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Synergistic Role of Water and Oxygen Leads to Degradation in Formamidinium-Based Halide Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145. [PMID: 37917967 PMCID: PMC10655111 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-cation metal halide perovskites have shown remarkable progress in photovoltaic applications with high power conversion efficiencies. However, to achieve large-scale deployment of this technology, efficiencies must be complemented by long-term durability. The latter is limited by external factors, such as exposure to humidity and air, which lead to the rapid degradation of the perovskite materials and devices. In this work, we study the mechanisms causing Cs and formamidinium (FA)-based halide perovskite phase transformations and stabilization during moisture and air exposure. We use in situ X-ray scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and first-principles calculations to study these chemical interactions and their effects on structure. We unravel a surface reaction pathway involving the dissolution of FAI by water and iodide oxidation by oxygen, driving the Cs/FA ratio into thermodynamically unstable regions, leading to undesirable phase transformations. This work demonstrates the interplay of bulk phase transformations with surface chemical reactions, providing a detailed understanding of the degradation mechanism and strategies for designing durable and efficient perovskite materials.
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Solvent and A-Site Cation Control Preferred Crystallographic Orientation in Bromine-Based Perovskite Thin Films. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:4181-4191. [PMID: 37332682 PMCID: PMC10269330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Preferred crystallographic orientation in polycrystalline films is desirable for efficient charge carrier transport in metal halide perovskites and semiconductors. However, the mechanisms that determine the preferred orientation of halide perovskites are still not well understood. In this work, we investigate crystallographic orientation in lead bromide perovskites. We show that the solvent of the precursor solution and organic A-site cation strongly affect the preferred orientation of the deposited perovskite thin films. Specifically, we show that the solvent, dimethylsulfoxide, influences the early stages of crystallization and induces preferred orientation in the deposited films by preventing colloidal particle interactions. Additionally, the methylammonium A-site cation induces a higher degree of preferred orientation than the formamidinium counterpart. We use density functional theory to show that the lower surface energy of the (100) plane facets in methylammonium-based perovskites, compared to the (110) planes, is the reason for the higher degree of preferred orientation. In contrast, the surface energy of the (100) and (110) facets is similar for formamidinium-based perovskites, leading to lower degree of preferred orientation. Furthermore, we show that different A-site cations do not significantly affect ion diffusion in bromine-based perovskite solar cells but impact ion density and accumulation, leading to increased hysteresis. Our work highlights the interplay between the solvent and organic A-site cation which determine crystallographic orientation and plays a critical role in the electronic properties and ionic migration of solar cells.
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3
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Interplay of Static and Dynamic Disorder in the Mixed-Metal Chalcohalide Sn 2SbS 2I 3. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37253175 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chalcohalide mixed-anion crystals have seen a rise in interest as "perovskite-inspired materials" with the goal of combining the ambient stability of metal chalcogenides with the exceptional optoelectronic performance of metal halides. Sn2SbS2I3 is a promising candidate, having achieved a photovoltaic power conversion efficiency above 4%. However, there is uncertainty over the crystal structure and physical properties of this crystal family. Using a first-principles cluster expansion approach, we predict a disordered room-temperature structure, comprising both static and dynamic cation disorder on different crystallographic sites. These predictions are confirmed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Disorder leads to a lowering of the bandgap from 1.8 eV at low temperature to 1.5 eV at the experimental annealing temperature of 573 K. Cation disorder tailoring the bandgap allows for targeted application or for the use in a graded solar cell, which when combined with material properties associated with defect and disorder tolerance, encourages further investigation into the group IV/V chalcohalide family for optoelectronic applications.
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Novel chalcogenides, pnictides and defect-tolerant semiconductors: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2022; 239:287-316. [PMID: 36250438 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd90057b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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5
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Indium-free CIGS analogues: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2022; 239:85-111. [PMID: 36222895 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd90055f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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6
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Bulk and surface characterisation techniques of solar absorbers: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2022; 239:180-201. [PMID: 36226639 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd90056d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7
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Wurtzite-type nitrides and oxide nitrides: structural diversity and the effects of oxygen. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION A FOUNDATIONS AND ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273322092440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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8
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The “ferros” of MAPbI3: ferroelectricity, ferroelasticity and its crystallographic foundations in hybrid halide perovskites. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2021-2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hybrid halide perovskites have been identified as an important novel class of photovoltaic absorbers and have proven their great potential with ever record-breaking efficiencies. Some of the more fundamental properties of halide perovskites, however, still are to be properly understood. The ongoing debate as to whether ferroelectricity and/or ferroelasticity play a role in these materials is just one example for this. Herein, I aim to make these phenomena more approachable to the wider research community and elucidate the foundations and consequences of these phenomena.
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Zinc Germanium Nitrides and Oxide Nitrides: The Influence of Oxygen on Electronic and Structural Properties. Faraday Discuss 2022; 239:219-234. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00041e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zinc containing ternary nitrides, in particular ZnSnN2 and ZnGeN2, have great potential as earth-abundant and low toxic light-absorbing materials. The incorporation of oxygen in this system – may it be...
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10
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Materials design and bonding: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2022; 239:375-404. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fd90058k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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12
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Halide perovskites – structural systematisation and what we learn from it. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767321089479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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13
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Cation disorder in zinc group IV nitride and oxide nitride semiconductor materials revealed through neutron diffraction. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767321086256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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14
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Elucidation of the reaction mechanism for the synthesis of ZnGeN 2 through Zn 2GeO 4 ammonolysis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8493-8500. [PMID: 34221330 PMCID: PMC8221196 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00328c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ternary II–IV–N2 materials have been considered as a promising class of materials that combine photovoltaic performance with earth-abundance and low toxicity. When switching from binary III–V materials to ternary II–IV–N2 materials, further structural complexity is added to the system that may influence its optoelectronic properties. Herein, we present a systematic study of the reaction of Zn2GeO4 with NH3 that produces zinc germanium oxide nitrides, and ultimately approach stoichiometric ZnGeN2, using a combination of chemical analyses, X-ray powder diffraction and DFT calculations. Elucidating the reaction mechanism as being dominated by Zn and O extrusion at the later reaction stages, we give an insight into studying structure–property relationships in this emerging class of materials. Combining chemical analyses with detailed structural work, we decipher the reaction pathway in the ammonolysis of Zn2GeO4 towards ZnGeN2.![]()
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Symmetry relations in wurtzite nitrides and oxide nitrides and the curious case of Pmc2 1. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA A-FOUNDATION AND ADVANCES 2021; 77:208-216. [PMID: 33944799 PMCID: PMC8127388 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273320015971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Binary and multinary nitrides in a wurtzitic arrangement are very interesting semiconductor materials. The group–subgroup relationship between the different structural types is established. Binary III–V nitrides such as AlN, GaN and InN in the wurtzite-type structure have long been considered as potent semiconducting materials because of their optoelectronic properties, amongst others. With rising concerns over the utilization of scarce elements, a replacement of the trivalent cations by others in ternary and multinary nitrides has led to the development of different variants of nitrides and oxide nitrides crystallizing in lower-symmetry variants of wurtzite. This work presents the symmetry relationships between these structural types specific to nitrides and oxide nitrides and updates some prior work on this matter. The non-existence of compounds crystallizing in Pmc21, formally the highest subgroup of the wurtzite type fulfilling Pauling’s rules for 1:1:2 stoichiometries, has been puzzling scientists for a while; a rationalization is given, from a crystallographic basis, of why this space group is unlikely to be adopted.
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A discussion on `Domain formation and phase transitions in the wurtzite-based heterovalent ternaries: a Landau theory analysis'. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA A-FOUNDATION AND ADVANCES 2021; 77:217-221. [PMID: 33944800 PMCID: PMC8127391 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273321001376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A scientific exchange on an earlier paper [Quayle (2020). Acta Cryst. A76, 410–420] has led to the clarification of some of the points. Heterovalent ternary nitrides are considered one of the promising classes of materials for photovoltaics, combining attractive physical properties with low toxicity and element abundance. One of the front-runner systems under consideration is ZnSnN2. Although it is nominally a ternary compound, no clear crystallographic evidence for cation ordering has been observed so far. An attempt to elucidate this discrepancy [Quayle (2020). Acta Cryst. A76, 410–420] was the trigger for an intensive discussion between the authors, and an agreement was reached to elaborate on some points in order to set things in perspective. Rather than using a conventional comment–answer scheme, this is published in the form of a joint discussion to celebrate constructive criticism and collegiality.
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Hybrid Perovskite at Full Tilt: Structure and Symmetry Relations of the Incommensurately Modulated Phase of Methylammonium Lead Bromide, MAPbBr 3. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2358-2362. [PMID: 33666079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As energy-conversion materials, organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites remain a research- and finance-intensive topic. However, even for the arguably most iconic representatives, methylammonium and formamidinium lead halides, the crystal structures of several polymorphs have remained undetermined. Herein, we describe the incommensurately modulated structure of MAPbBr3 in (3+1)D superspace, as deduced from single-crystal X-ray diffractometry despite systematic twinning. Affirming the published average space group, we determined the superspace group Imma(00γ)s00 with cell parameters of a = 8.4657(9), b = 11.7303(12), c = 8.2388(8) Å, and q = 0.2022(8)c*. Via group-subgroup and mode analyses using irreducible representations, we establish symmetry relationships to the well-known cubic and orthorhombic polymorphs and break down distortions into the average tilt system a-b0a- and modulated contributions to tilt and deformation of the PbBr6 coordination polyhedra. Not only does our model fill a long-standing gap in structural knowledge, but it may also serve as a starting point for elucidating other modulated structures within this substance class.
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Twinning in MAPbI 3 at room temperature uncovered through Laue neutron diffraction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16613. [PMID: 33024187 PMCID: PMC7538425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of MAPbI3, the signature compound of the hybrid halide perovskites, at room temperature has been a reason for debate and confusion in the past. Part of this confusion may be due to twinning as the material bears a phase transition just above room temperature, which follows a direct group-subgroup relationship and is prone to twinning. Using neutron Laue diffraction, we illustrate the nature of twinning in the room temperature structure of MAPbI3 and explain its origins from a group-theoretical point-of-view.
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Role of the Iodide-Methylammonium Interaction in the Ferroelectricity of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:424-428. [PMID: 31609507 PMCID: PMC6972664 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Excellent conversion efficiencies of over 20 % and facile cell production have placed hybrid perovskites at the forefront of novel solar cell materials, with CH3 NH3 PbI3 being an archetypal compound. The question why CH3 NH3 PbI3 has such extraordinary characteristics, particularly a very efficient power conversion from absorbed light to electrical power, is hotly debated, with ferroelectricity being a promising candidate. This does, however, require the crystal structure to be non-centrosymmetric and we herein present crystallographic evidence as to how the symmetry breaking occurs on a crystallographic and, therefore, long-range level. Although the molecular cation CH3 NH3 + is intrinsically polar, it is heavily disordered and this cannot be the sole reason for the ferroelectricity. We show that it, nonetheless, plays an important role, as it distorts the neighboring iodide positions from their centrosymmetric positions.
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Zur Rolle der Iodid‐Methylammonium‐Interaktion in der Ferroelektrizität in CH
3
NH
3
PbI
3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Abstract
New hybrids release hydrogen on decomposition and demonstrate Li-ion conductivity >100 times higher than the component salts.
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Assessment of alternative space groups for MAPbI 3 at room temperature. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273317085631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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23
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A Laue diffractometer for ambient and non-ambient neutron structural analysis. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273317094372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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A metamorphic inorganic framework that can be switched between eight single-crystalline states. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14185. [PMID: 28194009 PMCID: PMC5316803 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of highly flexible framework materials requires organic linkers, whereas inorganic materials are more robust but inflexible. Here, by using linkable inorganic rings made up of tungsten oxide (P8W48O184) building blocks, we synthesized an inorganic single crystal material that can undergo at least eight different crystal-to-crystal transformations, with gigantic crystal volume contraction and expansion changes ranging from -2,170 to +1,720 Å3 with no reduction in crystallinity. Not only does this material undergo the largest single crystal-to-single crystal volume transformation thus far reported (to the best of our knowledge), the system also shows conformational flexibility while maintaining robustness over several cycles in the reversible uptake and release of guest molecules switching the crystal between different metamorphic states. This material combines the robustness of inorganic materials with the flexibility of organic frameworks, thereby challenging the notion that flexible materials with robustness are mutually exclusive.
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Facile Uptake and Release of Ammonia by Nickel Halide Ammines. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:1312-1321. [PMID: 27137479 PMCID: PMC5084821 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although major difficulties are experienced for hydrogen- storage materials to meet performance requirements for mobile applications, alternative fuel cell feedstocks such as ammonia can be stored in the solid state safely at high capacity. We herein describe the NiX2 -NH3 (X=Cl, Br, I) systems and demonstrate their exceptional suitability for NH3 storage (up to 43 wt % NH3 with desorption that begins at 400 K). The structural effects that result from the uptake of NH3 were studied by powder X-ray diffraction (PXD), FTIR spectroscopy and SEM. NH3 release at elevated temperatures was followed by in situ PXD. The cycling capabilities and air stability of the systems were also explored. NH3 is released from the hexaammines in a three-step process to yield the diammine, monoammine and NiX2 dihalides respectively and (re)ammoniation occurs readily at room temperature. The hexaammines do not react with air after several hours of exposure.
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Cover Picture: [P 3Se 4] +: A Binary Phosphorus-Selenium Cation (Chem. Eur. J. 27/2015). Chemistry 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201590117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Although a fairly large number of binary group 15/16 element cations have been reported, no example involving phosphorus in combination with a group 16 element has been synthesized and characterized to date. In this contribution is reported the synthesis and structural characterization of the first example of such a cation, namely a nortricyclane-type [P3Se4](+). This cation has been independently discovered by three groups through three different synthetic routes, as described herein. The molecular and electronic structure of the [P3Se4](+) cage and its crystal properties in the solid state have been characterized comprehensively by using X-ray diffraction, Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, as well as quantum chemical calculations.
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Ionothermal Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of theCatena-Heteropolycation1∞[Sb2Se2]+. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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[Sb7Se8Br2]3+and [Sb13Se16Br2]5+- Double and Quadruple Spiro Cubanes from Ionic Liquids. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201301155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Unusual structural phenomena in the reaction of copper and nickel dihalides with NH 3(g) at ambient conditions. Acta Crystallogr A 2013. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876731309497x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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