Co-composting of oil exhausted olive-cake, poultry manure and industrial residues of agro-food activity for soil amendment

The co-composting of exhausted olive-cake with poultry manure and sesame shells was investigated. These organic solid wastes were watered by the confectionary wastewater which is characterized by its high content of residual sugars raising its COD. Four aerated windrows were performed to establish the effects of confectionary by-products on the compost process. Different mixtures of the agro-industrial wastes were used. During the composting process, physico-chemical parameters (temperature, moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, total carbon and total nitrogen) were studied. The stability of the biological system was noticed after 70 days. The final products were characterized by their relatively high organic matter content, and low C/N ratio of 14-17. The humidification of the windrows with the wastewater seemed to have accelerated the composting process in comparison to a windrow humidified with water. In addition, the organic matter degradation was enhanced to reach 55-70%. The application of the obtained composts to soil appeared to significantly improve the soil fertility. Indeed, field experiments showed an increase in potato yield; the production was 30.5-37.5 tons ha(-1), compared to 30.5 tons ha(-1) with farm manure.

Co-composting of oil exhausted olive-cake, poultry manure and industrial residues of agro-food activity for soil amendment

The co-composting of exhausted olive-cake with poultry manure and sesame shells was investigated. These organic solid wastes were watered by the confectionary wastewater which is characterized by its high content of residual sugars raising its COD. Four aerated windrows were performed to establish the effects of confectionary by-products on the compost process. Different mixtures of the agro-industrial wastes were used. During the composting process, physico-chemical parameters (temperature, moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, total carbon and total nitrogen) were studied. The stability of the biological system was noticed after 70 days. The final products were characterized by their relatively high organic matter content, and low C/N ratio of 14-17. The humidification of the windrows with the wastewater seemed to have accelerated the composting process in comparison to a windrow humidified with water. In addition, the organic matter degradation was enhanced to reach 55-70%. The application of the obtained composts to soil appeared to significantly improve the soil fertility. Indeed, field experiments showed an increase in potato yield; the production was 30.5-37.5 tons ha(-1), compared to 30.5 tons ha(-1) with farm manure.

Bioconversion of wastes from the olive oil and confectionary industries: spectroscopic study of humic acids

Structural changes in humic acids extracted from composted mixtures of sesame bark with the paste of olive mill wastewater or exhausted olive cake, were investigated using FTIR spectroscopy and solid state 13C CP/MAS techniques. The C/N ratio and organic matter degradation decreased significantly after 6 months of composting. The FTIR spectra of humic acids content showed an increase in the aromatic compounds content and a degradation of aliphatic chains. During composting, nuclear magnetic resonance 13C spectral analyses confirmed that aromatic groups exhibited a slight increase while the aliphatic groups decreased and disappeared at the end of the composting process. These results showed that during composting, aliphatic chains were preferentially oxidized, while aromatic macromolecules were bio converted into highly functionalized compounds.

Étude qualitative et quantitative des peuplements phyto- et zooplanctoniques dans les bassins de la saline de Sfax, Tunisie

Le plancton végétal et animal a été analysé dans différents bassins de la saline de Sfax (Tunisie), entre le mois d'août 1999 et le mois de mai 2000. Des communautés diversifiées de phyto- et de zooplancton ont été observées. Quelle que soit la saison considérée, la structure des peuplements phytoplanctoniques se caractérise par la dominance de diatomées dans les bassins primaires de la saline (salinité < 200 ‰), suivie d'une dominance de dinoflagellés dans les bassins intermédiaires (salinité 200-300 ‰), et d'un développement quasi-monospécifique de la chlorophycée Dunaliella salina dans les bassins terminaux où cristallise et se dépose la production saline (salinité > 300 ‰). En ce qui concerne le zooplancton (> 20 µm), les crustacés (copépodes) et les rotifères dominent en été et en automne dans les bassins primaires, suivis des protozoaires ciliés en hiver dans les bassins intermédiaires, et du phyllopode Artemia qui représente l'essentiel du zooplancton dans les bassins terminaux et atteint une abondance maximale au printemps. Les résultats de cette étude permettent de penser que la salinité, dont les effets sont accentués dans les zones arides, représente, probablement en conjonction avec les ressources, un paramètre déterminant et sélectif pour la diversité et la dynamique des peuplements planctoniques dans la saline de Sfax et les marais salants en général.

Effects of partial stone removal on the co-composting of olive-oil processing solid residues with poultry manure and the quality of compost

Full scale composting studies were performed with stoned (SEOOPSW) and non stoned exhausted olive-oil processing solid waste (NSEOOPSW) mixed with 20% poultry manure to reach a C/N ratio of around 30 and to improve the chemical and microbiological properties of the end products. The experiment was performed on two windrows (3 m wide, 2.5 m high and 10 tonne weight) to investigate the effects of stone removal and poultry manure addition on composting process efficiency and on the quality of composts. The partially stone removal operation reduced the total composting time by at least one month compared with the untreated waste. The addition of poultry manure improved the chemical quality of the end product, as shown by the doubling of the nitrogen concentration after four months composting together with the increased amount of P and K. Compost from stoned exhausted olive-oil processing solid waste had higher levels of cation exchange capacity (CEC) and humic acid content with a lower [FA/HA] ratio indicating a high polymerisation level. Agronomic field test showed that both composts are not phytotoxic. When applied at the rate of 40 tonne ha(-1) to a potato culture, they produced approximately the same yield (46 and 48.5 tonne ha(-1)) but they acted differently in terms of plant development. Compost produced from the NSEOOPSW acted more positively on the stem length (84.1 against 77.6 cm) and on leaf weight (354 against 238 g), whereas compost from the SEOOPSW more positively affected tuber sizes (76% large grade compared to 55%).