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Matti Haukka
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Jyväskylä
- FI-40014 Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Jyväskylä
- FI-40014 Jyväskylä
- Finland
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Kukkonen E, Lahtinen E, Myllyperkiö P, Konu J, Haukka M. Three-Dimensional Printing of Nonlinear Optical Lenses. ACS Omega 2018; 3:11558-11561. [PMID: 31459255 PMCID: PMC6645250 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the current paper, a series of nonlinear optical (NLO) active devices was prepared by utilizing stereolithographic three-dimensional printing technique. Microcrystalline NLO active component, urea, or potassium dihydrogen phosphate was dispersed in a simple photopolymerizable polyacrylate-based resin and used as the printing material to fabricate highly efficient transparent NLO lenses. The nonlinear activity of the printed lenses was confirmed by second-harmonic generation measurements using a femtosecond laser-pumped optical parametric amplifier operating at a wavelength of 1195 nm. The three-dimensional printing provides a simple method to utilize a range of NLO active compounds without tedious crystal growing and processing steps. Furthermore, introducing NLO additives in the printing material provides an easy and cost-efficient way to manufacture lenses with NLO functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa Kukkonen
- Department
of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Elmeri Lahtinen
- Department
of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pasi Myllyperkiö
- Department
of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Konu
- Department
of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matti Haukka
- Department
of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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Thirumoorthi R, Chivers T, Häggman S, Mansikkamäki A, Morgan IS, Tuononen HM, Lahtinen M, Konu J. Synthesis of a labile sulfur-centred ligand, [S(H)C(PPh2S)2](-): structural diversity in lithium(i), zinc(ii) and nickel(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:12691-701. [PMID: 27453403 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02565j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A high-yield synthesis of [Li{S(H)C(PPh2S)2}]2 [Li2·(3)2] was developed and this reagent was used in metathesis with ZnCl2 and NiCl2 to produce homoleptic complexes 4 and 5b in 85 and 93% yields, respectively. The solid-state structure of the octahedral complex [Zn{S(H)C(PPh2S)2}2] (4) reveals notable inequivalence between the Zn-S(C) and Zn-S(P) contacts (2.274(1) Å vs. 2.842(1) and 2.884(1) Å, respectively). Two structural isomers of the homoleptic complex [Ni{S(H)C(PPh2S)2}2] were isolated after prolonged crystallization processes. The octahedral green Ni(ii) isomer 5a exhibits the two monoprotonated ligands bonded in a tridentate (S,S',S'') mode to the Ni(ii) centre with three distinctly different Ni-S bond lengths (2.3487(8), 2.4500(9) and 2.5953(10) Å). By contrast, in the red-brown square-planar complex 5b the two ligands are S,S'-chelated to Ni(ii) (d(Ni-S) = 2.165(2) and 2.195(2) Å) with one pendant PPh2S group. DFT calculations revealed that the energetic difference between singlet and triplet state octahedral and square-planar isomers of the Ni(ii) complex is essentially indistinguishable. Consistently, VT and (31)P CP/MAS NMR spectroscopic investigations indicated that a mixture of isomers exists in solution at room temperature, while the singlet state square-planar isomer 5b becomes favoured at -40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tristram Chivers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Susanna Häggman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland.
| | - Akseli Mansikkamäki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland.
| | - Ian S Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland.
| | - Heikki M Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland.
| | - Manu Lahtinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland.
| | - Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland.
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Vasko P, Kinnunen V, O. Moilanen J, Roemmele TL, Boeré RT, Konu J, Tuononen HM. Group 13 complexes of dipyridylmethane, a forgotten ligand in coordination chemistry. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:18247-59. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02830b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of the coordination properties of dipyridylmethane (dpma) was performed. The preparation of metal complexes of the type [(dpma)2MCl2]+, [(dpma)MCl2]+, (M = Al, Ga), (dpma)InCl3 and (dpma)(BCl3)2 is described along with their characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Vasko
- University of Jyväskylä
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Centre
- FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Virva Kinnunen
- University of Jyväskylä
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Centre
- FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Jani O. Moilanen
- University of Jyväskylä
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Centre
- FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Tracey L. Roemmele
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Lethbridge
- Lethbridge
- Canada T1K 3M4
| | - René T. Boeré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Lethbridge
- Lethbridge
- Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Jari Konu
- University of Jyväskylä
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Centre
- FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- University of Jyväskylä
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Centre
- FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä
- Finland
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Abstract
Abstract
The reaction of hexamethyldisilane with tellurium tetrachloride in carbon disulfide afforded polymeric (MeTeCl3)n (1) that was characterized by TOF ES mass spectroscopy, 125Te NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Pale brown, air-and moisture-sensitive crystals of 1 are monoclinic, space group P21/n with a = 1030.69(5), b = 643.61(2), c = 1041.68(5) pm, ß = 119.236(5)°, V = 0.60299(5) nm3, and Z = 4. The crystal structure consists of infinite helical chains of the MeTeCl3 units linked by bridging chlorine atoms. The polymeric chains are linked together by Te···Cl and Cl···Cl close contacts. The possible routes for the formation of (MeTeCl3)n are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Pietikäinen
- Department of Chemistry, P. O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Risto S. Laitinen
- Department of Chemistry, P. O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, P. O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Jussi Valkonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland
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Chivers T, Konu J, Thirumoorthi R. PCP-bridged chalcogen-centred anions: coordination chemistry and carbon-based reactivity. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:4283-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12361d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Konu J, Chivers T, Tuononen HM. Bond Stretching and Redox Behavior in Coinage Metal Complexes of the Dichalcogenide Dianions [(SPh2P)2CEEC(PPh2S)2]2− (E=S, Se): Diradical Character of the Dinuclear Copper(I) Complex (E=S). Chemistry 2011; 17:11844-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Risto M, Chivers T, Konu J. Homoleptic, heteroleptic and mixed-valent thallium and indium complexes of multidentate chalcogen-centred PCP-bridged ligands. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:8238-46. [PMID: 21717021 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10646e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The metathetical reaction of [Li(TMEDA)][HC(PPh(2)Se)(2)] ([Li(TMEDA)]1) with TlOEt in a 1:1 molar ratio afforded a homoleptic Tl(I) complex as an adduct with LiOEt, Tl[HC(PPh(2)Se)(2)]·LiOEt (7), which undergoes selenium-proton exchange upon mild heating (60 °C) to give the mixed-valent Tl(I)/Tl(III) complex {[Tl][Tl{(Se)C(PPh(2)Se)(2)}(2)]}(∞) (8). Treatment of TlOEt with [Li(TMEDA)](2)[(SPh(2)P)(2)CE'E'C(PPh(2)S)(2)] (3b, E' = S; 3c, E' = Se) in a 2:1 molar ratio produced the binuclear Tl(i)/Tl(i) complexes Tl(2)[(SPh(2)P)(2)CE'E'C(PPh(2)S)(2)] (9b, E' = S; 9c, E' = Se), respectively. Selenium-proton exchange also occurred upon addition of [Li(TMEDA)]1 to InCl(3) to yield the heteroleptic complex (TMEDA)InCl[(Se)C(PPh(2)Se)(2)] (10a). Other examples of this class of In(III) complex, (TMEDA)InCl[(E')C(PPh(2)E)(2)] (10b, E = E' = S; 10c, E = S, E' = Se) were obtained via metathesis of InCl(3) with [Li(TMEDA)](2)[(E')C(PPh(2)E)(2)] (2b, E = E' = S; 2c, E = S, E' = Se, respectively). All new compounds have been characterized in solution by (1)H and (31)P NMR spectroscopy and the solid-state structures have been determined for 8, 9c and 10a-c by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Complex 8 is comprised of Tl(+) ions that are weakly coordinated to octahedral [Tl{(Se)C(PPh(2)Se)(2)}(2)](-) anions to give a one-dimensional polymer. The complex 9c is comprised of two four-coordinate Tl(+) ions that are each S,S',S'',Se bonded to the hexadentate [(SPh(2)P)(2)CSeSeC(PPh(2)S)(2)](2-) ligand in which d(Se-Se) = 2.531(2) Å. The six-coordinate In(III) centres in the distorted octahedral complexes 10a-c are connected to a tridentate [(E')C(PPh(2)E)(2)](2-) dianion, a chloride ion and a neutral bidentate TMEDA ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Risto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Risto M, Konu J, Chivers T. Identification of a novel η2-Se2 bonding mode in Cu(I) complexes of the dimeric selenocarbonyl dianions, [(EPh2P)2CSeSeC(PPh2E)2](2-) (E = S, Se). Inorg Chem 2011; 50:406-8. [PMID: 21141885 DOI: 10.1021/ic101866v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A metathetical reaction between [Li(TMEDA)][(H)C(PPh2Se)2] and CuCl2 in a 2:1 molar ratio afforded the dimeric Cu(I) complex, {Cu2-η(2):η(2)-[(EPh2P)2CSeSeC(PPh2E)2]} (E = Se), via a selenium-proton exchange and an internal redox process. The analogous sulfur-containing complex (E = S) was obtained by the reactions of the dianions [(Se)C(PPh2S)2](2-) and [(SPh2P)2CSeSeC(PPh2S)2](2-) with Cu(II) and Cu(I) halides, respectively. Structural characterization of the Cu(I) complexes reveals a unique η(2)-Se2 bonding mode for the generic diselenide ligand system RSe-SeR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Risto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Konu J, Chivers T, Tuononen HM. Synthesis and Redox Behaviour of the Chalcogenocarbonyl Dianions [(E)C(PPh2S)2]2−: Formation and Structures of Chalcogen-Chalcogen Bonded Dimers and a Novel Selone. Chemistry 2010; 16:12977-87. [PMID: 20878808 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Chivers T, Ritch JS, Robertson SD, Konu J, Tuononen HM. New insights into the chemistry of imidodiphosphinates from investigations of tellurium-centered systems. Acc Chem Res 2010; 43:1053-62. [PMID: 20402459 DOI: 10.1021/ar900272k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dichalcogenido-imidodiphosphinates, [N(PR(2)E)(2)](-) (R = alkyl, aryl), are chelating ligands that readily form cyclic complexes with main group metals, transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides. Since their discovery in the early 1960s, researchers have studied the structural chemistry of the resulting metal complexes (where E = O, S, Se) extensively and identified a variety of potential applications, including as NMR shift reagents, luminescent complexes in photonic devices, or single-source precursors for metal sulfides or selenides. In 2002, a suitable synthesis of the tellurium analogs [N(PR(2)Te)(2)](-) was developed. In this Account, we describe comprehensive investigations of the chemistry of these tellurium-centered anions, and related mixed chalcogen systems, which have revealed unanticipated features of their fundamental structure and reactivity. An exhaustive examination of previously unrecognized redox behavior has uncovered a variety of novel dimeric arrangements of these ligands, as well as an extensive series of cyclic cations. In combination with calculations using density functional theory, these new structural frameworks have provided new insights into the nature of chalcogen-chalcogen bonding. Studies of metal complexes of the ditellurido ligands [N(PR(2)Te)(2)](-) have revealed unprecedented structural and reaction chemistry. The large tellurium donor sites confer greater flexibility, which can lead to unique structures in which the tellurium-centered ligand bridges two metal centers. The relatively weak P-Te bonds facilitate metal-insertion reactions (intramolecular oxidative-addition) to give new metal-tellurium ring systems for some group 11 and 13 metals. Metal tellurides have potential applications as low band gap semiconductor materials in solar cells, thermoelectric devices, and in telecommunications. Practically, some of these telluride ligands could be applied in these industries. For example, certain metal complexes of the isopropyl-substituted anion [N(P(i)Pr(2)Te)(2)](-) serve as suitable single-source precursors for pure metal telluride thin films or novel nanomaterials, for example, CdTe, PbTe, In(2)Te(3), and Sb(2)Te(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristram Chivers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jamie S. Ritch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Stuart D. Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
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Konu J, Chivers T. Novel carbon-centred reactivity of [(H)C(PPh2Se)2]− in the formation of structurally diverse Sn(iv), Te(iv) and Hg(ii) complexes of the triseleno ligand [(Se)C(PPh2Se)2]2–. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:1431-3. [DOI: 10.1039/b923910c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Konu J, Tuononen HM, Chivers T. Structural and Spectroscopic Studies of the PCP-Bridged Heavy Chalcogen-Centered Monoanions [HC(PPh2E)(PPh2)]− (E = Se, Te) and [HC(PR2E)2]− (E = Se, Te, R = Ph; E = Se, R = iPr): Homoleptic Group 12 Complexes and One-Electron Oxidation of [HC(PR2Se)2]−. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:11788-98. [DOI: 10.1021/ic901878h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Tristram Chivers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Roemmele TL, Konu J, Boeré RT, Chivers T. Electrochemical and chemical reduction of disulfur dinitride: formation of [S4N4]-*, EPR spectroscopic characterization of the [S2N2H]* radical, and X-ray structure of [Na(15-crown-5)][S3N3]. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:9454-62. [PMID: 19715306 DOI: 10.1021/ic9014114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Voltammetric studies of S(2)N(2) employing both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and rotating disk electrode (RDE) methods on GC electrodes at room temperature (RT) revealed two irreversible reduction processes at about -1.4 V and -2.2 V in CH(3)CN, CH(2)Cl(2), and tetrahydrofuran (vs ferrocene) and no observable oxidation processes up to the solvent limit when the scan is initially anodic. However, after cycling the potential through -1.4 V, two new couples appear near -0.3 V and -1.0 V due to [S(3)N(3)](-/0) and [S(4)N(4)](-/0) respectively. The diffusion coefficient D for S(2)N(2) was determined to be 9.13 x 10(-6) cm(2) s(-1) in CH(2)Cl(2) and 7.65 x 10(-6) cm(2) s(-1) in CH(3)CN. Digital modeling of CVs fits well to a mechanism in which [S(2)N(2)](-*) couples rapidly with S(2)N(2) to form [S(4)N(4)](-*), which then decomposes to [S(3)N(3)](-). In situ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroelectrochemical studies of S(2)N(2) in both CH(2)Cl(2) and CH(3)CN resulted in the detection of strong EPR signals from [S(4)N(4)](-*) when electrolysis is conducted at -1.4 V; at more negative voltages, spectra from transient adsorbed radicals are observed. In moist solvent or with added HBF(4), a longer-lived spectrum is obtained due to the neutral radical [S(2)N(2)H](*), identified by simulation of the EPR spectrum and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The chemical reduction of S(2)N(2) with Na[C(10)H(8)] or Na[Ph(2)CO] produces [Na(15-crown-5)][S(3)N(3)], while reduction with cobaltocene gives [Cp(2)Co][S(3)N(3)]. The X-ray structure of the former reveals a strong interaction (Na...N = 2.388(5) A) between the crown ether-encapsulated Na(+) cation and one of the nitrogen atoms of the essentially planar six-membered cyclic anion [S(3)N(3)](-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey L Roemmele
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
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Konu J, Tuononen HM, Chivers T. Syntheses, X-ray structures, and redox behaviour of the group 14 bis-boraamidinates M[PhB(μ-N-t-Bu)2]2 (M = Ge, Sn) and Li2M[PhB(μ-N-t-Bu)2]2 (M = Sn, Pb). CAN J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/v08-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of the complexes M[PhB(μ-N-t-Bu)2]2 (1a, M= Ge; 1b, M = Sn) were determined to be spirocyclic with two orthogonal boraamidinate (bam) ligands N,N′-chelated to the group 14 centre. Oxidation of 1b with SO2Cl2 afforded the thermally unstable, blue radical cation {Sn[PhB(μ-N-t-Bu)2]2}•+, identified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, whereas the germanium analogue 1a was inert towards SO2Cl2. The reaction between Li2[PhB(μ-N-t-Bu)2]2 and SnCl2 or PbI2 in 2:1 molar ratio in diethyl ether produced the novel heterotrimetallic complexes Li2Sn[PhB(μ-N-t-Bu)2]2 (2b) and (Et2O·Li)LiPb[PhB(μ-N-t-Bu)2]2 (2c·OEt2), respectively. By contrast, treatment of Li2[PhB(μ-N-t-Bu)2]2 with C4H8O2·GeCl2 yielded the germanium(IV) complex 1a via a redox process. The X-ray structures of 2b and 2c·THF revealed polycyclic arrangements in which one bam ligand is N,N′-chelated to the Sn(II) or Pb(II) atom and one of the Li+ cations, while the second bam ligand exhibits a unique bonding mode, bridging all three metal centres. The fluctional behaviour of 2b was investigated by variable temperature, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tristram Chivers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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Konu J, Chivers T. Synthesis and X-ray Structures of the Polycyclic Dimers {[PhB(μ-NtBu)2AsN(tBu)H]LiI}2 and [PhB(μ-NtBu)2AsN(tBu)Li]2. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200700543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Konu J, Tuononen HM, Chivers T, Corrente AM, Boeré RT, Roemmele TL. In Search of the [PhB(μ-NtBu)2]2As• Radical: Experimental and Computational Investigations of the Redox Chemistry of Group 15 Bis-boraamidinates. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:3823-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ic702435e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Tristram Chivers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Andrea M. Corrente
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - René T. Boeré
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Tracey L. Roemmele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
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Konu J, Chivers T. Formation of a stable dicarbenoid and an unsaturated C2P2S2 ring from two-electron oxidation of the [C(PPh2S)2]2− dianion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:4995-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b810796c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ly HV, Konu J, Parvez M, Roesler R. Tuning the electronic properties of cyclopentadienyl analogs with CB2N2 frameworks: 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-diaza-3,5-diborolyl ligands and their alkali metal salts. Dalton Trans 2008:3454-60. [DOI: 10.1039/b802930j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ly HV, Forster TD, Corrente AM, Eisler DJ, Konu J, Parvez M, Roesler R. Alkali-Metal Sandwich Complexes of a 1,2-Diaza-3,5-diborolyl Ligand Featuring η1, η2, η3, and η4 Coordination Modes. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om061091x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanh V. Ly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Taryn D. Forster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andrea M. Corrente
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dana J. Eisler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Masood Parvez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Roland Roesler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Konu J, Balakrishna MS, Chivers T, Swaddle TW. New Bonding Modes for Boraamidinate Ligands in Heavy Group 15 Complexes: Fluxional Behavior of the 1:2 Complexes, LiM[PhB(NtBu)2]2 (M = As, Sb, Bi). Inorg Chem 2007; 46:2627-36. [PMID: 17326629 DOI: 10.1021/ic0622757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of MCl3 with Li2[PhB(NtBu)2] in 1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2 molar ratios in diethyl ether produced the monoboraamidinates ClM[PhB(NtBu)2] (1a, M = As; 1b, M = Sb; 1c, M = Bi), the novel 2:3 boraamidinate complexes [PhB(NtBu)2]M-micro-N(tBu)B(Ph)N(tBu)M[PhB(NtBu)2] (2b, M = Sb; 2c, M = Bi), and the bisboraamidinates LiM[PhB(NtBu)2]2 (3a, 3a.OEt2, M = As; 3b, M = Sb; 3c.OEt2, M = Bi), respectively. The 2:3 complexes 2b and 2c were also observed in the reactions carried out in a 1:2 molar ratio at room temperature. All complexes have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 7Li, 11B, and 13C) and by single-crystal X-ray structural determinations. The molecular units of the mono-boraamidinates 1a-c are isostructural, but their crystal packing is distinct as a result of stronger intermolecular close contacts going from 1a to 1c. In the novel 2:3 bam complexes 2b and 2c, each metal center is N,N'-chelated by a bam ligand and these two [M(bam)]+ units are bridged by the third [bam]2- ligand. The structures of the unsolvated bis-boraaminidate complexes 3a and 3b consist of [Li(bam)]- and [M(bam)]+ monomeric units linked by Li-N and M-N bonds to give a tricyclic structure. Solvation of the Li+ ion by diethyl ether results in a bicyclic structure composed of four-membered BN2As and six-membered BN3AsLi rings in 3a.OEt2. In contrast, the analogous bismuth complex 3c.OEt2 exhibits a tetracyclic structure. Variable-temperature NMR studies reveal that the nature of the fluxional behavior of 3a-c in solution is dependent on the group 15 center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Konu J, Chivers T, Tuononen HM. Synthesis, Spectroscopic, and Structural Investigation of the Cyclic [N(PR2E)2]+ Cations (E = Se, Te; R = iPr, Ph): the Effect of Anion and R-Group Exchange. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:10678-87. [PMID: 17173423 DOI: 10.1021/ic061545i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two-electron oxidation of the [N(PiPr2E)2]- anion with iodine produces the cyclic [N(PiPr2E)2]+ (E =Se, Te) cations, which exhibit long E-E bonds in the iodide salts [N(PiPr2Se)2]I (4) and [N(PiPr2Te)2]I (5). The iodide salts 4 and 5 are converted to the ion-separated salts [N(PiPr2Se)2]SbF6 (6) and [N(PiPr2Te)2]SbF6 (7) upon treatment with AgSbF6. Compounds 4-7 were characterized in solution by multinuclear NMR, vibrational, and UV-visible spectroscopy supported by DFT calculations. A structural comparison of salts 4-7 and [N(PiPr2Te)2]Cl (8) confirms that the long E-E bonds in 4, 5, and 8 can be attributed primarily to the donation of electron density from a lone pair of the halide counterion into the E-E sigma* orbital (LUMO) of the cation. The phenyl derivative [N(PPh2Te)2]I (9) was prepared in a similar manner. However, the attempted synthesis of the selenium analogue, [N(PPh2Se)2]I, produced a 1:1 mixture of [N(PPh2Se)2(mu-Se)][I] (10) and [SeP(Ph2)N(Ph2)PI] (11). DFT calculations of the formation energies of 10 and 11 support the observed decomposition. Compound 10 is a centrosymmetric dimer in which two six-membered NP2Se3 rings are bridged by two I- anions. Compound 11 produces the nine-atom chain {[N(PPh2)2Se]2(mu-O)} (12) upon hydrolysis during crystallization. The reaction between [(TMEDA)NaN(PiPr2Se)2] and SeCl2 in a 1:1 molar ratio yields the related acyclic species [SeP(iPr2)N(iPr2)PCl] (13), which was characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and an X-ray structural determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Konu J, Bajorek T, Laitinen RS, Chivers T, Suontamo RJ, Ahlgrén M. Bonding Trends in Lewis Acid Adducts of S4N4 – X-ray Structure of TeCl4·S4N4. Eur J Inorg Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200600138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The two-electron oxidation of [(tmeda)NaN(PiPr2E)2] with iodine produces the cyclic [N(PiPr2E)2]+ (E = Se, Te) cations, which exhibit long E-E bonds in the iodide salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CanadaT2N 1N4
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Konu J, Chivers T. Synthesis, spectroscopic and structural characterization of tertiary phosphine tellurium dihalides Et3PTeX2(X = Cl, Br, I). Dalton Trans 2006:3941-6. [PMID: 16896456 DOI: 10.1039/b608133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of triethylphosphine telluride with SO2Cl2 or I2 produced the first structurally characterized tellurium-containing tertiary phosphine chalcogen dihalides, Et3PTeCl2 and Et3PTeI2, respectively, in good yields. The corresponding dibromide, Et3PTeBr2, was obtained by an in situ reaction between Et3PTeCl2 and two equivalents of Me3SiBr. This series of compounds has been characterized in the solid state by X-ray structural analyses and in solution by multinuclear NMR spectra. The structures of Et3PTeX2(X = Cl, Br, I) all show a T-shaped geometry around tellurium with weak Te...halogen interactions giving rise to centrosymmetric dimers. NMR data indicate that Et3PTeI2 exhibits the weakest P-Te bond in solution. The ionic complexes, [(Et3PO)2H]2[Te2I6] and [(Et3PO)2H]2[TeI4], were isolated from THF solutions of Et3PTeI2 and characterized by X-ray structural determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Armstrong AF, Chivers T, Konu J. Preparation, spectroscopic characterization, and deprotonation reactions of Si(NHR)4 (R = i-Pr, t-Bu, p-tolyl) EPR identification of persistent radicals formed by oxidation of polyimidosilicates. CAN J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/v05-264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of Cl2Si(NH-t-Bu)2 (6a) with t-BuNH2 in boiling toluene yields trisamino(chloro)silane ClSi(NH-t-Bu)3 (7); formation of the tetraaminosilane Si(NH-t-Bu)4 is not observed. The reaction of SiCl4 with 4 equiv. of LiNHR produces the corresponding tetraaminosilanes Si(NHR)4 (2a, R = i-Pr; 2b, R = t-Bu; 2c, R = p-tol) in good yields. When the sterically demanding adamantyl derivative LiHNAd is employed, only disubstitution occurs to form Cl2Si(NHAd)2 (6b). Oxidation of the dimeric imidosilicates {Li3[Si(NR)3(NHR)]·THF}2 (3a, R = i-Pr; 3b, R = t-Bu) with 1 mol of iodine produces the persistent radicals {Li2[Si(NR)3(NHR)]·LiI·3THF}·, which, on the basis of EPR spectra, exist as SiN3Li3I cubes in solution. The spirocyclic tetraimidosilicate monoanion radical {[(THF)2Li(µ-Nnaph)2Si(µ-Nnaph)2Li(THF)2]}· (10) is formed upon oxidation of the tetralithiated species {Li4[Si(Nnaph)4]·4Et2O} (1) and {[Li(12-crown-4)]2[(Et2O)2Li(µ-Nnaph)2Si(µ-Nnaph)2Li(Et2O)2]} (8) with iodine. The spectroscopic characterization of hexa(amino)disiloxane (t-BuNH)3SiOSi(NH-t-Bu)3 (14) formed from the reaction of Cl3SiOSiCl3 with 6 equiv. of LiNH-t-Bu is discussed. Key words: imido ligands, silicate, radicals, EPR spectra, lithium.
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Konu J, Ahlgrén M, Aucott SM, Chivers T, Dale SH, Elsegood MRJ, Holmes KE, James SLM, Kelly PF, Laitinen RS. Synthetic Applications of (Me3SiNSN)2E (E = S, Se) in Chalcogen-Nitrogen Chemistry: Formation and Structural Characterization of Cl2TeESN2 (E = S, Se) and [PPh4]2[Pd2(μ-Se2N2S)X4] (X = Cl, Br). Inorg Chem 2005; 44:4992-5000. [PMID: 15998027 DOI: 10.1021/ic050261f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of (Me3SiNSN)2S with TeCl4 in CH2Cl2 affords Cl2TeS2N2 (1) and that of (Me3SiNSN)2Se with TeCl4 produces Cl2TeSeSN2 (2) in good yields. The products were characterized by X-ray crystallography, as well as by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy and EI mass spectrometry. The Raman spectra were assigned by utilizing DFT molecular orbital calculations. The pathway of the formation of five-membered Cl2TeESN2 rings by the reactions of (Me3SiNSN)2E with TeCl4 (E = S, Se) is discussed. The reaction of (Me3SiNSN)2Se with [PPh4]2[Pd2X6] yields [PPh4]2[Pd2(mu-Se2N2S)X4] (X = Cl, 4a; Br, 4b), the first examples of complexes of the (Se2N2S)2- ligand. In both cases, this ligand bridges the two palladium centers through the selenium atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
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Konu J, Chivers T, Schatte G, Parvez M, Laitinen RS. Formation of N-I charge-transfer bonds and ion pairs in polyiodides with imidotellurium cations. Inorg Chem 2005; 44:2973-82. [PMID: 15819585 DOI: 10.1021/ic050058k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[((t)BuNH)Te(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)Te(N(t))Bu)][OSO(2)CF(3)] (4a) is obtained in quantitative yields by the treatment of [((t)BuN)Te(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)Te(N(t)Bu)] (1) with HCF(3)SO(3). The reaction of 4a with LiI and iodine in the molar ratio 1:1:4.5 affords a product that, upon recrystallization from acetonitrile, was found to be a solid solution of [((t)BuNH)Te(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)Te(N(t)Bu)](2)I(20) (5a) and [((t)BuNH)Te(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)Te(NH(t)Bu)](2)I(18) (5b). Consequently, the crystal structure is disordered, containing 88.3(1)% of 5a.2MeCN and 11.7(1)% of 5b.2MeCN. The I(20) framework is involved in two symmetry-equivalent N-I-I-I-I fragments, two I(3)(-) ions, and three I(2) molecules that are linked together by I...I secondary bonding interactions. The bonding in the N-I-I-I-I fragment can be considered in terms of the lp(N) --> sigma*(I(2)) and pi(I(2)) --> sigma*(I(2)) charge-transfer interactions involving one [((t)BuNH)Te(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)Te(N(t)Bu)](+) cation and two I(2) units. The N-I bond length of 2.131(7) A, the I-I distances of 3.118(1), 3.095(2), and 2.788(2) A, and the angle I(2)-I(2) angle of 84.75(4) degrees are consistent with this bonding scheme. The I-I bond distances in the two symmetry-equivalent I(3)(-) ions are 3.113(1) and 2.792(2) A, and those in two crystallographically independent I(2) molecules are 2.736(2) and 2.743(1) A. The formal I(18)(4)(-) anion in 5b.2MeCN consists of four I(3)(-) anions and three I(2) molecules linked by I...I secondary bonds. One crystallographically independent I(3)(-) anion is connected to the [((t)BuNH)Te(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)Te(HN(t)Bu)](2+) cation by two hydrogen bonds [H...I = 2.823(5) and 2.983(5) A; N...I = 3.697(8) and 3.857(9) A]. The I(3)(-) anions and I(2) molecules in 5b show virtually identical bond parameters to those in 5a. The treatment of 1 with iodine and the reactions of its methylated derivatives, [((t)BuNMe)Te(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)Te(N(t)()Bu)][OSO(2)CF(3)] and [((t)BuNMe)Te(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)Te(MeN(t)Bu)][OSO(2)CF(3)](2), with LiI and iodine also afford highly moisture-sensitive polyiodides, either by the formation of N-I charge-transfer complexes or by ionic interactions. The crystal structures of the partially hydrolyzed products, [((t)BuIN)Te(mu-N(t))Bu)(2)Te(mu-O)](2)(I(3))(2) (3), [((t)BuMeN)Te(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)Te(mu-O)](2)(I(3))(2) (6), and 6.2MeCN, are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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Konu J, Maaninen A, Paananen K, Ingman P, Laitinen RS, Chivers T, Valkonen J. Preparation and structural characterization of (Me(3)SiNSN)(2)Se, a new synthon for sulfur-selenium nitrides. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:1430-5. [PMID: 11896711 DOI: 10.1021/ic011045j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of (Me(3)SiN)(2)S with SeCl(2) (2:1 ratio) in CH(2)Cl(2) at -70 degrees C provides a route to the novel mixed selenium-sulfur-nitrogen compound (Me(3)SiNSN)(2)Se (1). Crystals of 1 are monoclinic and belong the space group P2(1)/c, with a = 7.236(1) A, b = 19.260(4) A, c = 11.436(2) A, beta = 92.05(3) degrees, V = 1592.7(5) A(3), Z = 4, and T = -155(2) degrees C. The NSNSeNSN chain in 1 consists of Se-N single bonds (1.844(3) A) and S=N double bonds (1.521(3)-1.548(3) A) with syn and anti geometry at the N=S=N units. The N-Se-N bond angle is 91.8(1) degrees. The EI mass spectrum shows a molecular ion with good agreement between the observed and calculated isotopic distributions. The (14)N NMR spectrum exhibits two resonances at -65 and -77 ppm. Both (13)C and (77)Se NMR spectra show single resonances at 0.83 and 1433 ppm, respectively. The reaction of 1 with an equimolar amount of SeCl(2) produces 1,5-Se(2)S(2)N(4) (2) in a good yield, and that of (Me(3)SiNSN)(2)S with SCl(2) affords S(4)N(4) (3), but the reactions of (Me(3)SiNSN)(2)Se with SCl(2) and (Me(3)SiNSN)(2)S with SeCl(2) result in the formation of a mixture of 2 and 3. A likely reaction pathway involves the intermediate formation of E(2)N(2) fragments (E = S, Se).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
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Maaninen A, Konu J, Laitinen RS, Chivers T, Schatte G, Pietikäinen J, Ahlgrén M. Preparation, crystal structure, and spectroscopic characterization of [(Se(2)SN(2)Cl](2). Inorg Chem 2001; 40:3539-43. [PMID: 11421703 DOI: 10.1021/ic010141h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of [(Me(3)Si)(2)N](2)S with an equimolar amount of SeCl(4) in dioxane at 50 degrees C affords [(Se(2)SN(2))Cl](2) (1) in excellent yield. Crystals of 1 are orthorhombic, space group Pbca, with a = 8.5721(7) A, b = 7.8336(6) A, c = 15.228(1) A, and Z = 8. The crystal structure contains two planar Se(2)SN(2)(*)(+) rings which are linked by intermolecular Se.Se interactions [d(Se-Se) = 3.0690(7) A]. The EI mass spectrum shows Se(2)SN(2)(*)(+) as the fragment of highest mass. Both the (14)N and (77)Se NMR spectra show a single resonance (-52 and 1394 ppm, respectively). The solid [(Se(2)SN(2))Cl](2) gives a strong ESR signal indicating the presence of a Se(2)SN(2)(*)(+) radical. The Raman spectrum was assigned through normal coordinate treatment involving a general valence force field. The vibrational analysis yielded a good agreement between the observed and calculated wavenumbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maaninen
- Departments of Chemistry, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
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Maaninen A, Siivari J, Suontamo RJ, Konu J, Laitinen RS, Chivers T. Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Six-Membered Selenium-Sulfur Nitrides Se(x)()S(4)(-)(x)()N(2) (x = 0-4). Preparation of S(4)N(2) and SeS(3)N(2) by the Reaction of Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]sulfane with Chalcogen Chlorides. Inorg Chem 1997; 36:2170-2177. [PMID: 11669840 DOI: 10.1021/ic9613570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of [(Me(3)Si)(2)N](2)S with equimolar amounts of SCl(2) and S(2)Cl(2) produces S(4)N(2) in a good yield. The reaction of [(Me(3)Si)(2)N](2)S with a 3:1:1 mixture of S(2)Cl(2), Se(2)Cl(2), and SeCl(4) yields a dark brown-red insoluble material that was inferred to be mainly SSeSNSN on the basis of the elemental analysis, mass spectroscopy, vibrational analysis, and NMR spectroscopy. Attempts to prepare selenium-rich species resulted in the formation of elemental selenium or Se(3)N(2)Cl(2). The experimental work was supported by ab initio MO calculations which establish the structural and stability relationships of the different members of the series 1,3-Se(x)()S(4)(-)(x)()N(2) (x = 0-4). Full geometry optimization was carried out for each molecular species using the polarized split-valence MIDI-4 basis sets. The effects of electron correlation were taken into account involving the second-order Møler-Plessett perturbation theory. Each molecule was found to lie in an approximate half-chair conformation that is well established for 1,3-S(4)N(2) (i.e., interacting planar NEN and EEE fragments; E = S, Se). The bond parameters agree well with experimental information where available. Whereas the lengths of the bonds in the NEEEN fragment approach those of the single bonds, the bonds in the NEN fragment show marked double bond character. The stabilities of the molecules decrease expectedly with increasing selenium content as judged by the total binding energy at the MP2 level of theory. Within a given chemical composition, isomers containing a N=Se=N unit lie higher in energy than those containing a N=S=N unit. These results may explain why selenium-rich Se(x)()S(4)(-)(x)()N(2) molecules have not been isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arto Maaninen
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Oulu, Linnanmaa, 90570 Oulu, Finland, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40351 Jyväskylä, Finland, and The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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