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Tess DA, Kimoto E, King-Ahmad A, Vourvahis M, Rodrigues AD, Bergman A, Qui R, Somayaji V, Weng Y, Fonseca KR, Litchfield J, Varma MVS. Effect of a Ketohexokinase Inhibitor (PF-06835919) on In Vivo OATP1B Activity: Integrative Risk Assessment Using Endogenous Biomarker and a Probe Drug. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:605-614. [PMID: 35355249 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PF-06835919 is a first-in-class ketohexokinase inhibitor (KHKi), recently under development for the treatment of metabolic and fatty liver diseases, which inhibited organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1 in vitro and presented drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk. This study aims to investigate the dose-dependent effect of KHKi on OATP1B in vivo activity. We performed an open-label study comparing pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin (OATP1B probe) dosed alone (20 mg single dose) and coadministered with two dose strengths of KHKi (50 and 280 mg once daily) in 12 healthy participants. Additionally, changes in exposure of coproporphyrin-I (CP-I), an endogenous biomarker for OATP1B, were assessed in the atorvastatin study (1.12-fold and 1.49-fold increase in area under the plasma concentration-time profile (AUC) with once-daily 50 and 280 mg, respectively), and a separate single oral dose study of KHKi alone (100-600 mg, n = 6 healthy participants; up to a 1.80-fold increase in AUC). Geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) of atorvastatin (area under the plasma concentration - time profile from time 0 extrapolated to infinite time) AUCinf following 50 and 280 mg KHKi were 1.14 (1.00-1.30) and 1.54 (1.37-1.74), respectively. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of CP-I plasma exposure following a single dose of KHKi predicted in vivo OATP1B inhibition from about 13% to 70% over the 100 to 600 mg dose range, while using the in vitro inhibition potency (1.9 µM). Model-based analysis correctly predicted "no-effect" (AUC ratio < 1.25) at the low dose range and "weak" effect (AUC ratio < 2) on atorvastatin pharmacokinetics at the high dose range of KHKi. This study exemplified the utility of biomarker-informed model-based approach in discerning even small effects on OATP1B activity in vivo, and to project DDI risk at the clinically relevant doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Tess
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amanda King-Ahmad
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Manoli Vourvahis
- Clinical Pharmacology, Global Product Development, Pfizer Inc., New York, New York, USA
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Arthur Bergman
- Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruolun Qui
- Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Veena Somayaji
- Clinical Biostatistics, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yan Weng
- Clinical Pharmacology, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kari R Fonseca
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Litchfield
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
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2
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Arakawa R, Takano A, Nag S, Jia Z, Amini N, Maresca KP, Zhang L, Keliher EJ, Butler CR, Piro JR, Samad TA, Smith D, Nason D, O'Neil S, Trapa P, Fonseca KR, Litchfield J, McCarthy T, Carson RE, Halldin C. Target occupancy study and whole-body dosimetry with a MAGL PET ligand [ 11C]PF-06809247 in non-human primates. EJNMMI Res 2022; 12:13. [PMID: 35244788 PMCID: PMC8897535 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-022-00882-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a key serine hydrolase which terminates endocannabinoid signaling and regulates arachidonic acid driven inflammatory responses within the central nervous system. To develop [11C]PF-06809247 into a clinically usable MAGL positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand, we assessed the occupancy of MAGL by an inhibitor in the non-human primate (NHP) brain. Additionally, we measured the whole-body distribution of [11C]PF-06809247 in NHP and estimated human effective radiation doses.
Methods Seven cynomolgus monkeys were enrolled for brain PET measurements. Two PET measurements along with arterial blood sampling were performed in each NHP: one baseline and one pretreatment condition with intravenous administration of PF-06818883, a pro-drug of a selective MAGL inhibitor (total of seven doses between 0.01 and 1.27 mg/kg). Kinetic parameters K1, k2 and k3 were estimated by a two tissue compartment (2TC) model using metabolite corrected plasma radioactivity as the input function. k4 was set as 0 according to the irreversible binding of [11C]PF-06809247. Ki by 2TC and Patlak analysis were calculated as the influx constant. The target occupancy was calculated using Ki at baseline and pretreatment conditions. Two cynomolgus monkeys were enrolled for whole-body PET measurements. Estimates of the absorbed radiation dose in humans were calculated with OLINDA/EXM 1.1 using the adult male reference model. Results Radioactivity retention was decreased in all brain regions following pretreatment with PF-06818883. Occupancy was measured as 25.4–100.5% in a dose dependent manner. Whole-body PET showed high radioactivity uptake values in the liver, small intestine, kidney, and brain. The effective dose of [11C]PF-06809247 was calculated as 4.3 μSv/MBq. Conclusions [11C]PF-06809247 is a promising PET ligand for further studies of MAGL in the human brain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13550-022-00882-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Arakawa
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, R5:02, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Akihiro Takano
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, R5:02, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sangram Nag
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, R5:02, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhisheng Jia
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, R5:02, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nahid Amini
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, R5:02, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kevin P Maresca
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Edmund J Keliher
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Justin R Piro
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tarek A Samad
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Deborah Smith
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Deane Nason
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steve O'Neil
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Trapa
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kari R Fonseca
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John Litchfield
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timothy McCarthy
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christer Halldin
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, R5:02, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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Eng H, Bi YA, West MA, Ryu S, Yamaguchi E, Kosa RE, Tess DA, Griffith DA, Litchfield J, Kalgutkar AS, Varma MVS. Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide 1B1/1B3-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Determines the Pharmacokinetics of Large Lipophilic Acids: In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation in Cynomolgus Monkey. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:169-180. [PMID: 33509903 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally presumed that uptake transport mechanisms are of limited significance in hepatic clearance for lipophilic or high passive-permeability drugs. In this study, we evaluated the mechanistic role of the hepato-selective organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) 1B1/1B3 in the pharmacokinetics of compounds representing large lipophilic acid space. Intravenous pharmacokinetics of 16 compounds with molecular mass ∼400-730 Da, logP ∼3.5-8, and acid pKa <6 were obtained in cynomolgus monkey after dosing without and with a single-dose rifampicin-OATP1B1/1B3 probe inhibitor. Rifampicin (30 mg/kg oral) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced monkey clearance and/or steady-state volume of distribution (VDss) for 15 of 16 acids evaluated. Additionally, clearance of danoprevir was reduced by about 35%, although statistical significance was not reached. A significant linear relationship was noted between the clearance ratio (i.e., ratio of control to treatment groups) and VDss ratio, suggesting hepatic uptake contributes to the systemic clearance and distribution simultaneously. In vitro transport studies using primary monkey and human hepatocytes showed uptake inhibition by rifampicin (100 µM) for compounds with logP ≤6.5 but not for the very lipophilic acids (logP > 6.5), which generally showed high nonspecific binding in hepatocyte incubations. In vitro uptake clearance and fraction transported by OATP1B1/1B3 (ft,OATP1B) were found to be similar in monkey and human hepatocytes. Finally, for compounds with logP ≤6.5, good agreement was noted between in vitro ft,OATP1B and clearance ratio (as well as VDss ratio) in cynomolgus monkey. In conclusion, this study provides mechanistic evidence for the pivotal role of OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake in the pharmacokinetics across a wide, large lipophilic acid space. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study provides mechanistic insight into the pharmacokinetics of a broad range of large lipophilic acids. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides 1B1/1B3-mediated hepatic uptake is of key importance in the pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of almost all drugs and new molecular entities in this space. Diligent in vitro and in vivo transport characterization is needed to avoid the false negatives often noted because of general limitations in the in vitro assays while handling compounds with such physicochemical attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Eng
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yi-An Bi
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mark A West
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sangwoo Ryu
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Emi Yamaguchi
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel E Kosa
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David A Tess
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David A Griffith
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - John Litchfield
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Tess DA, Eng H, Kalgutkar AS, Litchfield J, Edmonds DJ, Griffith DA, Varma MVS. Predicting the Human Hepatic Clearance of Acidic and Zwitterionic Drugs. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11831-11844. [PMID: 32985885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prospective predictions of human hepatic clearance for anionic/zwitterionic compounds, which are oftentimes subjected to transporter-mediated uptake, are challenging in drug discovery. We evaluated the utility of preclinical species, rats and cynomolgus monkeys [nonhuman primates (NHPs)], to predict the human hepatic clearance using a diverse set of acidic/zwitterionic drugs. Preclinical clearance data were generated following intravenous dosing in rats/NHPs and compared to the human clearance data (n = 18/27). Single-species scaling of NHP clearance with an allometric exponent of 0.50 allowed for good prediction of human clearance (fold error ∼2.1, bias ∼1.0), with ∼86% predictions within 3-fold. In comparison, rats underpredicted the clearance of lipophilic acids, while overprediction was noted for hydrophilic acids. Finally, an in vitro clearance assay based on human hepatocytes, which is routinely used in discovery setting, markedly underpredicted human clearance (bias ∼0.12). Collectively, this study provides insights into the usefulness of the preclinical models in enabling pharmacokinetic optimization for acid/zwitterionic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Tess
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather Eng
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John Litchfield
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David J Edmonds
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David A Griffith
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Menhaji-Klotz E, Ward J, Brown JA, Loria PM, Tan C, Hesp KD, Riccardi KA, Litchfield J, Boehm M. Discovery of Diphenylacetamides as CXCR7 Inhibitors with Novel β-Arrestin Antagonist Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1330-1334. [PMID: 32551020 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical chemokine receptor CXCR7 has been studied in various disease settings including immunological diseases and heart disease. Efforts to elucidate the role of CXCR7 have been limited by the lack of suitable chemical tools with a range of pharmacological profiles. A high-throughput screen was conducted to discover novel chemical matter with the potential to modulate CXCR7 receptor activity. This led to the identification of a series of diphenylacetamides confirmed in a CXCL12 competition assay indicating receptor binding. Further evaluation of this series revealed a lack of activity in the functional assay measuring β-arrestin recruitment. The most potent representative, compound 10 (K i = 597 nM), was determined to be an antagonist in the β-arrestin assay (IC50 = 622 nM). To our knowledge, this is the first reported small molecule β-arrestin antagonist for CXCR7, useful as an in vitro chemical tool to elucidate the effects of CXCL12 displacement with β-arrestin antagonism in models for diseases such as cardiac injury and suitable as starting point for hit optimization directed toward an in vivo tool compound for studying CXCR7 receptor pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Menhaji-Klotz
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jessica Ward
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Janice A. Brown
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Paula M. Loria
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Carina Tan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin D. Hesp
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Keith A. Riccardi
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John Litchfield
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Markus Boehm
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Li Z, Litchfield J, Tess DA, Carlo AA, Eng H, Keefer C, Maurer TS. A Physiologically Based in Silico Tool to Assess the Risk of Drug-Related Crystalluria. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6489-6498. [PMID: 32130005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Drug precipitation in the nephrons of the kidney can cause drug-induced crystal nephropathy (DICN). To aid mitigation of this risk in early drug discovery, we developed a physiologically based in silico model to predict DICN in rats, dogs, and humans. At a minimum, the likelihood of DICN is determined by the level of systemic exposure to the molecule, the molecule's physicochemical properties and the unique physiology of the kidney. Accordingly, the proposed model accounts for these properties in order to predict drug exposure relative to solubility along the nephron. Key physiological parameters of the kidney were codified in a manner consistent with previous reports. Quantitative structure-activity relationship models and in vitro assays were used to estimate drug-specific physicochemical inputs to the model. The proposed model was calibrated against urinary excretion data for 42 drugs, and the utility for DICN prediction is demonstrated through application to 20 additional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhong Li
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Medicine Design, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John Litchfield
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Medicine Design, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David A Tess
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Medicine Design, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anthony A Carlo
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Medicine Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Heather Eng
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Medicine Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher Keefer
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Medicine Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tristan S Maurer
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Medicine Design, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Li R, Mathialagan S, Novak JJ, Eng H, Riccardi K, Litchfield J. Estimation of the Effect of OAT2-Mediated Active Uptake on Meloxicam Exposure in the Human Liver. AAPS J 2020; 22:20. [PMID: 31900711 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Active uptake mediated by organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2) has been previously hypothesized as a key player in hepatic disposition of its substrates. Previous studies have shown that another hepatic uptake transporter, organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) 1B1, significantly elevates liver concentrations of drugs transported by it. As tissue concentration typically governs pharmacodynamics, drug-drug interactions, and toxicity in the liver, it is important to understand if OAT2 functions similarly to OATP1B1 in raising liver exposure. Since this is a research problem that cannot be easily assessed in clinical studies at this time, here we estimated human liver exposure of an OAT2 substrate meloxicam using a deduction method based on physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of clinical systemic exposure data. Although in vitro data suggest that OAT2-mediated active uptake is involved in meloxicam disposition, the modeling result concludes that its unbound liver exposure is unlikely significantly different from its unbound systemic exposure. This conclusion is further supported by data and modeling from a terminal monkey study and in vitro hepatocyte studies with bovine serum albumin. Overall, based on currently available data, we do not expect that OAT2 has a strong impact on the liver exposure of meloxicam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Translational Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan J Novak
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Heather Eng
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Keith Riccardi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, CT, USA
| | - John Litchfield
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Orozco CC, Atkinson K, Ryu S, Chang G, Keefer C, Lin J, Riccardi K, Mongillo RK, Tess D, Filipski KJ, Kalgutkar AS, Litchfield J, Scott D, Di L. Structural attributes influencing unbound tissue distribution. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 185:111813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Bergman A, Bi Y, Mathialagan S, Litchfield J, Kazierad DJ, Pfefferkorn JA, Varma MV. Effect of Hepatic Organic Anion‐Transporting Polypeptide 1B Inhibition and Chronic Kidney Disease on the Pharmacokinetics of a Liver‐Targeted Glucokinase Activator: A Model‐Based Evaluation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 106:792-802. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Bergman
- Clinical PharmacologyWorldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut USA
| | - Yi‐an Bi
- Medicine DesignWorldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut USA
| | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Medicine DesignWorldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut USA
| | - John Litchfield
- Worldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - David J. Kazierad
- Worldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Manthena V.S. Varma
- Medicine DesignWorldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut USA
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11
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Huang Z, Ogasawara D, Seneviratne UI, Cognetta AB, am Ende CW, Nason DM, Lapham K, Litchfield J, Johnson DS, Cravatt BF. Global Portrait of Protein Targets of Metabolites of the Neurotoxic Compound BIA 10-2474. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:192-197. [PMID: 30702848 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Clinical investigation of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor BIA 10-2474 resulted in serious adverse neurological events. Structurally unrelated FAAH inhibitors tested in humans have not presented safety concerns, suggesting that BIA 10-2474 has off-target activities. A recent activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) study revealed that BIA 10-2474 and one of its major metabolites inhibit multiple members of the serine hydrolase class to which FAAH belongs. Here, we extend these studies by performing a proteome-wide analysis of covalent targets of BIA 10-2474 metabolites. Using alkynylated probes for click chemistry-ABPP in human cells, we show that des-methylated metabolites of BIA 10-2474 covalently modify the conserved catalytic cysteine in aldehyde dehydrogenases, including ALDH2, which has been implicated in protecting the brain from oxidative stress-related damage. These findings indicate that BIA 10-2474 and its metabolites have the potential to inhibit multiple mechanistically distinct enzyme classes involved in nervous system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Medicine Design, Chemical Biology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daisuke Ogasawara
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Uthpala I. Seneviratne
- Medicine Design, Chemical Biology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Armand B. Cognetta
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Christopher W. am Ende
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Deane M. Nason
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kimberly Lapham
- Medicine Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John Litchfield
- Medicine Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Douglas S. Johnson
- Medicine Design, Chemical Biology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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12
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Sharma R, Bergman A, Litchfield J, Atkinson K, Kazierad DJ, Kalgutkar AS. Metabolism and excretion of ( S)-6-(3-cyclopentyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl)-1 H-imidazol-1-yl)propanamido)nicotinic acid (PF-04991532), a hepatoselective glucokinase activator, in humans: confirmation of the MIST potential noted in first-in-Human metabolite scouting studies. Xenobiotica 2019; 49:1447-1457. [PMID: 30747552 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1581960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The absorption, metabolism, and excretion of a single oral 450-mg dose of [14C]-(S)-6-(3-cyclopentyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)propanamido)nicotinic acid (PF-04991532), a hepatoselective glucokinase activator, was investigated in humans. Mass balance was achieved with ∼94.6% of the administered dose recovered in urine and feces. The total administered radioactivity excreted in feces and urine was 70.6% and 24.1%, respectively. Unchanged PF-04991532 collectively accounted for ∼47.2% of the dose excreted in feces and urine, suggestive of moderate metabolic elimination in humans. 2. The biotransformation pathways involved acyl glucuronidation (M1), amide bond hydrolysis (M3), and CYP3A4-mediated oxidative metabolism on the cyclopentyl ring in PF-04991532 yielding monohydroxylated isomers (M2a-d). Unchanged PF-04991532 was the major circulating component (64.4% of total radioactivity) whereas M2a-d collectively represented 28.9% of the total plasma radioactivity. 3. Metabolites M2a-d were not detected systemically in rats and dogs, the preclinical species for the toxicological evaluation of PF-04991532. In contrast, cynomologus monkeys dosed orally with unlabeled PF-04991532 revealed M2a-d in circulation, whose UV abundance was comparable to the profile in humans. This observation suggested that monkeys could potentially serve as a non-rodent alternative for studying the toxicity of PF-04991532 and its metabolites M2a-d. 4. The present results are in excellent agreement with our previously generated metabolite scouting data, which provided preliminary evidence for the disproportionate metabolism of PF-04991532 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Sharma
- Medicine Design Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Groton , CT , USA
| | - Arthur Bergman
- Clinical Pharmacology/Pharmacometrics Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Groton , CT , USA
| | - John Litchfield
- Medicine Design Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Karen Atkinson
- Medicine Design Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Groton , CT , USA
| | - David J Kazierad
- Clinical Sciences Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge , MA , USA
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13
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Menhaji-Klotz E, Hesp KD, Londregan AT, Kalgutkar AS, Piotrowski DW, Boehm M, Song K, Ryder T, Beaumont K, Jones RM, Atkinson K, Brown JA, Litchfield J, Xiao J, Canterbury DP, Burford K, Thuma BA, Limberakis C, Jiao W, Bagley SW, Agarwal S, Crowell D, Pazdziorko S, Ward J, Price DA, Clerin V. Discovery of a Novel Small-Molecule Modulator of C–X–C Chemokine Receptor Type 7 as a Treatment for Cardiac Fibrosis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3685-3696. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Menhaji-Klotz
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin D. Hesp
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Allyn T. Londregan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S. Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David W. Piotrowski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Markus Boehm
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kun Song
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tim Ryder
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kevin Beaumont
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rhys M. Jones
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karen Atkinson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Janice A. Brown
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John Litchfield
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jun Xiao
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel P. Canterbury
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kristen Burford
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Thuma
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chris Limberakis
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Wenhua Jiao
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Scott W. Bagley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Saket Agarwal
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Danielle Crowell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen Pazdziorko
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jessica Ward
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David A. Price
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Valerie Clerin
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Riccardi K, Lin J, Li Z, Niosi M, Ryu S, Hua W, Atkinson K, Kosa RE, Litchfield J, Di L. Novel Method to Predict In Vivo Liver-to-Plasma Kpuu for OATP Substrates Using Suspension Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:576-580. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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15
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Mathialagan S, Piotrowski MA, Tess DA, Feng B, Litchfield J, Varma MV. Quantitative Prediction of Human Renal Clearance and Drug-Drug Interactions of Organic Anion Transporter Substrates Using In Vitro Transport Data: A Relative Activity Factor Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:409-417. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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16
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Watkins CE, Litchfield J, Youngberg G, Leicht SS, Krishnaswamy G. Glatiramer acetate-induced lobular panniculitis and skin necrosis. Cutis 2015; 95:E26-E30. [PMID: 25844792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a drug that commonly is used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Although it typically is known as a safe and effective therapy, a number of adverse effects associated with GA have been reported in the literature. Local injection-site reactions (LISRs) and mild systemic symptoms are among the most commonly described adverse effects. A review of the literature revealed limited reports of panniculitis as an adverse effect of GA injection and even fewer describing associated skin necrosis. We report a case of GA-induced panniculitis and skin necrosis and discuss the occurrence of panniculitis, necrosis, and lipoatrophy following GA injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey E Watkins
- Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70580, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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17
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Brahmbhatt P, McKinney J, Litchfield J, Panchal M, Borthwick T, Young M, Klosterman L. Mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst with hemorrhage and left gastric artery pseudoaneurysm, managed with left gastric artery embolization and placement of percutaneous trans-hepatic pseudocyst drainage. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2014; 4:241-5. [PMID: 25502760 PMCID: PMC4976671 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/gou084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst (MPP) is a rare, but known, complication of both acute and chronic pancreatitis. Most pseudocysts are associated with alcoholic pancreatitis. Recent advances in endoscopic techniques have shown promising results, with reduced chances of infection and recurrence than with percutaneous drainage, but limited availability restricts widespread use. Left gastric artery pseudoaneurysm with mediastinal pseudocyst has not been described in the literature to date. We report a successful resolution of hemorrhagic MPP with embolization of pseudoaneurysm and percutaneous trans-hepatic pseudocyst drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Brahmbhatt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA,
| | - Jason McKinney
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - John Litchfield
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Mehul Panchal
- Department of Medicine, M. P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Thomas Borthwick
- Department of Gastroenterology, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, USA and
| | - Mark Young
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Lance Klosterman
- Department of Radiology, James H. Quillen VA Medical center, Johnson City, TN, USA
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18
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Sharma R, Litchfield J, Bergman A, Atkinson K, Kazierad D, Gustavson SM, Di L, Pfefferkorn JA, Kalgutkar AS. Comparison of the circulating metabolite profile of PF-04991532, a hepatoselective glucokinase activator, across preclinical species and humans: potential implications in metabolites in safety testing assessment. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:190-8. [PMID: 25384899 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous report from our laboratory disclosed the identification of PF-04991532 [(S)-6-(3-cyclopentyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)propanamido)nicotinic acid] as a hepatoselective glucokinase activator for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lack of in vitro metabolic turnover in microsomes and hepatocytes from preclinical species and humans suggested that metabolism would be inconsequential as a clearance mechanism of PF-04991532 in vivo. Qualitative examination of human circulating metabolites using plasma samples from a 14-day multiple ascending dose clinical study, however, revealed a glucuronide (M1) and monohydroxylation products (M2a and M2b/M2c) whose abundances (based on UV integration) were greater than 10% of the total drug-related material. Based on this preliminary observation, mass balance/excretion studies were triggered in animals, which revealed that the majority of circulating radioactivity following the oral administration of [¹⁴C]PF-04991532 was attributed to an unchanged parent (>70% in rats and dogs). In contrast with the human circulatory metabolite profile, the monohydroxylated metabolites were not detected in circulation in either rats or dogs. Available mass spectral evidence suggested that M2a and M2b/M2c were diastereomers derived from cyclopentyl ring oxidation in PF-04991532. Because cyclopentyl ring hydroxylation on the C-2 and C-3 positions can generate eight possible diastereomers, it was possible that additional diastereomers may have also formed and would need to be resolved from the M2a and M2b/M2c peaks observed in the current chromatography conditions. In conclusion, the human metabolite scouting study in tandem with the animal mass balance study allowed early identification of PF-04991532 oxidative metabolites, which were not predicted by in vitro methods and may require additional scrutiny in the development phase of PF-04991532.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Sharma
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - John Litchfield
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - Arthur Bergman
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - Karen Atkinson
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - David Kazierad
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - Stephanie M Gustavson
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - Li Di
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
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19
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Sharma R, Litchfield J, Atkinson K, Eng H, Amin NB, Denney WS, Pettersen JC, Goosen TC, Di L, Lee E, Pfefferkorn JA, Dalvie DK, Kalgutkar AS. Metabolites in Safety Testing Assessment in Early Clinical Development: A Case Study with a Glucokinase Activator. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1926-39. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.060087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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20
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Ghosh A, Maurer TS, Litchfield J, Varma MV, Rotter C, Scialis R, Feng B, Tu M, Guimaraes CRW, Scott DO. Toward a Unified Model of Passive Drug Permeation II: The Physiochemical Determinants of Unbound Tissue Distribution with Applications to the Design of Hepatoselective Glucokinase Activators. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1599-610. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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21
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Tu M, Mathiowetz AM, Pfefferkorn JA, Cameron KO, Dow RL, Litchfield J, Di L, Feng B, Liras S. Medicinal chemistry design principles for liver targeting through OATP transporters. Curr Top Med Chem 2014; 13:857-66. [PMID: 23578029 DOI: 10.2174/1568026611313070008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The tissue distribution of a drug can have significant impact on both its efficacy and safety. As a consequence, selective tissue targeting has become an attractive approach for optimizing the window between efficacy and safety for drug targets that are ubiquitously expressed and important in key physiological processes. Given the liver's key role in metabolic regulation and the fact that it is the principal tissue affected by diseases such as hepatitis B and C viruses as well as hepatocellular carcinoma, designing drugs with hepatoselective distribution profiles is an important strategy in developing safe cardiovascular, metabolic, antiviral and oncology drug candidates. In this paper, we analyze a diverse set of compounds from four different projects within Pfizer that specifically pursued liver targeting strategies. A number of key in vitro and in vivo ADME endpoints were collected including in vivo tissue exposure, oral bioavailability, clearance in preclinical species and in vitro hepatic OATP uptake, in vitro rat liver microsomal stability, permeability, solubility, logD, and others. From this analysis, we determined a set of general structure-liver-selectivity guides for designing orally bioavailable, liver-targeted candidates using liver specific OATP transporters. The guidelines have been formulated using straightforward molecular descriptors and in vitro properties that medicinal chemists routinely optimize. Our analysis emphasizes the need to focus on a chemical space with balanced lipophilicity, high aqueous solubility and low passive permeability in order to achieve the desired hepatoselectivity while maintaining fraction absorbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Tu
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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22
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Pettersen JC, Litchfield J, Neef N, Schmidt SP, Shirai N, Walters KM, Enerson BE, Chatman LA, Pfefferkorn JA. The Relationship of Glucokinase Activator–induced Hypoglycemia with Arteriopathy, Neuronal Necrosis, and Peripheral Neuropathy in Nonclinical Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:696-708. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314526006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase activators (GKAs) are being developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The toxicity of 4 GKAs (PF-04279405, PF-04651887, piragliatin, and PF-04937319) was assessed in mice, rats, dogs, and/or monkeys. GKAs were administered for 2 to 8 weeks. Standard endpoints, glucose, and insulin were assessed. All compounds produced varying degrees of hypoglycemia in all species. Brain neuronal necrosis and/or peripheral neuropathy were observed with most compounds. These findings are consistent with literature reports linking hypoglycemia with nervous system effects. Arteriopathy, mainly of cardiac vessels, was observed at a low frequency in monkey and/or dog. Arteriopathy occurred only at doses that produced severe and prolonged periods of repeated hypoglycemia. Since this lesion occurred in multiple studies with structurally distinct GKAs, these results suggested arteriopathy was related to GKA pharmacology. The morphological characteristics of the arteriopathy were consistent with that produced by experimental catecholamine administration. We hypothesize that the prolonged periods of hypoglycemia resulted in increased local and/or systemic concentrations of catecholamines via a counterregulatory and/or stress-related mechanism. Alternatively, prolonged hypoglycemia may have resulted in endothelial dysfunction leading to arteriopathy. This risk can be managed in human patients in clinical studies by careful glucose monitoring and intervention to avoid prolonged episodes of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Litchfield
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natasha Neef
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Department of Safety Evaluation, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Norimitsu Shirai
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Karen M. Walters
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Linda A. Chatman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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23
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Borzilleri KA, Pfefferkorn JA, Guzman-Perez A, Liu S, Qiu X, Chrunyk BA, Song X, Tu M, Filipski KJ, Aiello R, Derksen DR, Bourbonais FJ, Landro J, Bourassa P, D'Aquila T, Baker L, Barrucci N, Litchfield J, Atkinson K, Rolph TP, Withka JM. Optimizing glucokinase activator binding kinetics to lower in vivo hypoglycemia risk. Med Chem Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
GK activators represent a promising strategy for treatment of T2DM; however, drug candidates have failed in clinical trials due to narrow TI between efficacy and hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shenping Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development
- Groton, USA
| | - Xiayang Qiu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development
- Groton, USA
| | | | - Xi Song
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development
- Groton, USA
| | - Meihua Tu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development
- Cambridge, USA
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24
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Hasan A, Patel H, Saleh H, Youngberg G, Litchfield J, Krishnaswamy G. Remission of severe aphthous stomatitis of celiac disease with etanercept. Clin Mol Allergy 2013; 11:6. [PMID: 24365222 PMCID: PMC3877987 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-11-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is a common autoimmune disease triggered by gluten-containing foods (wheat, barley and rye) in genetically predisposed individuals. We present a patient with celiac disease complicated by severe aphthous stomatitis resulting in impairing swallowing, chewing and speaking. This led to weight loss, psychosocial problems as well as inability to perform her work. A variety of topical and systemic medications used resulted in either no improvement or only partial alleviation of the patient’s symptoms. After informed consent, etanercept was initiated and resulted in complete remission of aphthous stomatitis, decrease in arthralgia and fatigue and considerable improvement in her quality of life. The use of newer biological agents for selected and severe manifestations of celiac disease may lead to improved morbidity in these patients, but more studies are needed to determine long-term efficacy as well as safety of these drugs in the mucosal and/or systemic complications of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guha Krishnaswamy
- The Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
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Pfefferkorn JA, Tu M, Filipski KJ, Guzman-Perez A, Bian J, Aspnes GE, Sammons MF, Song W, Li JC, Jones CS, Patel L, Rasmusson T, Zeng D, Karki K, Hamilton M, Hank R, Atkinson K, Litchfield J, Aiello R, Baker L, Barucci N, Bourassa P, Bourbonais F, D’Aquila T, Derksen DR, MacDougall M, Robertson A. Corrigendum to “The design and synthesis of indazole and pyrazolopyridine based glucokinase activators for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus” [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 22 (2012) 7100–7105]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Filipski KJ, Guzman-Perez A, Bian J, Perreault C, Aspnes GE, Didiuk MT, Dow RL, Hank RF, Jones CS, Maguire RJ, Tu M, Zeng D, Liu S, Knafels JD, Litchfield J, Atkinson K, Derksen DR, Bourbonais F, Gajiwala KS, Hickey M, Johnson TO, Humphries PS, Pfefferkorn JA. Pyrimidone-based series of glucokinase activators with alternative donor–acceptor motif. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4571-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nkansah P, Antipas A, Lu Y, Varma M, Rotter C, Rago B, El-Kattan A, Taylor G, Rubio M, Litchfield J. Development and evaluation of novel solid nanodispersion system for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. J Control Release 2013; 169:150-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Guzman-Perez A, Pfefferkorn JA, Lee EC, Stevens BD, Aspnes GE, Bian J, Didiuk MT, Filipski KJ, Moore D, Perreault C, Sammons MF, Tu M, Brown J, Atkinson K, Litchfield J, Tan B, Samas B, Zavadoski WJ, Salatto CT, Treadway J. The design and synthesis of a potent glucagon receptor antagonist with favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties as a candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3051-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pfefferkorn JA, Tu M, Filipski KJ, Guzman-Perez A, Bian J, Aspnes GE, Sammons MF, Song W, Li JC, Jones CS, Patel L, Rasmusson T, Zeng D, Karki K, Hamilton M, Hank R, Atkinson K, Litchfield J, Aiello R, Baker L, Barucci N, Bourassa P, Bourbonais F, Bourbounais F, D'Aquila T, Derksen DR, MacDougall M, Robertson A. The design and synthesis of indazole and pyrazolopyridine based glucokinase activators for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7100-5. [PMID: 23089526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase activators represent a promising potential treatment for patients with Type 2 diabetes. Herein, we report the identification and optimization of a series of novel indazole and pyrazolopyridine based activators leading to the identification of 4-(6-(azetidine-1-carbonyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yloxy)-2-ethyl-N-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)-2H-indazole-6-carboxamide (42) as a potent activator with favorable preclinical pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Pfizer Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Watkins C, Sahni R, Holla N, Litchfield J, Youngberg G, Krishnaswamy G. Malignancy in common variable immune deficiency: report of two rare cases of gastrointestinal malignancy and a review of the literature. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2012; 12:21-27. [PMID: 22746346 DOI: 10.2174/187152912801823084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Patients can develop malignancies due to various reasons including genetic factors, chemical carcinogens, radiation, and defects in their immune system. The immune system is postulated to carry out routine surveillance for malignancy. Patients who have defective immune responses may be susceptible to malignancies due to complicated underlying mechanisms. These include defective immune response to cancer-causing bacteria, transforming viruses, and concomitant molecular, cellular and immunoregulatory defects. Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, impaired antibody responses and an increased susceptibility to infections. A disorderly immune response, or immune dysregulation, may also lead to autoimmune complications and possibly to malignancy. The treatment of CVID involves infusion of replacement doses of immunoglobulin, either intravenously (IGIV) or subcutaneously (SCIG). However, it is unclear whether adequate replacement of immunoglobulins is sufficient to prevent the increased risk of malignancy seen in this disease. We present two cases of unusual solid tumors complicating CVID treated with adequate doses of intravenous immunoglobulins. In this study we review the occurrence of malignancy in patients with CVID and postulate mechanisms that may be involved indigent to this disease. We will also review the role of replacement immunoglobulin and discuss cancer screening in these high risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Watkins
- Quillen College of Medicine - Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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Varma MVS, Chang G, Lai Y, Feng B, El-Kattan AF, Litchfield J, Goosen TC. Physicochemical Property Space of Hepatobiliary Transport and Computational Models for Predicting Rat Biliary Excretion. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1527-37. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.044628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Pfefferkorn JA, Guzman-Perez A, Litchfield J, Aiello R, Treadway JL, Pettersen J, Minich ML, Filipski KJ, Jones CS, Tu M, Aspnes G, Risley H, Bian J, Stevens BD, Bourassa P, D’Aquila T, Baker L, Barucci N, Robertson AS, Bourbonais F, Derksen DR, MacDougall M, Cabrera O, Chen J, Lapworth AL, Landro JA, Zavadoski WJ, Atkinson K, Haddish-Berhane N, Tan B, Yao L, Kosa RE, Varma MV, Feng B, Duignan DB, El-Kattan A, Murdande S, Liu S, Ammirati M, Knafels J, DaSilva-Jardine P, Sweet L, Liras S, Rolph TP. Discovery of (S)-6-(3-Cyclopentyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)propanamido)nicotinic Acid as a Hepatoselective Glucokinase Activator Clinical Candidate for Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1318-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2014887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Pfefferkorn
- Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Angel Guzman-Perez
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John Litchfield
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert Aiello
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Judith L. Treadway
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John Pettersen
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Martha L. Minich
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kevin J. Filipski
- Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher S. Jones
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Meihua Tu
- Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gary Aspnes
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hud Risley
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jianwei Bian
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Stevens
- Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patricia Bourassa
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Theresa D’Aquila
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Levenia Baker
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nicole Barucci
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Alan S. Robertson
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Francis Bourbonais
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David R. Derksen
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Margit MacDougall
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Over Cabrera
- Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amanda Lee Lapworth
- Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - James A. Landro
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - William J. Zavadoski
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Karen Atkinson
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nahor Haddish-Berhane
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Beijing Tan
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lili Yao
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Rachel E. Kosa
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Manthena V. Varma
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bo Feng
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David B. Duignan
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ayman El-Kattan
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sharad Murdande
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shenping Liu
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark Ammirati
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John Knafels
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Paul DaSilva-Jardine
- Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Laurel Sweet
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Spiros Liras
- Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy P. Rolph
- Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Filipski KJ, Bian J, Ebner DC, Lee EC, Li JC, Sammons MF, Wright SW, Stevens BD, Didiuk MT, Tu M, Perreault C, Brown J, Atkinson K, Tan B, Salatto CT, Litchfield J, Pfefferkorn JA, Guzman-Perez A. A novel series of glucagon receptor antagonists with reduced molecular weight and lipophilicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:415-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Watkins CE, Litchfield J, Song E, Jaishankar GB, Misra N, Holla N, Duffourc M, Krishnaswamy G. Chronic granulomatous disease, the McLeod phenotype and the contiguous gene deletion syndrome-a review. Clin Mol Allergy 2011; 9:13. [PMID: 22111908 PMCID: PMC3267648 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-9-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD), a disorder of the NADPH oxidase system, results in phagocyte functional defects and subsequent infections with bacterial and fungal pathogens (such as Aspergillus species and Candida albicans). Deletions and missense, frameshift, or nonsense mutations in the gp91phox gene (also termed CYBB), located in the Xp21.1 region of the X chromosome, are associated with the most common form of CGD. When larger X-chromosomal deletions occur, including the XK gene deletion, a so-called "Contiguous Gene Deletion Syndrome" may result. The contiguous gene deletion syndrome is known to associate the Kell phenotype/McLeod syndrome with diseases such as X-linked chronic granulomatous disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. These patients are often complicated and management requires special attention to the various facets of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey E Watkins
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.
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Dow RL, Andrews M, Aspnes GE, Balan G, Michael Gibbs E, Guzman-Perez A, Karki K, LaPerle JL, Li JC, Litchfield J, Munchhof MJ, Perreault C, Patel L. Design and synthesis of potent, orally-active DGAT-1 inhibitors containing a dioxino[2,3-d]pyrimidine core. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6122-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Varma MV, Rotter CJ, Chupka J, Whalen KM, Duignan DB, Feng B, Litchfield J, Goosen TC, El-Kattan AF. pH-sensitive interaction of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) with organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1303-13. [PMID: 21710988 DOI: 10.1021/mp200103h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1, SLCO2B1) is ubiquitously expressed and may play an important role in the disposition of xenobiotics. The present study aimed to examine the role of OATP2B1 in the intestinal absorption and tissue uptake of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins). We first investigated the functional affinity of statins to the transporter as a function of extracellular pH, using OATP2B1-transfeced HEK293 cells. The results indicate that OATP2B1-mediated transport is significant for rosuvastatin, fluvastatin and atorvastatin, at neutral pH. However, OATP2B1 showed broader substrate specificity as well as enhanced transporter activity at acidic pH. Furthermore, uptake at acidic pH was diminished in the presence of proton ionophore, suggesting proton gradient as the driving force for OATP2B1 activity. Notably, passive transport rates are predominant or comparable to active transport rates for statins, except for rosuvastatin and fluvastatin. Second, we studied the effect of OATP modulators on statin uptake. At pH 6.0, OATP2B1-mediated transport of atorvastatin and cerivastatin was not inhibitable, while rosuvastatin transport was inhibited by E-3-S, rifamycin SV and cyclosporine with IC(50) values of 19.7 ± 3.3 μM, 0.53 ± 0.2 μM and 2.2 ± 0.4 μM, respectively. Rifamycin SV inhibited OATP2B1-mediated transport of E-3-S and rosuvastatin with similar IC(50) values at pH 6.0 and 7.4, suggesting that the inhibitor affinity is not pH-dependent. Finally, we noted that OATP2B1-mediated transport of E-3-S, but not rosuvastatin, is pH sensitive in intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. However, uptake of E-3-S and rosuvastatin by Caco-2 cells was diminished in the presence of proton ionophore. The present results indicate that OATP2B1 may be involved in the tissue uptake of rosuvastatin and fluvastatin, while OATP2B1 may play a significant role in the intestinal absorption of several statins due to their transporter affinity at acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manthena V Varma
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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Dow RL, Li JC, Pence MP, Gibbs EM, LaPerle JL, Litchfield J, Piotrowski DW, Munchhof MJ, Manion TB, Zavadoski WJ, Walker GS, McPherson RK, Tapley S, Sugarman E, Guzman-Perez A, DaSilva-Jardine P. Discovery of PF-04620110, a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of DGAT-1. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:407-12. [PMID: 24900321 DOI: 10.1021/ml200051p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) catalyzes the final committed step in the biosynthesis of triglycerides. DGAT-1 knockout mice have been shown to be resistant to diet-induced obesity and have increased insulin sensitivity. Thus, inhibition of DGAT-1 may represent an attractive target for the treatment of obesity or type II diabetes. Herein, we report the discovery and characterization of a potent and selective DGAT-1 inhibitor PF-04620110 (3). Compound 3 inhibits DGAT-1 with an IC50 of 19 nM and shows high selectivity versus a broad panel of off-target pharmacologic end points. In vivo DGAT-1 inhibition has been demonstrated through reduction of plasma triglyceride levels in rodents at doses of ≥0.1 mg/kg following a lipid challenge. On the basis of this pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic profile, compound 3 has been advanced to human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Dow
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jian-Cheng Li
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael P. Pence
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - E. Michael Gibbs
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jennifer L. LaPerle
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John Litchfield
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David W. Piotrowski
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael J. Munchhof
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tara B. Manion
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - William J. Zavadoski
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory S. Walker
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - R. Kirk McPherson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Susan Tapley
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Eliot Sugarman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Angel Guzman-Perez
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Paul DaSilva-Jardine
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Pfefferkorn JA, Litchfield J, Hutchings R, Cheng XM, Larsen SD, Auerbach B, Bush MR, Lee C, Erasga N, Bowles DM, Boyles DC, Lu G, Sekerke C, Askew V, Hanselman JC, Dillon L, Lin Z, Robertson A, Olsen K, Boustany C, Atkinson K, Goosen TC, Sahasrabudhe V, Chupka J, Duignan DB, Feng B, Scialis R, Kimoto E, Bi YA, Lai Y, El-Kattan A, Bakker-Arkema R, Barclay P, Kindt E, Le V, Mandema JW, Milad M, Tait BD, Kennedy R, Trivedi BK, Kowala M. Discovery of novel hepatoselective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for treating hypercholesterolemia: A bench-to-bedside case study on tissue selective drug distribution. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2725-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pfefferkorn JA, Guzman-Perez A, Oates PJ, Litchfield J, Aspnes G, Basak A, Benbow J, Berliner MA, Bian J, Choi C, Freeman-Cook K, Corbett JW, Didiuk M, Dunetz JR, Filipski KJ, Hungerford WM, Jones CS, Karki K, Ling A, Li JC, Patel L, Perreault C, Risley H, Saenz J, Song W, Tu M, Aiello R, Atkinson K, Barucci N, Beebe D, Bourassa P, Bourbounais F, Brodeur AM, Burbey R, Chen J, D'Aquila T, Derksen DR, Haddish-Berhane N, Huang C, Landro J, Lee Lapworth A, MacDougall M, Perregaux D, Pettersen J, Robertson A, Tan B, Treadway JL, Liu S, Qiu X, Knafels J, Ammirati M, Song X, DaSilva-Jardine P, Liras S, Sweet L, Rolph TP. Designing glucokinase activators with reduced hypoglycemia risk: discovery of N,N-dimethyl-5-(2-methyl-6-((5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)-carbamoyl)benzofuran-4-yloxy)pyrimidine-2-carboxamide as a clinical candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Chem Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00116g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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V. Varma M, M. Ambler C, Ullah M, J. Rotter C, Sun H, Litchfield J, S. Fenner K, F. El-Kattan A. Targeting Intestinal Transporters for Optimizing Oral Drug Absorption. Curr Drug Metab 2010; 11:730-42. [DOI: 10.2174/138920010794328850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pfefferkorn JA, Lou J, Minich ML, Filipski KJ, He M, Zhou R, Ahmed S, Benbow J, Perez AG, Tu M, Litchfield J, Sharma R, Metzler K, Bourbonais F, Huang C, Beebe DA, Oates PJ. Pyridones as glucokinase activators: Identification of a unique metabolic liability of the 4-sulfonyl-2-pyridone heterocycle. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3247-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Thurtle OA, Cox P, Fall C, Hufton BR, Litchfield J, Tomlinson M, Litchfield J, Tomlinson M, Kinmonth AL. Preventing infant deaths. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 290:1434-5. [PMID: 3922526 PMCID: PMC1415620 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.290.6479.1434-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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