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Cognetti JS, Moen MT, Brewer MG, Bryan MR, Tice JD, McGrath JL, Miller BL. A photonic biosensor-integrated tissue chip platform for real-time sensing of lung epithelial inflammatory markers. Lab Chip 2023; 23:239-250. [PMID: 36594179 PMCID: PMC10311125 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00864e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue chip (TC) devices, also known as microphysiological systems (MPS) or organ chips (OCs or OoCs), seek to mimic human physiology on a small scale. They are intended to improve upon animal models in terms of reproducibility and human relevance, at a lower monetary and ethical cost. Virtually all TC systems are analyzed at an endpoint, leading to widespread recognition that new methods are needed to enable sensing of specific biomolecules in real time, as they are being produced by the cells. To address this need, we incorporated photonic biosensors for inflammatory cytokines into a model TC. Human bronchial epithelial cells seeded in a microfluidic device were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, and the cytokines secreted in response sensed in real time. Sensing analyte transport through the TC in response to disruption of tissue barrier was also demonstrated. This work demonstrates the first application of photonic sensors to a human TC device, and will enable new applications in drug development and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Cognetti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Maya T Moen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Matthew G Brewer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael R Bryan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | - James L McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
- Program in Materials Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Benjamin L Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Program in Materials Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Tice JD, Desai AV, Bassett TA, Apblett CA, Kenis PJA. Control of pressure-driven components in integrated microfluidic devices using an on-chip electrostatic microvalve. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10341f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an electrostatic microvalve and microfluidic “pressure-amplifier” circuits used to regulate pressure-driven components (e.g., microvalves) in microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Tice
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana, USA
| | - Amit V. Desai
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana, USA
| | - Thomas A. Bassett
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana, USA
| | - Christopher A. Apblett
- Sandia National Laboratories
- Albuquerque, USA
- Department of Chemical & Nuclear Engineering
- University of New Mexico
- Albuquerque, USA
| | - Paul J. A. Kenis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana, USA
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Desai AV, Tice JD, Apblett CA, Kenis PJA. Design considerations for electrostatic microvalves with applications in poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based microfluidics. Lab Chip 2012; 12:1078-88. [PMID: 22301791 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21133e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microvalves are critical in the operation of integrated microfluidic chips for a wide range of applications. In this paper, we present an analytical model to guide the design of electrostatic microvalves that can be integrated into microfluidic chips using standard fabrication processes and can reliably operate at low actuation potentials (<250 V). Based on the analytical model, we identify design guidelines and operational considerations for elastomeric electrostatic microvalves and formulate strategies to minimize their actuation potentials, while maintaining the feasibility of fabrication and integration. We specifically explore the application of the model to design microfluidic microvalves fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane), using only soft-lithographic techniques. We discuss the electrostatic actuation in terms of several microscale phenomena, including squeeze-film damping and adhesion-driven microvalve collapse. The actuation potentials predicted by the model are in good agreement with experimental data obtained with a microfabricated array of electrostatic microvalves actuated in air and oil. The model can also be extended to the design of peristaltic pumps for microfluidics and to the prediction of actuation potentials of microvalves in viscous liquid environments. Additionally, due to the compact ancillaries required to generate low potentials, these electrostatic microvalves can potentially be used in portable microfluidic chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit V Desai
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Perry SL, Roberts GW, Tice JD, Gennis RB, Kenis PJA. Microfluidic Generation of Lipidic Mesophases for Membrane Protein Crystallization. Cryst Growth Des 2009; 9:2566-2569. [PMID: 20161169 PMCID: PMC2721472 DOI: 10.1021/cg900289d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on a microfluidic method for the formation of aqueous/lipid mesophases to enable screening of suitable crystallization conditions of membrane proteins from a membrane-like phase in sub-20 nanoliter volumes. This integrated microfluidic chip and the employed mixing strategy address the specific challenges associated with the mixing of fluids of highly different viscosities (here a factor of 30) as well as the non-Newtonian character of the resulting mesophases. The chip requires less than 20 nL of material per condition screened whereas typically on the order of 10 μL or more is needed for a batch preparation in the present screening methods. We validated our approach with the successful crystallization of the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Perry
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Griffin W. Roberts
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Joshua D. Tice
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Robert B. Gennis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Paul J. A. Kenis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Address: 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, Phone: (217) 265-0523, Fax: (217) 333-5052, , Web Address: http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~pkgroup/
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Li L, Mustafi D, Fu Q, Tereshko V, Chen DL, Tice JD, Ismagilov RF. Nanoliter microfluidic hybrid method for simultaneous screening and optimization validated with crystallization of membrane proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:19243-8. [PMID: 17159147 PMCID: PMC1748211 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607502103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening and optimization experiments are critical to a number of fields, including chemistry and structural and molecular biology. The separation of these two steps may introduce false negatives and a time delay between initial screening and subsequent optimization. Although a hybrid method combining both steps may address these problems, miniaturization is required to minimize sample consumption. This article reports a "hybrid" droplet-based microfluidic approach that combines the steps of screening and optimization into one simple experiment and uses nanoliter-sized plugs to minimize sample consumption. Many distinct reagents were sequentially introduced as approximately 140-nl plugs into a microfluidic device and combined with a substrate and a diluting buffer. Tests were conducted in approximately 10-nl plugs containing different concentrations of a reagent. Methods were developed to form plugs of controlled concentrations, index concentrations, and incubate thousands of plugs inexpensively and without evaporation. To validate the hybrid method and demonstrate its applicability to challenging problems, crystallization of model membrane proteins and handling of solutions of detergents and viscous precipitants were demonstrated. By using 10 microl of protein solution, approximately 1,300 crystallization trials were set up within 20 min by one researcher. This method was compatible with growth, manipulation, and extraction of high-quality crystals of membrane proteins, demonstrated by obtaining high-resolution diffraction images and solving a crystal structure. This robust method requires inexpensive equipment and supplies, should be especially suitable for use in individual laboratories, and could find applications in a number of areas that require chemical, biochemical, and biological screening and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- *Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and
| | - Debarshi Mustafi
- *Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and
| | - Qiang Fu
- *Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and
| | - Valentina Tereshko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Delai L. Chen
- *Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and
| | - Joshua D. Tice
- *Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and
| | - Rustem F. Ismagilov
- *Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Zheng B, Tice JD, Ismagilov RF. Formation of droplets of alternating composition in microfluidic channels and applications to indexing of concentrations in droplet-based assays. Anal Chem 2006; 76:4977-82. [PMID: 15373431 PMCID: PMC1766978 DOI: 10.1021/ac0495743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For screening the conditions for a reaction by using droplets (or plugs) as microreactors, the composition of the droplets must be indexed. Indexing here refers to measuring the concentration of a solute by addition of a marker, either internal or external. Indexing may be performed by forming droplet pairs, where in each pair the first droplet is used to conduct the reaction, and the second droplet is used to index the composition of the first droplet. This paper characterizes a method for creating droplet pairs by generating alternating droplets, of two sets of aqueous solutions in a flow of immiscible carrier fluid within PDMS and glass microfluidic channels. The paper also demonstrates that the technique can be used to index the composition of the droplets, and this application is illustrated by screening conditions of protein crystallization. The fluid properties required to form the steady flow of the alternating droplets in a microchannel were characterized as a function of the capillary number Ca and water fraction. Four regimes were observed. At the lowest values of Ca, the droplets of the two streams coalesced; at intermediate values of Ca the alternating droplets formed reliably. At even higher values of Ca, shear forces dominated and caused formation of droplets that were smaller than the cross-sectional dimension of the channel; at the highest values of Ca, coflowing laminar streams of the two immiscible fluids formed. In addition to screening of protein crystallization conditions, understanding of the fluid flow in this system may extend this indexing approach to other chemical and biological assays performed on a microfluidic chip.
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Zheng B, Tice JD, Ismagilov RF. Formation of Arrayed Droplets by Soft Lithography and Two-Phase Fluid Flow, and Application in Protein Crystallization. Adv Mater 2004; 16:1365-1368. [PMID: 17468784 PMCID: PMC1858636 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200400590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of our recent work on the use of soft lithography and two-phase fluid flow to form arrays of droplets. The crucial issues in the formation of stable arrays of droplets and alternating droplets of two sets of aqueous solutions include the geometry of the microchannels, the capillary number, and the water fraction of the system. Glass capillaries could be coupled to the PDMS microchannels and droplets could be transferred into glass capillaries for long-term storage. The arrays of droplets have been applied to screen the conditions for protein crystallization with microbatch and vapor diffusion techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - Joshua D. Tice
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - Rustem F Ismagilov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
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Shestopalov I, Tice JD, Ismagilov RF. Multi-step synthesis of nanoparticles performed on millisecond time scale in a microfluidic droplet-based system. Lab Chip 2004; 4:316-21. [PMID: 15269797 DOI: 10.1039/b403378g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a plug-based, microfluidic method for performing multi-step chemical reactions with millisecond time-control. It builds upon a previously reported method where aqueous reagents were injected into a flow of immiscible fluid (fluorocarbons)(H. Song et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2003, 42, 768). The aqueous reagents formed plugs--droplets surrounded and transported by the immiscible fluid. Winding channels rapidly mixed the reagents in droplets. This paper shows that further stages of the reaction could be initiated by flowing additional reagent streams directly into the droplets of initial reaction mixture. The conditions necessary for an aqueous stream to merge with aqueous droplets were characterized. The Capillary number could be used to predict the behavior of the two-phase flow at the merging junction. By transporting solid reaction products in droplets, the products were kept from aggregating on the walls of the microchannels. To demonstrate the utility of this microfluidic method it was used to synthesize colloidal CdS and CdS/CdSe core-shell nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Shestopalov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Bringer MR, Gerdts CJ, Song H, Tice JD, Ismagilov RF. Microfluidic systems for chemical kinetics that rely on chaotic mixing in droplets. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2004; 362:1087-104. [PMID: 15306486 PMCID: PMC1769314 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2003.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews work on a microfluidic system that relies on chaotic advection to rapidly mix multiple reagents isolated in droplets (plugs). Using a combination of turns and straight sections, winding microfluidic channels create unsteady fluid flows that rapidly mix the multiple reagents contained within plugs. The scaling of mixing for a range of channel widths, flow velocities and diffusion coefficients has been investigated. Due to rapid mixing, low sample consumption and transport of reagents with no dispersion, the system is particularly appropriate for chemical kinetics and biochemical assays. The mixing occurs by chaotic advection and is rapid (sub-millisecond), allowing for an accurate description of fast reaction kinetics. In addition, mixing has been characterized and explicitly incorporated into the kinetic model.
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Zheng B, Tice JD, Roach LS, Ismagilov RF. A droplet-based, composite PDMS/glass capillary microfluidic system for evaluating protein crystallization conditions by microbatch and vapor-diffusion methods with on-chip X-ray diffraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43:2508-11. [PMID: 15127437 PMCID: PMC1766324 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200453974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis
Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - Joshua D. Tice
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis
Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - L. Spencer Roach
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis
Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - Rustem F. Ismagilov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis
Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
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Zheng B, Tice JD, Roach LS, Ismagilov RF. A Droplet-Based, Composite PDMS/Glass Capillary Microfluidic System for Evaluating Protein Crystallization Conditions by Microbatch and Vapor-Diffusion Methods with On-Chip X-Ray Diffraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200453974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zheng B, Tice JD, Roach LS, Ismagilov RF. Cover Picture: A Droplet-Based, Composite PDMS/Glass Capillary Microfluidic System for Evaluating Protein Crystallization Conditions by Microbatch and Vapor-Diffusion Methods with On-Chip X-Ray Diffraction (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 19/2004). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200490056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zheng B, Tice JD, Roach LS, Ismagilov RF. Titelbild: A Droplet-Based, Composite PDMS/Glass Capillary Microfluidic System for Evaluating Protein Crystallization Conditions by Microbatch and Vapor-Diffusion Methods with On-Chip X-Ray Diffraction (Angew. Chem. 19/2004). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200490056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Song H, Bringer MR, Tice JD, Gerdts CJ, Ismagilov RF. Experimental test of scaling of mixing by chaotic advection in droplets moving through microfluidic channels. Appl Phys Lett 2003; 83:4664-4666. [PMID: 17940580 PMCID: PMC2025702 DOI: 10.1063/1.1630378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This letter describes an experimental test of a simple argument that predicts the scaling of chaotic mixing in a droplet moving through a winding microfluidic channel. Previously, scaling arguments for chaotic mixing have been described for a flow that reduces striation length by stretching, folding, and reorienting the fluid in a manner similar to that of the baker's transformation. The experimentally observed flow patterns within droplets (or plugs) resembled the baker's transformation. Therefore, the ideas described in the literature could be applied to mixing in droplets to obtain the scaling argument for the dependence of the mixing time, t~(aw/U)log(Pe), where w [m] is the cross-sectional dimension of the microchannel, a is the dimensionless length of the plug measured relative to w, U [m s(-1)] is the flow velocity, Pe is the Péclet number (Pe=wU/D), and D [m(2)s(-1)] is the diffusion coefficient of the reagent being mixed. Experiments were performed to confirm the scaling argument by varying the parameters w, U, and D. Under favorable conditions, submillisecond mixing has been demonstrated in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Song
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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