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Pellico-López A, Paz-Zulueta M, Manjón-Rodríguez JB, Sánchez Movellán M, Ajo Bolado P, García-Vázquez J, Cayón-De las Cuevas J, Ruiz-Azcona L. Evolution of Legislation and the Incidence of Elective Abortion in Spain: A Retrospective Observational Study (2011-2020). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:9674. [PMID: 35955037 PMCID: PMC9368144 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the WHO, "unsafe abortion occurs when a pregnancy is terminated either by people lacking the necessary skills or in an environment that does not conform to minimal medical standards, or both". AIM To review the legislation that ensures access to elective abortion and the main indicators of elective abortion in Spain. METHODS A retrospective observational study was conducted across all regions of Spain from 2011 to 2020. The regulations of each region on the creation of the clinical committee and the creation of the registry of conscientious objector professionals were identified. Data were collected on rates of elective abortions per 1000 women, type of health center where the intervention was performed, interval of weeks of gestation, and cause. RESULTS After Law 2/2010 entered into force, the Spanish regions created a clinical committee; however, very few regions have a registry of conscientious objectors. During the study period, the average annual rate in Spain was 11.10 elective abortions per 1000 women between 15 and 44 years of age, showing a decreasing trend (annual percentage change of -1.92%). Only 10.67% of abortions were performed at public centers. In 90.18% of the cases, abortions were performed at the woman's request. CONCLUSION Spain legislated late compared to most European Union countries. The current law is similar to that of other member states, allowing abortion at the woman's request in the first fourteen weeks and thereafter for medical reasons. Most abortions are performed at private centers, although many territorial inequalities are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amada Pellico-López
- Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008 Santander, Spain
- Cantabria Health Service, Avda. Derechos de la Infancia 31, 39340 Cantabria, Spain
| | - María Paz-Zulueta
- Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008 Santander, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Grupo de Investigación en Derecho Sanitario y Bioética (GRIDES), C/Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011 Cantabria, Spain
| | | | - Mar Sánchez Movellán
- Sección de Programas de Salud de la Mujer, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Gobierno de Cantabria, C/Federico Vial 13, 39009 Cantabria, Spain
| | - Purificación Ajo Bolado
- Sección de Programas de Salud de la Mujer, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Gobierno de Cantabria, C/Federico Vial 13, 39009 Cantabria, Spain
| | - José García-Vázquez
- Consejería de Salud de Asturias, C/Ciriaco Miguel Vigil, 9, CP, 33005 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Joaquín Cayón-De las Cuevas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Grupo de Investigación en Derecho Sanitario y Bioética (GRIDES), C/Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011 Cantabria, Spain
- Departamento de Derecho Privado, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda, de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Laura Ruiz-Azcona
- Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008 Santander, Spain
- Global Health Research Group, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Valdecilla, s/n, 39008 Santander, Spain
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Lechosa-Muñiz C, Paz-Zulueta M, Cayón-De las Cuevas J, Llorca J, Cabero-Pérez MJ. Declared Reasons for Cessation of Breastfeeding during the First Year of Life: An Analysis Based on a Cohort Study in Northern Spain. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18168414. [PMID: 34444163 PMCID: PMC8394949 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Breastfeeding is the gold standard of infant feeding due to the many advantages it offers to both the child and the mother. Objective: To identity the main reasons for cessation of breastfeeding reported by mothers during the first year of life. Design: A prospective cohort study was conducted, recruiting 970 infants from a university hospital in Spain. The main maternal variables studied were maternal age, parity, educational level, work occupation, smoking habit, weeks of gestation at birth, birth weight, feeding type, and duration of breastfeeding. All participants were followed for one year to determinate the duration of breastfeeding and to gather reasons for abandoning breastfeeding. Results: At six months, the percentage of breastfeeding experienced a decline of 50%, and only 24.5% of these mothers maintained breastfeeding. Up to 15.8% of the mothers decided to give up exclusive breastfeeding by their own choice, whereas 15.4% did so because they suspected low milk production. Work-related causes represent the third reason of abandonment. Conclusions: Our results highlight the need to improve the health policies for the promotion, protection, and support for the initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding. In particular, our results highlight the importance of researching women’s low milk production and work-related factors, with particular emphasis on improving conciliation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lechosa-Muñiz
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Cantabria, Avda Valdecilla s/n. C.P., 39008 Santander, Spain;
- Pediatrics Section, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain
| | - María Paz-Zulueta
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Cantabria, Avda Valdecilla s/n. C.P., 39008 Santander, Spain;
- IDIVAL, Grupo de Investigación en Derecho Sanitario y Bioética, GRIDES, C/Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n. C.P., 39011 Santander, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-677984506
| | - Joaquín Cayón-De las Cuevas
- IDIVAL, Grupo de Investigación en Derecho Sanitario y Bioética, GRIDES, C/Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n. C.P., 39011 Santander, Spain
- Faculty of Law, University of Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros s/n. C.P., 39005 Santander, Spain;
| | - Javier Llorca
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Avenida del Cardenal Herrera Oria 2, C.P., 39010 Santander, Spain; (J.L.); (M.J.C.-P.)
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), C.P., 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Cabero-Pérez
- Pediatrics Section, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Avenida del Cardenal Herrera Oria 2, C.P., 39010 Santander, Spain; (J.L.); (M.J.C.-P.)
- IDIVAL, C/Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n. C.P., 39011 Santander, Spain
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