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Allcott H, Gentzkow M, Mason W, Wilkins A, Barberá P, Brown T, Cisneros JC, Crespo-Tenorio A, Dimmery D, Freelon D, González-Bailón S, Guess AM, Kim YM, Lazer D, Malhotra N, Moehler D, Nair-Desai S, Nait El Barj H, Nyhan B, Paixao de Queiroz AC, Pan J, Settle J, Thorson E, Tromble R, Velasco Rivera C, Wittenbrink B, Wojcieszak M, Zahedian S, Franco A, Kiewiet de Jonge C, Stroud NJ, Tucker JA. The effects of Facebook and Instagram on the 2020 election: A deactivation experiment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321584121. [PMID: 38739793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321584121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
We study the effect of Facebook and Instagram access on political beliefs, attitudes, and behavior by randomizing a subset of 19,857 Facebook users and 15,585 Instagram users to deactivate their accounts for 6 wk before the 2020 U.S. election. We report four key findings. First, both Facebook and Instagram deactivation reduced an index of political participation (driven mainly by reduced participation online). Second, Facebook deactivation had no significant effect on an index of knowledge, but secondary analyses suggest that it reduced knowledge of general news while possibly also decreasing belief in misinformation circulating online. Third, Facebook deactivation may have reduced self-reported net votes for Trump, though this effect does not meet our preregistered significance threshold. Finally, the effects of both Facebook and Instagram deactivation on affective and issue polarization, perceived legitimacy of the election, candidate favorability, and voter turnout were all precisely estimated and close to zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunt Allcott
- Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Matthew Gentzkow
- Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Drew Dimmery
- Meta, Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Data Science Lab, Hertie School, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Deen Freelon
- University of North Carolina Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | | | - Andrew M Guess
- Department of Politics and School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - Young Mie Kim
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - David Lazer
- Northeastern University Lab of Texts, Maps, and Networks, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Neil Malhotra
- Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | | | | | - Brendan Nyhan
- Department of Government, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | | | - Jennifer Pan
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jaime Settle
- Department of Government, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185
| | - Emily Thorson
- Department of Political Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244
| | - Rebekah Tromble
- School of Media and Public Affairs and Institute for Data, Democracy, and Politics, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | | | | | - Magdalena Wojcieszak
- Department of Communication, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 15791, Netherlands
| | - Saam Zahedian
- Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | | | | | - Joshua A Tucker
- Wilf Family Department of Politics and Center for Social Media and Politics, New York University, New York, NY 10012
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Cisneros JC, Raja NB, Ghilardi AM, Dunne EM, Pinheiro FL, Regalado Fernández OR, Sales MAF, Rodríguez-de la Rosa RA, Miranda-Martínez AY, González-Mora S, Bantim RAM, de Lima FJ, Pardo JD. Digging deeper into colonial palaeontological practices in modern day Mexico and Brazil. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:210898. [PMID: 35291323 PMCID: PMC8889171 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Scientific practices stemming from colonialism, whereby middle- and low-income countries supply data for high-income countries and the contributions of local expertise are devalued, are still prevalent today in the field of palaeontology. In response to these unjust practices, countries such as Mexico and Brazil adopted protective laws and regulations during the twentieth century to preserve their palaeontological heritage. However, scientific colonialism is still reflected in many publications describing fossil specimens recovered from these countries. Here, we present examples of 'palaeontological colonialism' from publications on Jurassic-Cretaceous fossils from NE Mexico and NE Brazil spanning the last three decades. Common issues that we identified in these publications are the absence of both fieldwork and export permit declarations and the lack of local experts among authorships. In Mexico, access to many fossil specimens is restricted on account of these specimens being housed in private collections, whereas a high number of studies on Brazilian fossils are based on specimens illegally reposited in foreign collections, particularly in Germany and Japan. Finally, we outline and discuss the wider academic and social impacts of these research practices, and propose exhaustive recommendations to scientists, journals, museums, research institutions and government and funding agencies in order to overcome these practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Cisneros
- Museu de Arqueologia e Paleontologia, Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Nussaïbah B. Raja
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Department of Geography and Geosciences, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstr. 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aline M. Ghilardi
- Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Emma M. Dunne
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Felipe L. Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Paleobiologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos A. F. Sales
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará (IFCE) – Campus Acopiara, Acopiara, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rubén A. Rodríguez-de la Rosa
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas-Unidad Académica de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Calzada Solidaridad, S/N, Campus II, C.P. 98060, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Adriana Y. Miranda-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sergio González-Mora
- Museo de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Renan A. M. Bantim
- Laboratório de Paleontologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luís, 1161, Pimenta, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Flaviana J. de Lima
- Laboratório de Paleobiologia e Microestruturas, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (CAV/UFPE), R. Alto do Reservatório – Alto José Leal, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Paletta A, Di Diego García F, Varese A, Erra Diaz F, García J, Cisneros JC, Ludueña G, Mazzitelli I, Pisarevsky A, Cabrerizo G, López Malizia Á, Rodriguez AG, Lista N, Longueira Y, Sabatté J, Geffner J, Remes Lenicov F, Ceballos A. Platelets modulate CD4 + T Cell function in Covid-19 Through A PD-L1 Dependent Mechanism. Br J Haematol 2022; 197:283-292. [PMID: 35076084 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is associated with a systemic inflammatory response and progressive CD4+ T cell lymphopenia and dysfunction. We evaluated whether platelets might contribute to CD4+ T cell dysfunction in COVID-19. We observed a high frequency of CD4+ T cell-platelet aggregates in COVID-19 inpatients that inversely correlated with lymphocyte counts. Platelets from COVID-19 inpatients but not from healthy donors (HD) inhibited the up-regulation of CD25 expression and TNF-α production by CD4+ T cells. In addition, IFN-γ production was increased by platelets from HD but not from COVID-19 inpatients. A high expression of PD-L1 was found in platelets from COVID-19 patients to be inversely correlated with IFN-γ production by activated CD4+ T cells co-cultured with platelets. We also found that a PD-L1 blocking antibody significantly restored platelet-ability to stimulate IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells. Our study suggests that platelets might contribute to disease progression in COVID-19 not only by promoting thrombotic and inflammatory events, but also by affecting CD4+ T cells functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paletta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo Di Diego García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Augusto Varese
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Erra Diaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julián García
- División C, Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas Francisco Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Carlos Cisneros
- Unidad de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas Francisco Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Ludueña
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Mazzitelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Pisarevsky
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Cabrerizo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Álvaro López Malizia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra G Rodriguez
- Unidad de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas Francisco Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Lista
- Unidad de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas Francisco Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yesica Longueira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Sabatté
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Remes Lenicov
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Ceballos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rodrigues MIC, da Silva JH, Santos FEP, Dentzien-Dias P, Cisneros JC, de Menezes AS, Freire PTC, Viana BC. Physicochemical analysis of Permian coprolites from Brazil. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2018; 189:93-99. [PMID: 28802161 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we performed the study of two coprolites (fossilized feces) collected from the exposed levels of the Pedra de Fogo Formation, Parnaiba Sedimentary Basin, and Rio do Rasto Formation, Paraná Sedimentary Basin, both of the Palaeozoic era (Permian age). They were characterized using X-ray diffractometry, infrared, Raman and energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques in order to aid our understanding of the processes of fossilization and to discuss issues related to the feeding habits of the animals which generated those coprolites, probably cartilaginous fishes. The results obtained using a multitechnique approach showed that although these coprolites are from different geological formations, 3000km away from each other, they show the same major crystalline phases and elemental composition. The main phases found were hydroxyapatite, silica, calcite and hematite, which lead to infer that those coprolites were formed under similar conditions and produced by a similar group of carnivore or omnivore fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I C Rodrigues
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Piauí, 64049-550 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - J H da Silva
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Piauí, 64049-550 Teresina, PI, Brazil; Campus de Juazeiro do Norte - Universidade Federal do Cariri, 63048-080, Juazeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | - F Eroni P Santos
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Piauí, 64049-550 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - P Dentzien-Dias
- Laboratório Oceanografia Geológica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - J C Cisneros
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza - Universidade Federal do Piauí, 64049-550, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - A S de Menezes
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65080-805, São Luis, MA, Brazil
| | - P T C Freire
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - B C Viana
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Piauí, 64049-550 Teresina, PI, Brazil.
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Cisneros JC, Abdala F, Jashashvili T, de Oliveira Bueno A, Dentzien-Dias P. Tiarajudens eccentricus and Anomocephalus africanus, two bizarre anomodonts (Synapsida, Therapsida) with dental occlusion from the Permian of Gondwana. R Soc Open Sci 2015; 2:150090. [PMID: 26587266 PMCID: PMC4632579 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anomodontia was a highly successful tetrapod clade during the Permian and the Triassic. New morphological information regarding two bizarre basal anomodonts is provided and their palaeoecological significance is explored. The osteology of the recently discovered Tiarajudens eccentricus Cisneros et al. 2011, from the Brazilian Permian, is described in detail. The taxon exhibits unusual postcranial features, including the presence of gastralia. Additional preparation and computed tomography scans of the holotype of Anomocephalus africanus Modesto et al. 1999 discovered in the Karoo Basin of South Africa allow a reappraisal of this genus. Anomocephalus is similar to Tiarajudens with regard to several traits, including a battery of large, transversally expanded, palatal teeth. Molariform teeth are present in the mandible of the African taxon, providing additional insight into the function of the earliest tooth-occlusion mechanism known in therapsids. At least two waves of tooth replacement can be recognized in the palate of Anomocephalus. The outsized, blade-like caniniforms of the herbivorous Tiarajudens allow several non-exclusive ecological interpretations, among which we favour intraspecific display or combat. This behaviour was an alternative to the head-butting practised by the contemporary dinocephalians. Combat specializations that are considered typical of Cenozoic herbivores likely evolved during the Middle Permian, at the time the first communities with diverse, abundant tetrapod herbivores were being assembled.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tea Jashashvili
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ana de Oliveira Bueno
- Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paula Dentzien-Dias
- Laboratório de Paleontologia e Paleoceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
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de Vedia L, Arechavala A, Calderón MI, Maiolo E, Rodríguez A, Lista N, Di Virgilio E, Cisneros JC, Prieto R. Relevance of intracranial hypertension control in the management of Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis related to AIDS. Infection 2014; 41:1073-7. [PMID: 24122543 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-013-0538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relationship between intracranial hyperpressure (HICP) and mortality in patients with cryptococcal meningitis related to AIDS (CMRA). METHODS This was an observational retrospective study. Patients were treated according to the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommendations during the evaluation period (days 0, 3, 5 and after hospitalization). High intracranial pressure (HICP) was defined as ICP values of C250 mm H20. The correlation between HICP and mortality at each of the three time points considered was investigated. Statistical analysis on the descriptive parameters and on the probability of a "death" event (odds ratio, OR) at each of those three time points was performed using the statistical software program Epidata. RESULTS Eighty patients were included in this study, of whom 53 (66.25 %) were male. The average age of the patients was 37.5 ± 8.1 (range 22–55) years. The median CD4?lymphocyte cell count was 35 (range 0–367) cells/ml. Among the entire patient cohort, 53 patients had a favorable outcome, and the mortality rate was 33.75 %. At baseline (day 0), 57 subjects (71.5 %) presented HICP, and these patients had a higher mortality rate than those with a normal ICP, but the difference did not reach statistical significance[OR 1.65, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.56–4.84]. On day 3, 41 of the patients presented HICP, and HICP at this timepoint was significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality (OR 4.35, 95 % CI 1.56–12.09). On day 5, 35(43.5 %) patients presented HICP, and HCIP at this time point was also significantly associated with higher mortality (OR 7.23, 95 % CI 2.53–20.14). CONCLUSION The results of this study confirm an association between HICP and mortality in patients with CMRA and indicate that the control of ICP during the first 5 days of hospitalization is more important than managing HICP only at baseline.
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Cisneros JC, Abdala F, Rubidge BS, Dentzien-Dias PC, Bueno ADO. Dental occlusion in a 260-million-year-old therapsid with saber canines from the Permian of Brazil. Science 2011; 331:1603-5. [PMID: 21436452 DOI: 10.1126/science.1200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Anomodonts, a group of herbivorous therapsid "mammal-like reptiles," were the most abundant tetrapods of the Permian. We present a basal anomodont from South America, a new taxon that has transversally expanded palatal teeth and long saber canines. The function of the saber teeth is unknown, but probable uses include deterring attack from predators and intraspecific display or combat. The complex palatal teeth were used to process high-fiber food and represent early evidence of dental occlusion in a therapsid. This discovery provides new insight into the evolution of heterogeneous dentition in therapsids and broadens our understanding of ecological interactions at the end of the Paleozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Cisneros
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Ininga, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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Abstract
Background The evidence of several forms of arthritis has been well documented in the fossil record. However, for pre-Cenozoic vertebrates, especially regarding reptiles, this record is rather scarce. In this work we present a case report of spondarthritis found in a vertebral series that belonged to a carnivorous archosaurian reptile from the Lower Triassic (∼245 million years old) of the South African Karoo. Methodology/Principal Findings Neutron tomography confirmed macroscopic data, revealing the ossification of the entire intervertebral disc space (both annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus), which supports the diagnosis of spondarthritis. Conclusions/Significance The presence of spondarthritis in the new specimen represents by far the earliest evidence of any form of arthritis in the fossil record. The present find is nearly 100 million years older than the previous oldest report of this pathology, based on a Late Jurassic dinosaur. Spondarthritis may have indirectly contributed to the death of the animal under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Cisneros
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.
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Cisneros JC, Schultz CL. Procolophon brasiliensis n. sp., a new procolophonid reptile from the Lower Triassic of southern Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1127/njgpm/2002/2002/641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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